tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6785944784315284892024-03-05T14:16:51.870-08:00PRINCESS DEDEJenis-jenis permainan anak yang menggunakan nyanyian tetentu ternyata sudah mulai jarang dimainkan atau dinyanyikan dan makin lama tampaknya akan semakin tidak dikenal, serta diperkirakan akan punah, sehingga muncul kekhawatiran di kalangan masyarakat akan kemungkinan munculnya dampak negatif dari kepunahan tersebut terhadap kehidupan masyarakat dan kebudayaannya.sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.comBlogger24125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-58925536334387084642012-10-25T00:58:00.001-07:002012-10-25T00:59:52.158-07:00selamat menyambut idul adha<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
sekarang aku udah semester 7.. ceritanya magang niihh di SMK Taruna pekanbaru. ketemu siswa yang luar biasa aktifnya.. sampe2 mereka itu gx bisa diajak belajar seriuz.. pengennya maeeeeennnn mulu.. ahhhh, ntah gmana caranya aku bisa jadi guru klo menangani yg beginian aj gx mampu.. tapi ini lahh tantangan yang memang aku cari bray.... :)<br />
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nah, hari ini ceritanya aku ke sekolahh pagi2.. yang gx enaknya, udah bela-belain bangun pagi n masih ngantuk gitu, pas nyampe ke skolahh pagar ditutup rapat.... apaannn nihhh? pikir aku seehh.. padahal emang dasar akunya aja yg OON.. udah taoo ni libur idul adha cb', ngapain aku skolah?????????? busetttttttttt.... dikerjainnnnnn satpam nih aku. padahal semalem bilangnya libur jumat n sabtu. nyata-nyata hari ini tuhhh hari kamis, kok udah libur aja orang2.. mana gx bilang2 lagi.. nee lha takdir hidup gueeee.... selalu ketinggalan informasi. sialllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll.<br />
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ok.. pnderitaan aku belum berakhir smpai di situ brayy... parahnya, aku ni ngekost di tmpat anak2 yang hobinya pulang kampung. tau apa akibatnya???? kalo musim libur gini, aku bakalan kesepian brayyy... mereka itu, gx libur aja pulkam, palagi liburan.,,, mampussssssss aku. kost agak seremm nihhh klo harus sendiri.................................................................<br />
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intinya, idul adha ini emang bener2 sendiri ngerayainnya...<br />
selamat idul adha, dede.............. :)<br />
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sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-8325901582186952902012-09-08T08:42:00.000-07:002012-09-08T08:42:15.977-07:00FOTO KKN 2012<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWAJ3FwqkXfLJ2ZTWiv62FXlBGgZUZHM7riU7W1SRF-fsq72GbaLDRXJpMJQyWKDIZYgBg7skjUIXY0gs9exDTyVIMVgUMveG8F2-cBBD3rTkVuDKUpj4WfV6GtVWC-XDpFxk7jcVVnT9S/s1600/SANY1340.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWAJ3FwqkXfLJ2ZTWiv62FXlBGgZUZHM7riU7W1SRF-fsq72GbaLDRXJpMJQyWKDIZYgBg7skjUIXY0gs9exDTyVIMVgUMveG8F2-cBBD3rTkVuDKUpj4WfV6GtVWC-XDpFxk7jcVVnT9S/s320/SANY1340.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>ini adalah teman2 KKN aku.. cantik ya.. hehehehehe. mulai dari yang paling kiri itu INDRI YANA. orangnya agak baw*L,, hihihihi, tapi baiiikkkk.... kami berhutang budi karena dialah yang telah begadang membuat laporan. kami semua tiduuuuuurrr. hahahaha. lanjut di sebelahnya adalah MAK IPEH. hahahahhaha. agak lucu memang, sesuai dengan karakter orangnya,,, nama aslinya sih bukan itu dong yaaaaa? namanya SYARIFAH AINI. namanya tak secantik orangnya kan???? lanjut yang paling bohay yang di tengah itu. namanya OKTIVA PUJIRIANI. orangnya penyakitan, jadi berhati-hatilaah.. gaaakkkkk dow, becanda, piiisssss. lanjut lagi ke yang baju putih. ini wanita paling perkasa di posko. namanya ECHA atau RUMEISYAH. ini satu-satunya wanita SINGLE di posko kami.. yiiihhhaaa.... cinta itu katanya adalah prinsipil, akan datang kalo udah waktunya.. <i>sadaaaapppp. OKE, </i>kita lanjut kr yang sexy di sebelahnya itu lho.. si amoy YENISMA SAFITRI teman se4kelas ane... anaknya baek, lucu, n yang paling sering GALAUUUU di kamar. kalo udah galau, manyya TERSEDU-SEDU. miss u aLL.</div>sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-57838365210905915362012-03-29T20:33:00.002-07:002012-03-29T20:33:27.712-07:00HUBUNGAN BAHASA DENGAN SENI<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang<b></b></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada masa lalu, hakikat bahasa itu adalah sesuatu yang akan diajarkan <i>something to be learn </i>sedangkan sesuatu yang menyangkut pemikiran atau <i>something to be tought </i>tidak diperhatikan (Syamsuddin, 1985:126). Mempelajari bahasa tidak cukup hanya menguasai <i>language form, </i>tetapi harus dilengkapi dengan <i>language use </i>dan situasi yang tepat (Syamsuddin, 1985:128). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Suriasumantri dalam Faizah (2009:99), keunikan manusia bukanlah terletak pada kemampuan berpikirnya melainkan terletak pada kemampuan berbahasa. Menurut Badudu (1989:3), bahasa adalah alat penghubung, alat komunikasi anggota masyarakat yaitu individu sebagai manusia yang berpikir, merasa, dan berkeinginan. Pikiran, perasaan, dan keinginan baru terwujud bila dinyatakan, dan alat untuk menyatakan itu adalah bahasa.<b><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: 1cm;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sudaryono dalam </span></b><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/7598183/bahasadanseni"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">www.scribd.com/doc/7598183/bahasadanseni</span></a><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> berpendapat bahwa b</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ahasa adalah sarana komunikasi yang efektif walaupun tidak sempurna sehingga ketidaksempurnaan bahasa sebagai sarana komunikasi menjadi salah satu sumber terjadinya kesalahpahaman. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh karena itu, memahami bahasa akan memungkinkan untuk memahami bentuk-bentuk pemahaman manusia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Hidayat (2006:31), bahasa tidak hanya sebagai alat komunikasi untuk mengantarkan proses hubungan antarmanusia, melainkan mampu mengubah seluruh kehidupan manusia. Artinya, bahasa merupakan salah satu aspek terpenting dari kehidupan manusia. Sekelompok manusia atau bangsa yang hidup dalam kurun waktu tertentu tidak akan bisa bertahan jika dalam bangsa tersebut tidak ada bahasa. Kearifan Melayu mengatakan: <i>”Bahasa adalah cermin budaya bangsa, hilang budaya maka hilang bangsa”. </i>Jadi bahasa adalah <i>sine qua non, </i>suatu yang mesti ada bagi kebudayaan dan masyarakat. Menurut Chaer (2003:59), masyarakat sebagai kelompok orang yang sebangsa, seketurunan, sewilayah tempat tinggal atau yang mempunyai kepentingan sosial yang sama yang menggunakan bahasa yang sama pula.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa memiliki fungsi umum dan fungsi khusus. Fungsi bahasa secara umum adalah sebagai alat untuk berekspresi, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi" title="Komunikasi"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">berkomunikasi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, dan alat untuk mengadakan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptasi" title="Adaptasi"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">adaptasi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> sosial. Sedangkan fungsi bahasa secara khusus adalah untuk mengadakan hubungan dalam pergaulan sehari-hari, mewujudkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni" title="Seni"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">seni</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (sastra), serta mempelajari naskah-naskah kuno. </span>(<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/bahasa"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/bahasa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan penjelasan mengenai fungsi bahasa tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa bahasa memiliki hubungan yang erat dengan bidang ilmu lain. Misalnya, fungsi bahasa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sebagai alat untuk berkomunikasi sehingga bahasa berhubungan dengan ilmu informatika. Bahasa juga sebagai alat untuk mengadakan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrasi_sosial" title="Integrasi sosial"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">interaksi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptasi" title="Adaptasi"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">adaptasi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> sosial, sehingga bahasa memiliki korelasi yang erat dengan sosiologi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Oleh karena itu, tanpa bahasa bidang ilmu lain akan sulit dipelajari. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain bidang ilmu informatika dan sosiologi, masih banyak bidang ilmu lain yang berhubungan dengan bahasa. Salah satu bidang ilmu lain tersebut yang memiliki korelasi dengan bahasa adalah seni. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ki Hadjar Dewantara dalam </span><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/7598183/bahasadanseni"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">www.scribd.com</span></a> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menyatakan bahwa seni adalah segala perbuatan manusia yang timbul dan bersifat indah, menyenangkan dan dapat menggerakkan jiwa manusia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata seni berasal dari kata <i>sani</i> yang berarti jiwa yang luhur/ ketulusan jiwa. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan pendapat mengenai seni tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa seni adalah hasil karya manusia yang berasal dari kesanggupan mereka untuk menciptakan sesuatu yang luar biasa. Tidak semua manusia bisa menghasilkan suatu karya yang luar biasa tergantung akal yang dimiliki manusia. Semakin tinggi kreativitas yang mereka punya semakin tinggi juga nilai karya yang diciptakan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan penjelasan-penjelasan yang telah dikemukakan penulis, maka pokok permasalahan yang akan dibahas dalam makalah ini adalah bagaimana hubungan bahasa dengan seni?. Pemilihan bahasa dan seni sebagai objek kajian dalam makalah ini didasarkan atas pertimbangan bahwa <span style="color: #231f20;">bahasa dan seni adalah dua hal yang tak terpisahkan. Dalam bahasa ada seni, sebaliknya dalam seni terdapat bahasa. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Masalah</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengingat luasnya masalah yang dihadapi dan karena beragamnya hubungan bahasa dengan ilmu lain, dalam makalah ini penulis sengaja membatasi permasalahan hanya pada hubungan bahasa dengan seni.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagaimana disebutkan dalam latar belakang masalah, yang menjadi pokok bahasan dalam makalah ini adalah hubungan bahasa dengan seni. Permasalahan dalam makalah ini adalah bagaimanakah hubungan bahasa dengan seni?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan makalah yang dibuat penulis ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan hubungan bahasa dengan seni.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 64.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat didaktis makalah ini bermanfaat bagi dunia pendidikan, yaitu agar pelajar mengetahui bahwa bahasa memiliki hubungan dengan bidang ilmu lain, terutama dengan seni. Dalam pengajaran bahasa dan sastra Indonesia di lembaga-lembaga pendidikan, hal ini tentu sangat bermanfaat jika disampaikan pada peserta didik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 64.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat teoritis makalah ini bermanfaat untuk memperdalam dan memperkaya pengetahuan penulis dalam ilmu bahasa dan seni mengenai hubungan kedua bidang ilmu tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 64.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat praktis makalah ini bermanfaat untuk melestarikan seni dan budaya serta keterkaitannya dengan bahasa dapat dijadikan sebagai suatu media untuk menciptakan seni yang berkualitas tinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 64.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">HUBUNGAN BAHASA DENGAN SENI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut van Wijk (1985:25), bahasa adalah sarana bagi manusia untuk mengungkapkan pikirannya, apakah dengan bunyi yang diucapkan yang mempunyai arti tetap. Hidayat (2006:22) berpendapat bahwa bahasa merupakan salah satu aspek yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari seluruh kehidupan umat manusia. Kridalaksana dalam Hidayat (2006:22) memberikan batasan bahasa sebagai sistem lambang arbitrer yang dipergunakan suatu masyarakat untuk bekerja sama berinteraksi dan mengidentifikasi diri. Senada dengan pendapat Ernest dalam Bachtiar (2008:175) yang menyebutkan bahwa manusia sebagai makhluk yang menggunakan lambang/simbol. Oleh karena itu Bloch dan Trager dalam Bachtiar (2008:176) menyatakan bahwa bahasa adalah suatu sistem simbol-simbol bunyi yang arbitrer yang dipergunakan oleh suatu kelompok sosial sebagai alat untuk berkomunikasi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Keraf dalam </span><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/7598183/bahasadanseni"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">www.scribd.com/doc/7598183/bahasadanseni</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, bahasa adalah alat komunikasi antara anggota masyarakat, berupa lambang bunyi suara yang dihasilkan oleh alat ucap manusia. Senada dengan pendapat Sturtevent dalam </span><a href="http://www.scribd.com/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">www.scribd.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> mengungkapkan bahwa bahasa adalah sistem lambang sewenang-wenang, berupa bunyi yang digunakan oleh anggota suatu kelompok sosial untuk kerjasama dan saling berhubungan. Tidak jauh berbeda dengan pandangan </span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Carrol dalam </span></b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/bahasa"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/bahasa</span></a><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang mengutarakan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bahasa adalah sebuah sistem berstruktur mengenai bunyi dan urutan bunyi bahasa yang sifatnya mana suka, yang digunakan atau yang dapat digunakan dalam komunikasi antar individu oleh sekelompok manusia dan yang secara agak tuntas memberi nama kepada benda-benda, peristiwa-peristiwa, dan proses-proses dalam lingkungan hidup manusia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Sugono (2004:3), bahasa digunakan sebagai sarana ekspresi dan komunikasi dalam kegiatan kehidupan manusia, seperti dalam bidang kebudayaan, ilmu, dan teknologi. Sugono (2004:17) menguraikan bahwa dalam berbahasa manusia dapat memanfaatkan peragaan seperti gerak tangan, mimik muka, dan sebagainya untuk membantu kepahaman pengungkapan ide, pengalaman, sikap dan rasa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria penggunaan bahasa yang baik bertalian dengan tersampaikannya informasi yang dinyatakan (Sugono, 2004:21).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Syamsuddin (1985:12) mengatakan bahasa tidak terpisahkan dari manusia dan mengikuti di dalam setiap pekerjaannya. Pada waktu manusia kelihatan tidak berbicara, pada hakikatnya ia masih juga memakai bahasa, karena bahasa ialah alat yang dipakainya untuk pikiran dan perasaan, keinginan dan perbuatan-perbuatan; alat yang dipakainya untuk mempengaruhi dan dipengaruhi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan pendapat-pendapat tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa" title="Bahasa"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">bahasa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah perwujudan sistem lambang berupa bunyi digunakan manusia untuk saling </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi" title="Komunikasi"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">berkomunikasi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau berhubungan, baik lewat tulisan, lisan, ataupun gerakan (bahasa isyarat), dengan tujuan menyampaikan maksud hati atau kemauan kepada lawan bicaranya atau orang lain. Melalui bahasa, manusia dapat menyesuaikan diri dengan adat istiadat, tingkah laku, tata krama masyarakat, dan sekaligus mudah membaurkan dirinya dengan segala bentuk masyarakat. Selain itu, manusia juga mampu menciptakan suatu kreativitas yang luar biasa dan mengandung keindahan yang biasa disebut seni.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Syamsuddin (1985:74) mengungkapkan beberapa fungsi bahasa dalam kesenian masyarakat adalah:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi pemersatu: menghubungkan semua penutur berbagai dialek bahasa.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberi kekhasan (unik): membedakan bahasa yang satu dengan bahasa yang lain. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembawa wibawa: penutur yang mahir berbahasa dengan baik dan benar memperoleh wibawa di mata orang lain.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai kerangka acuan: bahasa memiliki norma dan kaidah yang dijadikan tolak ukur bagi benar atau tidaknya bahasa seseorang.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kamus Praktis Bahasa Indonesia </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(2007: 311)</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> seni diartikan sebagai kesanggupan akal untuk menciptkan sesuatu yang bernilai tinggi (luar biasa). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menciptakan sesuatu yang bernilai tinggi itu, maka diperlukan bahasa sebagai medianya.<span style="color: #231f20;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Seni pada mulanya adalah proses dari manusia, dan oleh karena itu merupakan sinonim dari ilmu sehingga tidak heran jika seni sering kita jumpai dalam dunia pendidikan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Syamsuddin (1985:145)<span style="color: #231f20;"> mengutarakan bahwa istilah <i>seni </i>dipergunakan untuk melukiskan sesuatu yang bersifat <i>art personal, </i>kreatif, dan original. Semua materi yang terkandung dalam suatu kesenian diperoleh manusia secara sadar lewat proses belajar. Lewat kegiatan belajar inilah diteruskan kesenian dari generasi yang satu kepada generasi selanjutnya. Maka kesenian diteruskan dari generasi ke generasi. Kesenian yang telah lalu bereksistensi pada masa kini, dan kesenian masa kini akan disampaikan ke masa yang akan datang.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dewasa ini, seni bisa dilihat dalam intisari ekspresi dari kreativitas manusia. Seni juga dapat diartikan dengan sesuatu yang diciptakan manusia yang mengandung unsur keindahan. Seni sangat sulit untuk dijelaskan dan juga sulit dinilai. Senada dengan pernyataan Herberd Reed dan Lowenheld (1982) dalam </span><a href="http://hamaguri-incridible.blogspot.com/2011/04/hubungan-ibd-dengan-kesusastraan-seni.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://hamaguri-incridible.blogspot.com/2011/04/hubungan-ibd-dengan-kesusastraan-seni.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, mengungkapkan bahwa seni pada dasarnya sulit untuk dipahami dan dijelaskan dengan fakta karena seni merupakan suatu fenomena yang dapat diukur. Kata seni itu sendiri sudah diberi tambahan kata misalnya: seni tari, seni musik, seni rupa, dan sebagainya. Seni berfungsi untuk menyampaikan baik kepercayaan, gagasan, sensasi, atau perasaan dengan cara seefektif mungkin. Sekalipun demikian, banyak seniman mengungkap gagasan tertentu lewat simbolisme dan bentuk (seperti bakung yang bermaksud kematian dan mawar merah yang bermaksud cinta).</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melalui seni, manusia mampu berinteraksi dan berkomunikasi, baik melalui gerakan, suara, maupun alat musik. Untuk mengadakan interaksi dan komunikasi tersebut, seni menggunakan bahasa sebagai medianya. Hal ini merupakan salah satu korelasi antara bahasa dengan seni (</span><a href="http://hamaguri-incridible.blogspot.com/2011/04/hubungan-ibd-dengan-kesusastraan-seni.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://hamaguri-incridible.blogspot.com/2011/04/hubungan-ibd-dengan-kesusastraan-seni.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">)<span style="color: #231f20;">.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikut akan dijelaskan beberapa hubungan bahasa dengan seni:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa merupakan kebudayaan yang pertama dimiliki setiap manusia dan bahasa itu dapat berkembang karena akal atau sistem pengetahuan manusia. Atas dasar itu, hubungan bahasa dengan seni adalah bahasa sebagai sarana pengembangan seni. Seni yang ada di Indonesia dikembangkan melalui bahasa Indonesia. Kesenian yang tumbuh dan berkembang di Indonesia adalah kesenian yang dapat dimengerti dan dipahami oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Sarana untuk memahami kesenian adalah bahasa Indonesia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa sebagai jalur penerus kebudayaan mengandung makna bahwa bahasa berperan sebagai sarana pewarisan seni dari generasi ke generasi. Menurut Robert Sibarani (2002) dalam </span><a href="http://texbuk.blogspot.com/2011/09/hubungan-bahasa-senidan.html#ixzzloLhGeiVe"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://texbuk.blogspot.com/2011/09/hubungan-bahasa-senidan.html#ixzzloLhGeiVe</span></a><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, kebudayaan nenek moyang yang meliputi pola hidup, tingkah laku, adat istiadat, cara berpakaian, dan sebagainya dapat kita warisi dan wariskan kepada anak cucu kita melalui bahasa. Atas dasar itu, hubungan bahasa dengan seni adalah bahasa berperan sebagai sarana pewarisan seni dari generasi ke generasi. Kesenian nenek moyang kita yang sudah ada beratus-ratus tahun lalu masih bisa dipelajari oleh kita sekarang hanya karena bantuan bahasa. Kesenian yang tertulis dalam naskah-naskah lama, yang mungkin ditulis beratus-ratus tahun lalu bisa kita nikmati sekarang hanya karena ditulis dalam bahasa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan bahasa dengan seni adalah bahasa berperan dalam penamaan atau pengistilahan unsur-unsur seni baru sehingga dapat disampaikan dan dimengerti oleh yang menerimanya. Setiap unsur kesenian, dari unit yang terkecil sampai yang terbesar diberi nama atau istilah. Dalam proses pembelajaran dan pengajaran kesenian, nama atau istilah itu digunakan untuk menginventarisasi kesenian untuk pengembangan selanjutnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa tidak hanya berupa bahasa lisan dan tulisan, tetapi bahasa dapat berupa bahasa isyarat. Bahasa isyarat ini dilakukan melalui gerakan-gerakan anggota tubuh. Baik itu mata, jari, kepala, bahu, tangan, dan sebaginya. Misalnya melalui pertunjukan seni tari. Melalui seni tari, seniman menyampaikan pesan yang terkandung dalam tarian tersebut melalui bahasa tubuh. Bahasa sebagai penghubung antara musisi dan seniman dengan khalayak. Oleh karena itu, tarian mengandung pesan yang ingin disampaikan seniman melalui bahasa nonverbal atau melalui gerakan-gerakan tarian yang dilakukan. Malalui gerakan itulah khalayak memahami makna tari yang dilakukan tersebut. Gerakan tarian itu bisa dipahami khalayak karena adanya bahasa, yaitu bahasa isyarat. Tanpa adanya bahasa, maka seni tari yang dilakukan tersebut akan berkurang fungsinya. Seni tari tersebut hanya dijadikan sebagai hiburan, tidak lagi sebagai sarana pendidikan karena tidak mengandung pesan yang disampaikan. Pesan tersebut dapat tersampaikan hanya melalui bahasa. Atas dasar tersebut, hubungan bahasa dengan seni adalah bahasa berperan menyampaikan pesan yang terkandung dalam seni, baik itu seni tari, seni rupa, maupun seni musik. Selanjutnya, pada pertunjukan seni musik. Bahasa memperindah seni musik melalui syair lagu yang dinyanyikan. Jadi, pada seni musik tersebut, tidak hanya <i>instrument</i> yang memperindahnya melainkan juga syair lagu yang merupakan bahasa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa sebagai penghubung antara seniman dan musisi dengan <i>instrument</i>. musisi mempelajari kunci-kunci pada <i>instrument</i> sehingga mereka bisa memainkannya dengan melodi yang indah. Kunci-kunci tersebut menggunakan bahasa seperti: do re mi fa sol la si do, atau A B C D E F G.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa sebagai sarana berekspresi dalam seni. Melalui seni, manusia bisa berekspresi. Dalam berekspresi tersebut, manusia menggunakan bahasa untuk menumpahkan kreativitas dan bakat yang mereka miliki.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa berperan penting pada proses penciptaan seni. Manusia terinspirasi menciptakan seni dari bahasa. Tanpa bahasa, seni tidak bisa diciptakan. Misalnya, manusia menciptakan lagu menggunakan bahasa, menciptakan tari menggunakan bahasa berupa bahasa nonverbal yaitu gerak tubuh, menciptakan lukisan menggunakan bahasa simbol, seperti warna-warna dan lambang-lambang karena </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">banyak seniman mengungkap gagasan tertentu lewat simbolisme dan bentuk (seperti melati yang bermaksud duka/kematian dan mawar merah yang bermaksud cinta).</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan penjelasan hubungan bahasa dengan seni tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa seni sangat bergantung pada bahasa. Tanpa bahasa seni tidak akan bisa berkembang, tidak bisa dipelajari dan diwarisi, tidak mampu menyampaikan pesan, serta tidak bisa berfungsi sebagai penghubung antara seniman dengan khalayak. Sebaliknya, seni juga turut mempengaruhi bahasa. Tanpa seni, bahasa tidak akan bervariasi dan tidak mengandung keindahan. Misalnya dalam bahasa sastra, seni sangat berperan penting bagi pengarang untuk menciptakan bahasa yang indah yang dalam istilah bahasa lebih dikenal dengan estetika. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur-unsur seni dalam bahasa yaitu keutuhan, keragaman, keseimbangan, keselarasan dan penekanan yang tepat. Dengan adanya unsur-unsur tersebut pencipta sastra dapat menetapkan maksud atau isi hati dengan jelas.</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Selain itu, seni berbahasa memberikan keunikan yang khas bagi seseorang dan memberikan gaya serta nada yang membedakan penggunaan bahasa antara orang yang satu dengan yang lain. Dalam istilah bahasa, hal ini lebih dikenal dengan retorika (seni berbicara). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Simpulan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan penjelasan pada pembahasan di atas, maka dapat disimpulkan hubungan bahasa dengan seni adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa sebagai sarana pengembangan seni. </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa berperan sebagai sarana pewarisan seni/kesenian dari generasi ke generasi.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa berperan dalam penamaan atau pengistilahan unsur-unsur seni baru sehingga dapat disampaikan dan dimengerti oleh yang menerimanya.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa berperan menyampaikan pesan yang terkandung dalam seni, baik itu seni tari, seni rupa, maupun seni musik.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam proses pembelajaran dan pengajaran kesenian, nama atau istilah seni digunakan untuk menginventarisasi kesenian untuk pengembangan selanjutnya.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa sebagai penghubung antara musisi dan seniman dengan khalayak.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa sebagai penghubung antara musisi dengan instrument musik. Contoh: mempelajari kunci-kunci pada instrument musik. Kunci-kunci tersebut menggunakan bahasa seperti: do re mi fa sol la si do, atau A B C D E F G.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa sebagai sarana berekspresi dalam seni.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa berperan penting pada proses penciptaan seni.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Seni juga berhubungan dengan bahasa. Misalnya dalam bahasa sastra, seni sangat berperan penting bagi pengarang untuk menciptakan bahasa yang Indah (estetika bahasa). Selain itu, seni berbahasa memberikan keunikan yang khas bagi seseorang dan memberikan gaya serta nada yang membedakan penggunaan bahasa antara orang yang satu dengan yang lain. Dalam istilah bahasa, hal ini dikenal dengan retorika berbahasa. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Makalah ini secara umum membahas mengenai </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hubungan bahasa dan seni</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Permasalahan dalam judul terse</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">but masih banyak yang harus di</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dalami sehingga makalah ini dapat menjadi suatu bahan yang dapat digunakan nantinya. Dengan demikian, diharapkan agar pembaca mampu melanjutkan pembahasan yang lebih mendalam mengenai </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hubungan bahasa dengan bidang ilmu lain, terutama hubungan bahasa dengan seni.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bachtiar, Amsal. 2004. <i>Filsatat Ilmu. </i>Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Badudu, J.S.1989. <i>Inilah Bahasa Indonesia yang Benar III. </i>Jakarta: Gramedia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Chaer, Abdul. 2003. <i>Linguistik Umum. </i>Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Faizah, Hasnah. 2009. <i>Filsafat ilmu. </i>Pekanbaru: Cendikia Insani.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hidayat, Asep Ahmad. 2006. <i>Filsafat Bahasa: Mengungkap Hakikat Bahasa, Makna, dan Tanda. </i>Bandung: Rosda.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rama, Tri. 2007. <i>Kamus Praktis Bahasa Indonesia. </i>Surabaya: Karya Agung.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Syamsuddin. 1985. <i>Buku Materi Pokok Sanggar Bahasa Indonesia. </i>Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Universitas Terbuka.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sugono, Dendy. 2004. <i>Berbahasa Indonesia Dengan Benar. </i>Jakarta: Puspa Swara</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Wijk, d.Gerth van. <i>Tata Bahasa Melayu. </i>1985. Jakarta: Djambatan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;"><a href="http://hamaguri-incridible.blogspot.com/2011/04/hubungan-ibd-dengan-kesusastraan-seni.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">http://hamaguri-incridible.blogspot.com/2011/04/hubungan-ibd-dengan-kesusastraan-seni.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> diakses 13 Maret 2012 pukul 13.05 WIB</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/bahasa"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/bahasa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">diakses 4 Maret 2012 pukul 10.05 WIB</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;"><a href="http://texbuk.blogspot.com/2011/09/hubungan-bahasa-senidan.html#ixzzloLhGeiVe"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">http://texbuk.blogspot.com/2011/09/hubungan-bahasa-senidan.html#ixzzloLhGeiVe</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> diakses 13 Maret 2012 pukul 13.15 WIB</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/7598183/bahasadanseni"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">www.scribd.com/doc/7598183/bahasadanseni</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">diakses 5 Maret 2012 pukul 10.15 WIB</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
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</div></div>sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-60654672270719425072012-02-19T22:38:00.000-08:002012-02-19T22:38:39.111-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRTG0ne1Hr0oECyMUoevuJzmVe4vrlFW2VoibGy1dQn8PeT1iUK28ribZk0wHKHbsLym-4pDzqqzAYHfW9Ap4fiPoBIzo9VisaYQOD-f-YGPdRAXw9V-F7HOWc_NZFKRvZRaT5tsweAT4S/s1600/edit+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRTG0ne1Hr0oECyMUoevuJzmVe4vrlFW2VoibGy1dQn8PeT1iUK28ribZk0wHKHbsLym-4pDzqqzAYHfW9Ap4fiPoBIzo9VisaYQOD-f-YGPdRAXw9V-F7HOWc_NZFKRvZRaT5tsweAT4S/s320/edit+2.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>nice time when you are beside me...........</div>sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-61479926732600778882012-01-19T17:12:00.001-08:002012-01-19T17:22:14.153-08:00menulis cerita<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DESA GADING</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Oleh: Sartini dede Irawati</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gading adalah nama sebuah desa di Pulau Kundur, Kabupaten Karimun, Provinsi Kepulauan Riau. Nama Desa Gading berasal dari nama sebuah benda yang terbuat dari kayu, bengkok bentuknya dan digunakan sebagai pembentuk badan kapal. Dahulunya, Desa Gading merupakan daerah pendistribusian gading. Benda ini diangkut ke luar daerah melalui pantai yang ada di Desa Gading. Karena daerah tersebut sering digunakan untuk pendistribusian gading, maka daerah tersebut dinamakan Desa Gading. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penduduk Desa Gading mayoritas bersuku Melayu. Melayu merupakan suku asli Desa Gading. Mereka bekerja sebagai nelayan, petani dan memanfaatkan hasil alam seperti batu dan pasir. Para nelayan memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya dengan menangkap ikan di laut. Para petani memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya dengan berkebun durian, rambutan, rambai, manggis, cempedak, dan sebagainya. Selain itu mereka juga berladang seperti menanam jagung, cabai, sawi dan berbagai jenis sayuran lainnya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di Desa Gading terdapat banyak batu besar dan pasir. Batu besar dan pasir tersebut dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sekitar untuk diolah secara tradisional. Masyarakat setempat menyebut proses pengolahan itu dengan sebutan <i>mengetok batu.</i> Batu besar diolah menjadi kerikil<i> </i>kemudian kerikil digunakan masyarakat sebagai bahan dasar bangunan. Namun, ada juga yang menjualnya ke luar Kundur. Berbeda dengan pasir yang hanya dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bangunan. Pasir tidak dijual ke luar Kundur karena jumlahnya yang terbatas dan hanya cukup untuk kebutuhan masyarakat sekitar.<i> </i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Desa Gading terkenal dengan keindahan alamnya. Di desa ini terdapat sebuah bukit dan terhampar luas sebuah pantai. Karena terletak di Desa Gading, maka nama bukit dan pantai itu adalah Bukit Gading dan Pantai Gading. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bukit dan Pantai Gading merupakan objek wisata di Pulau Kundur. Bukit Gading merupakan bukit yang ditanami pepohonan rindang, menjulang, dan berusia puluhan tahun. Pepohonan yang ditanami tersebut adalah pohon durian, pohon mangga, pohon rambutan, dan manggis. Pada saat pepohonan tersebut berbuah dan musim panen tiba, Bukit Gading akan ramai dikunjungi oleh masyarakat luar Desa Gading. Mereka mengunjungi Bukit Gading untuk membeli buah-buahan tersebut langsung dari pemiliknya. Selain mendapat buah yang segar, harga yang ditawarkan pun lebih murah dibandingkan dengan harga buah yang sudah dijual di pasar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain terkenal dengan bukitnya, Gading juga terkenal dengan keindahan pantainya. Pantai Gading terletak di lereng Bukit Gading. Karena hal itu, untuk menuju Pantai Gading, harus melintasi Bukit Gading. Melintasi Bukit Gading dengan cara mendaki bukit menggunakan tangga beton. Tangga beton tersebut sengaja dibuat oleh masyarakat sekitar untuk memudahkan pendaki. Jika tidak menggunakan tangga, maka akan sangat sulit untuk menuju pantai karena bukit tersebut tanahnya sangat licin dan terjal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah melintasi Bukit Gading, akan ditemukan Pantai Gading yang terhampar luas. Dari pantai ini terlihat banyak kapal berlayar menuju pulau-pulau yang terletak tidak jauh dari Pulau Kundur. Ciri khas pantai ini adalah terdapat tumpukan batu-batu besar di sepanjang pantai. Batu-batu yang bertumpuk dengan berbagai ukuran. Batu-batu ini akan terlihat semakin membesar dalam kurun waktu yang lama. Masyarakat setempat meyakini bahwa batu-batu tersebut adalah batu hidup. Namun pada dasarnya batu itu tidaklah hidup. Batu itu muncul ke permukaan karena erosi yang terjadi di pinggir pantai.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantai Gading terkenal dengan tangga keramat. Tangga tersebut adalah t</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">angga beton berwarna kuning, berpaga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">r</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> beton, tinggi sekitar 5 meter, lebar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> sekitar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,5</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> meter, dan terletak </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tidak jauh dari bibir Pantai Gading. Karena masih terletak di kawasan Desa Gading, maka tangga keramat ini dinamakan Tangga Keramat Gading. Tangga ini disebut keramat karena memiliki keanehan atau kejanggalan. Keanaehan tersebut terjadi pada jumlah anak tangga. Cara mengetahui keanehan tersebut adalah dengan cara menghitung jumlah anak tangga saat naik dan saat turun. Jumlah anak tangga jika dihitung saat naik akan berbeda dengan jumlah hitungan saat turun. Jumlah anak tangga keramat itu jika dihitung pasti berubah jumlahnya. Artinya, setiap orang yang telah menghitung anak tangga tersebut pasti menyebutkan jumlah yang berbeda-beda.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tangga Keramat Gading merupakan media untuk menuju kuburan keramat yang teletak di atas Bukit Gading. Kuburan Keramat terletak di dalam sebuah <i>cungkup. Cungkup </i>adalah sebuah gubuk kecil beratap dan di dalamnya terdapat kuburan. Di dalam <i>cungkup </i>tersebut terdapat dua kuburan yang dikeramatkan oleh masyarakat Desa Gading. Kedua kuburan itu terpisah namun berdekatan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut mitos, kuburan keramat yang berada di dalam <i>cungkup</i> itu adalah kuburan seorang Raja Melayu dan Panglimanya yang tidak diketahui secara pasti namanya. Namun, kuburan yang paling dikeramatkan oleh masyarakat Desa Gading adalah kuburan Raja Melayu. Untuk menghormati Sang Raja, pada bagian tengahnya dibuat sesuatu menyerupai dinding tembok beton setinggi 150 cm dan lebar 15 cm. Dinding tembok tersebut dijadikan sebagai nisan. Seluruh bagian itu dibaluti kain berwarna kuning. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuburan keramat dijaga oleh seorang juru kunci. Juru kunci tersebut ditugaskan untuk menjaga dan merawat kuburan keramat. Hal ini dilakukan agar kuburan tersebut terpelihara dengan baik<i>. </i>Juru kunci ini bertempat tinggal tidak begitu jauh dari kuburan keramat.<i> </i>Namun<i>, </i>ia<i> </i>tidak berada setiap saat di kawasan kuburan keramat. Ia selalu mengunci <i>cungkup </i>saat tidak berada di lokasi. Hal ini penting dilakukan agar tidak terjadi hal-hal yang tidak diinginkan di dalam <i>cungkup</i> tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain menjaga kuburan keramat, juru kunci juga menjaga dan merawat kuburan-kuburan tua yang ada di sekitar <i>cungkup. </i>Juru kunci selalu membersihkan wilayah pemakaman tersebut karena wilayah ini sudah digunakan sebagai tempat pemakaman umum oleh masyarakat Desa Gading. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuburan Keramat merupakan kuburan yang diyakini memiliki kekuatan <i>ghaib</i> dan dijadikan sebagai tempat persemedian. Persemedian dilakukan untuk </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">meminta</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">semacam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">keberuntungan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> serta mendapatkan petunjuk atau wangsit. Biasanya, kegiatan ritual semacam ini dilakukan pada malam selasa dan malam jumat. Malam selasa dan malam jumat diyakini sebagai malam bergentayangannya makhluk <i>ghaib</i>. Malam-malam tersebut merupakan malam yang sakral bagi para pemuja atau bagi orang yang melakukan semedi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Semedi dilakukan dengan membawa berbagai perlengkapan. Perlengkapan tersebut terdiri atas kemenyan/dupa dan beberapa jenis bunga (kembang). Ada beberapa hal yang sering dilakukan saat bersemedi. Pertama, menaburkan beberapa jenis bunga (kembang) pada kuburan tersebut layaknya sedang berziarah. Kedua, membakar kemenyan/dupa. Terakhir, bersemedi sambil membaca sejenis mantera dan menunggu datangnya wangsit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Begitulah cerita tentang Tangga Keramat Gading. Sampai saat ini misteri Tangga Keramat Gading belum terpecahkan dan masih menjadi hal tabu bagi masyarakat Desa Gading dan para pengunjung. Oleh karena itu, masih banyak orang yang terus menghitung jumlah anak Tangga Keramat Gading bahkan hingga berulang kali. Hal ini dilakukan karena rasa penasaran yang teramat besar.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">RIWAYAT HIDUP</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sartini Dede Irawati adalah anak kedua dari tiga bersaudara. Lahir di Saka Kuali pada 18 Juli 1990 yaitu anak dari pasangan Bambang Irawan dan Jumaatin. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saudara pertama penulis bernama Eka Gusbawanti dan adik penulis bernama Oksa Tigirti. Penulis tinggal di Tanjung Sari Qauman, Tanjungbatu, Kabupaten Karimun. Penulis menjalani pendidikan sekolah dasar di SD Negeri 023 Bente pada 1997-2001 dan menyelesaikan pendidikan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tersebut di SDN 027 Parit Panyirok pada 2001-2003. Penulis menyelesaikan pendidikan sekolah menengah di SMP Negeri 2 Kundur pada 2003-2006. Penulis menyelesaikan pendidikan menengah atas di SMA Negeri 1 Kundur pada 2006-2009. Setelah lulus SMA penulis melanjutkan pendidikannya di Perguruan Tinggi pada tahun yang sama yaitu di Universitas Riau melalui jalur PBUD dan mengambil Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia pada Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div></div>sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-55428628284879840282012-01-19T17:08:00.000-08:002012-01-19T17:08:26.447-08:00Apa yang terjadi pada bahasa dan komunikasi setelah terjadi kerusakan di dalam otak?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara neurobiologis, otak manusia terdiri atas miliaran sel saraf atau neuron yang menyebar ke keseluruhan otak manusia. Seperti yang dikemukakan oleh seorang neurolog, Gerald Edelman, pemenang hadiah nobel, dibutuhkan lebih dari 32 juta tahun untuk menghitung semua sinaps di dalam otak manusia dengan kecepatan satu sinaps perdetik. Jika dipusatkan perhatian pada kemungkinan jumlah hubungan saraf di dalam otak, maka didapati jumlah yang sangat menakjubkan yaitu 10 diikuti sejuta angka nol. Setiap saraf otak itu saling berhubungan dan berkomunikasi melalui satu hubungan atau lebih (Restak, 2004: 5).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa adalah media manusia berpikir secara abstrak yang memungkinkan objek-objek faktual ditransformasikan menjadi simbol-simbol abstrak. Dengan adanya transformasi ini maka manusia dapat berpikir mengenai tentang sebuah objek, meskipun objek itu tidak terinderakan saat proses berpikir itu dilakukan olehnya (Surya Sumantri, 1998).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut saya, otak dan bahasa sebagai sumber komunikasi. Keduanya mempunyai kaitan yang erat dalam proses komunikasi. Tidak ada satu peristiwa komunikasi pun yang tidak melibatkan otak dan bahasa. </span><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila terjadi kerusakan pada otak, berbagai gangguan akan terjadi. Gangguan-gangguan tersebut tentu saja berkaitan dengan bahasa dan komunikasi, seperti gangguan berbahasa, gangguan berbicara, dan gangguan komunikasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui kaitan fungsi otak terhadap bahasa dan komunikasi, pada makalah ini akan dijelaskan mengenai Otak, Bahasa, Komunikasi, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan Otak dengan Bahasa dan Komunikasi, Pengaruh Kerusakan Otak terhadap Bahasa dan Komunikasi, dan Hal-hal yang Terjadi pada Bahasa dan Komunikasi setelah Terjadi Kerusakan Di Dalam Otak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.1<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Otak</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 106.35pt; text-indent: 37.65pt;"><span style="height: 178px; left: 0px; margin-left: 2px; margin-top: 5px; position: absolute; width: 132px; z-index: 1;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2FHLYA38wxhfBI986CnOtNQFfYmcE7tEKSw4-860S7raCQvAEL-cIK46tlWyahOOXMOcESBqOM39xHY9C8MHDSKVAF_TK6AH2ZAsYYBWoYi2Z07tj-ORealx3bzYnGXL6nd09zpiTKAf7/s1600-h/323885-002.jpg"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2FHLYA38wxhfBI986CnOtNQFfYmcE7tEKSw4-860S7raCQvAEL-cIK46tlWyahOOXMOcESBqOM39xHY9C8MHDSKVAF_TK6AH2ZAsYYBWoYi2Z07tj-ORealx3bzYnGXL6nd09zpiTKAf7/s320/323885-002.jpg" border="0" height="178" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" width="132" /></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tubuh manusia dibentuk oleh sel-sel. Begitu juga dengan otak. Otak (<i>serebrum dan serebelum</i>) adalah salah satu komponen dalam sistim susunan saraf manusia. Komponen lainnya adalah sumsum<span> </span>tulang belakang atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>medula spinalis</em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span>dan saraf tepi. Otak berada di dalam ruang tengkorak; <i>medula spinalis</i> berada di dalam<span> </span>ruang tulang<span> </span>belakang; sedangkan saraf tepi (saraf spinalis dan<span> </span>saraf otak)<span> </span>sebagian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berada di luar <span> </span>tengkorak (Kusumoputro, 1981). Otak manusia mulai dibentuk pada saat bayi masih di dalam kandungan, tepatnya pada minggu ketiga setelah bertemunya sperma dengan sel telur. Pada saat bayi dilahirkan sudah mempunyai kira-kira 100 miliar sel otak. Sel-sel otak tersebut masih belum terhubung dalam satu jaringan antara satu dengan yang lainnya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Jaringan yang akan dibentuk oleh sel-sel otak inilah bagian yang sangat penting. Pembentukan sel-sel otak ini akan dipengaruhi oleh bagaimana bayi tersebut terhubung langsung dengan dunia. Bayi belajar dari ekspresi wajah yang ditunjukkan kepadanya; bayi mendengar bagaimana orang di sekelilingnya bicara, menyanyikan lagu atau membacakan buku kepadanya; bayi merasakan bagaimana seseorang menyentuhnya. Sentuhan ini adalah hal yang paling penting, karena dengan sentuhan ini akan memberikan rangsangan kepada bayi supaya otaknya menghasilkan hormon-hormon yang penting untuk pertumbuhannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan antar sel-sel otak dibentuk dengan adanya saling kirim-dan-terima signal. Signal yang berupa getaran aliran listrik ini mengalir dari sel<span> </span>satu ke sel lainnya, dan dengan bantuan zat kimia seperti serotonin, terbentuklah hubungan antara sel-sel otak tersebut. Rangsangan yang terus-menerus diberikan melalui bentuk kegiatan berulang-ulang, akan semakin memperkuat hubungan antar sel-sel otak. Satu sel otak mampu membuat 15.000 hubungan dengan sel otak lain. Hubungan yang sangat rumit inilah membentuk jaringan antar sel-sel otak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejak bayi lahir, jaringan ini akan dibentuk dengan cepat sekali, dan pada usia anak mencapai 3 tahun, otak anak akan membuat kira-kira 1000 triliun hubungan, di mana jumlah ini adalah 2 kali lipat dari jumlah hubungan jaringan otak orang dewasa. Hubungan otak yang densitas/kerapatannya sangat tinggi ini akan tetap dipertahankan hingga berusia 10 tahun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah anak menginjak usia 11 tahun, hubungan antar sel-sel otak tersebut akan diseleksi secara alami, di mana hubungan yang sering digunakan akan semakin diperkuat dan menjadi permanen, sedangkan hubungan yang tidak pernah digunakan akan diputus/dibuang. Di sinilah pentingnya pengalaman pada usia awal/dini. Sebagai contoh, anak yang jarang diajak bicara atau dibacakan buku, nantinya bayi akan mengalami kesulitan dalam perkembangan bahasanya, karena sel-sel otak yang mengendalikan fungsi bahasa tidak dipergunakan dengan baik, sehingga hubungan antar selnya diputus.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan hubungan antar sel-sel otak tentunya tidak terjadi sekaligus, tetapi berurutan berdasarkan prioritas pertumbuhan bayi tersebut. Artinya, kemampuan yang harus dipunyai bayi untuk bertahan hidup pada usia tertentu akan dibentuk terlebih dahulu daripada kemampuan lain yang diperlukan nanti.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="fullpost">Misalnya, selama masa kehamilan, sel-sel otak akan membentuk ”<i>cortex</i>” (bagian otak yang digunakan untuk berpikir) pada tempatnya dan pada waktu yang tepat. Waktu ini disebut sebagai ”waktu utama” atau ”periode peka”. Kegagalan pembentukan bagian ini akan berakibat pada terganggunya perkembangan (atau bahkan tidak terbentuknya) bagian tersebut, sehingga bayi akan lahir dalam keadaan cacat mental. Kegagalan pembentukan bagian penting ini dapat terjadi akibat dari ibu yang suka minum minuman keras, merokok atau obat-obatan terlarang, atau akibat dari infeksi toxoplasma, dan sebagainya.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode peka perkembangan otak terjadi pada saat bayi belum lahir dan sesudah lahir. Panjang periode peka tersebut bisa lama, dan bisa juga sangat pendek. Dr. Montessori telah banyak melakukan penelitian tentang periode peka pada perkembangan anak, jauh sebelum para ahli syaraf mengetahui tentang cara kerja bagian otak. Ternyata, periode peka yang ditemukan oleh Dr. Montessori itu berhubungan erat dengan periode di mana jaringan otak yang mengendalikan fungsi tubuh itu sedang tumbuh dan berkembang.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dr. Montessori</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, periode peka yang penting dalam perkembangan anak adalah:</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode penyerapan secara total, perkenalan dan pengalaman indera dan gerakan senso-motorik (0 – 3 tahun) </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan kemampuan bahasa (1,5 – 3 tahun)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan koordinasi antara mata dengan otot tangan. Anak mulai memperhatikan benda-benda kecil (1,5 – 4 tahun)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyenangi ketertiban dan keteraturan (2,5 – 3,5 tahun)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perkembangan penyempurnaan gerakan. Anak mulai memperhatikan hal-hal yang nyata, menyadari tentang urutan waktu dan ruang (2–4 tahun)</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penyempurnaan penggunaan seluruh indera (2,5 – 6 tahun)</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Peka terhadap pengaruh orang dewasa (3– 6 tahun)</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mulai senang menulis (3,5 – 4,5 tahun)</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mulai senang membaca (4,5– 5,5 tahun)</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Indera menjadi lebih peka (4 – 4,5 tahun)</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Munculnya periode peka ini bisa berlainan pada tiap anak, tergantung pada faktor keturunan dan terlebih lagi pada stimulasi yang diterimanya.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="fullpost">Pada periode peka ini, akan lebih mudah mengajarkan hal-hal yang sedang peka itu daripada setelah periode peka ini berakhir. Hubungan dengan anak akan sangat mempengaruhi berhasil tidaknya anak menerima stimulasi. Pada akhirnya menentukan bagaimana jaringan otak anak akan terbentuk.</span> <span class="fullpost">Para ahli telah menemukan bahwa dengan memberikan kehangatan dan kasih sayang, serta memberikan respons dengan cepat, anda akan memperkuat sistem biologis yang membantu anak mengendalikan emosinya, sehingga mampu beradaptasi dengan lebih baik apabila anak mengalami stres.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari hal-hal tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa prinsip-prinsip perkembangan otak adalah sebagai berikut:</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dunia luar atau lingkungan mempengaruhi bentuk jaringan otak.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dunia luar yang dialami oleh anak melalui penglihatan, pendengaran, penciuman, perabaan dan rasa, akan mampu memerintahkan otak untuk membuat dan merubah bentuk hubungan jaringan.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Otak bekerja dengan prinsip: ”digunakan atau dibuang”.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan dengan orang lain pada awal kehidupan anak menjadi sumber utama dalam perkembangan otak, terutama bagian otak yang mengendalikan emosi dan sosial.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap saraf yang ada dalam otak mempunyai tanggung jawab dan fungsi masing-masing. Misalnya, kegiatan membaca mengaktifkan area oksipital dan frontal. Mendengarkan musik dengan mata terpejam mengaktifkan area temporal, frontal dan serebelum. Di samping itu, secara garis besar, otak manusia terbagi atas kerja otak belahan otak kanan, tetapi aktivitas kerja kedua otak tersebut tidak terpisah. Aktivitas kedua otak itu saling menyatu dan juga saling membangun. Seperti yang diketahui bahwa metode pembelajaran konvensional yang pada umumnya digunakan oleh pendidik dalam belajar bahasa cenderung menekankan pada pola kerja otak kiri, seperti latihan yang menitikberatkan pada rangsangan dengar (otak kiri) berupa latihan-latihan, pengulangan, kurang melibatkan proses pemecahan suatu masalah. Sementara itu, dengan kemajuan teknologi, anak-anak sekarang terfokus pada acara yang disiarkan televisi, sehingga yang lebih banyak melakukan aktivitas adalah belahan otak kanan. Oleh karena itu, masalah pembelajaran menjadi tidak efektif.</span></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">Menurut Menyuk (dalam Abdul Chaer, 2003: 116), otak seorang bayi ketika baru dilahirkan beratnya hanyalah kira-kira 40 % dari berat otak orang dewasa; sedangkan makhluk primata lain seperti kera dan simpanse adalah 70 % dari otak dewasanya. Slobin (dalam Abdul Chaer, 2003: 116) menyatakan bahwa dari perbandingan tersebut tampak bahwa manusia kiranya telah dikodratkan secara biologis untuk mengembangkan otak dan kemampuannya secara cepat. Dalam waktu yang tidak terlalu lama otak itu telah berkembang menuju kesempurnaanya. Sebaliknya, makhluk primata lain seperti kera dan simpanse, yang ketika lahir telah memiliki 70 % dari otaknya itu dan tentunya yang telah dapat berbuat banyak sejak lahir, hanya memerlukan tambahan sedikit, yaitu sekitar 30 %. Sewaktu dewasa manusia mempunyai otak seberat 1350 gram, sedangkan simpanse dewasa hanya 450 gram. Lenneberg menyatakan memang ada manusia kerdil (termasuk<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>nanochepalic</i>) yang berat otaknya hanya 450 gram waktu dewasa, tetapi masih dapat berbicara seperti manusia lainnya, sedangkan makhluk lain tidak (dalam Abdul Chaer, 2003: 116).</div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">Perbedaan otak manusia dan otak makhluk lain, seperti kera dan simpanse, bukan hanya terletak pada beratnya saja, melainkan juga pada struktur dan fungsinya. Pada otak manusia ada bagian-bagian yang dapat disebut manusiawi, seperti bagian-bagian yang berkenaan dengan ujaran. Sebaliknya, pada otak makhluk lain, banyak bagian yang berhubungan dengan insting; sedangkan pada manusia tidak banyak. Ini berarti bahwa perbuatan manusia bukan hanya karena insting (Abdul Chaer, 2003: 116).</div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">Berdasarkan penjelasan tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa otak manusia memiliki struktur yang lebih kompleks sehingga secara biologis lebih cepat untuk mengembangkan kemampuannya. Salah satu <span> </span>kelebihan otak manusia daripada makhluk lain adalah otak manusia mampu berpikir untuk menciptakan berbagai hal yang baru karena dari otak manusia akan melahirkan akal yang tentu tidak dimiliki makhluk lain. Selain itu, otak manusia memiliki sisi manusiawi yang mengontrol setiap prilaku manusia dari perkara yang menyerupai makhluk lain.</div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b>2.1.1 Fungsi Otak Kanan dan Otak Kiri</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>De Porter (2004: 36) mengungkapkan bahwa proses berpikir otak kiri bersifat logis, sekuensial, linear, dan rasional. Otak kiri berdasarkan realitas mampu melakukan penafsiran abstrak dan simbolis. Cara berpikir sesuai untuk tugas-tugas teratur, ekspresi verbal, menulis, membaca, asosiasi audiotorial, menempatkan detail dan fakta, fonetik, serta simbolisme. Untuk belahan otak kanan cara berpikirnya bersifat acak, tidak teratur, intuitif, dan holistik. Cara berpikirnya sesuai dengan cara-cara untuk mengetahui yang bersifat nonverbal, seperti perasaan dan emosi, kesadaran yang berkenaan dengan perasaaan (merasakan kehadiran suatu benda atau orang, kesadaran spasial, pengenalan bentuk dan pola, musik, seni, kepekaan warna, kreativitas dan visualisasi (Restak, 2004).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Otak kiri berkaitan dengan akademik maka otak kanan berfungsi dalam hal perbedaan, angka, urutan, tulisan, bahasa, hitungan dan logika. Merupakan pusat otak yang dominan untuk berbahasa lisan dan tulisan. Berperan dalam proses berpikir yang logis, analitis, linier dan bertindak rasional. Daya ingat otak kiri bersifat jangka pendek (<i>shortterm memory</i>). Bila terjadi kerusakan pada otak kiri maka akan terjadi gangguan dalam hal fungsi berbicara, berbahasa dan matematika. Otak kanan berfungsi dalam hal persamaan, khayalan, kreativitas, bentuk atau ruang, emosi, musik dan warna. Daya ingat otak kanan bersifat panjang (<i>longterm memory</i>). Bila terjadi kerusakan otak kanan misalnya pada penyakit stroke atau tumor otak, maka fungsi otak yang terganggu adalah kemampuan visual dan emosi. Para ahli banyak yang mengatakan otak kiri sebagai pengendali IQ (<i>Intelligence Quotient</i>), sementara otak kanan memegang peranan penting bagi perkembangan EQ (Freed, 1997)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Selanjutnya, Restak (2004: 97) juga mengemukakan bahwa otak kiri berfungsi menjelaskan sesuatu secara verbal atau tulisan. Belahan otak kiri cenderung memecah segala sesuatu ke dalam bagian-bagian dan lebih mengenali perbedaan dari pada menemukan kesamaan ciri. Di samping itu menurut Restak, belahan otak kiri memproses dunia dengan cara yang linear dan runut. Sebalinya, belahan otak kanan kurang mengandalkan kata-kata dan bahasa, belahan otak kanan lebih bisa melihat gambar secara keseluruhan dengan memperhatikan dan menggabungkan menjadi sebuah gambaran umum. Belahan otak kanan terlibat dalam proses penyetaraan yang melibatkan banyak operasi sekaligus. Hal yang sama tentang fungsi otak kiri juga dikemukakan oleh Maksan (1993:55) bahwa tugas-tugas kebahasaan dikoordinasikan oleh otak kiri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan pendapat para ahli di atas, dapat disimpulakan bahwa yang berhubungan dengan bahasa adalah tanggung jawab dari belahan otak kiri, sedangkan otak kanan tidak berhubungan dengan bahasa tetapi berhubungan denga emosi. Kerusakan pada otak kiri menyebabkan gangguan dalam berbicara, berbahasa dan matematika. Kerusakan pada otak kanan seperti stroke atau tumor otak, menyebabkan fungsi otak terganggu yaitu terganggunya kemampuan visual dan emosi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1.2 Bagaimana Kedua Belahan Otak Bekerja?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Setiap belahan otak, baik otak kiri maupun otak kanan pada hakikatnya mempunyai mempunyai tanggung jawab dan fungsi masing-masing. Misalnya, Otak kiri berkaitan dengan akademik, seperti perbedaan, angka, urutan, tulisan, bahasa, hitungan dan logika, sedangkan otak kanan berfungsi dalam hal persamaan, khayalan, kreativitas, bentuk atau ruang, emosi, musik dan warna. Namun, aktivitas kerja kedua otak tersebut tidak terpisah. Aktivitas kedua otak saling menyatu dan membangun (Restak, 2004:97).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Restak (2004:97), orang <strong>'berotak kiri'</strong> dominan cenderung sangat <strong>realistis, faktual, sistematis dan sistemik</strong>. Mereka adalah penagih data dan fakta dalam percakapan dengan hampir setiap orang. Mereka tidak suka mengumbar kata-kata yang dirasa tidak merepresentasikan apa yang mereka maksudkan. Mereka lebih mengedepankan logika dan rasio. Oleh karenanya, mereka sangatlah rasional dan logis dalam memaparkan pandangannya dan mengharapkan balasan sebanding. Mereka adalah para ilmuwan, akuntan, arsitek, dokter, peneliti ilmu-ilmu alam, ahli geolologi, fisika dan sejenisnya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sementara itu, orang <strong>'berotak kanan'</strong> lebih mengedepankan <strong>interaksi sosial penuh persahabatan</strong>. Mereka adalah pembicara ulung dengan sederet referensi memukau. Murah senyum, berani tampil beda. Memiliki banyak gagasan dan sejuta pesona. Mereka adalah para pemasar sejati, pembicara publik, penjual, penyanyi, penyair, penjual obat dan sejenisnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan penjelasan tersebut, dapat kita simpulkan bahwa belahan otak kiri bertanggung jawab terhadap pengolahan bahasa dan mengutarakan konsep-konsep yang ada dalam persepsi seseorang. Namun, semua merupakan hasil dari penggeneralisasian yang dilakukan oleh belahan otak kanan.<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa adalah medium tanpa batas yang membawa segala sesuatu mampu termuat dalam lapangan pemahaman manusia. Oleh karena itu, memahami bahasa akan memungkinkan peneliti untuk memahami bentuk-bentuk pemahaman manusia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa adalah media manusia berpikir secara abstrak yang memungkinkan objek-objek faktual ditransformasikan menjadi simbol-simbol abstrak. Dengan adanya transformasi ini maka manusia dapat berpikir mengenai tentang sebuah objek, meskipun objek itu tidak terinderakan saat proses berpikir itu dilakukan olehnya (Surya Sumantri, 1998).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Materi bahasa bisa dipahami melalui Linguistik sebagaimana dikemukakan oleh Yudibrata bahwa linguistik adalah ilmu yang mengkaji bahasa, biasanya menghasilkan teori-teori bahasa; tidak demikian halnya dengan siswa sebagai pembelajar bahasa, (1998: 2). Siswa sebagai organisme dengan segala prilakunya termasuk proses yang terjadi dalam diri siswa ketika belajar bahasa tidak bisa dipahami oleh linguistik, tetapi hanya bisa dipahami melalui ilmu lain yang berkaitan dengannya, yaitu Psikologi. Atas dasar hal tersebut muncullah disiplin ilmu yang baru yang disebut Psikolinguistik atau disebut juga dengan istilah Psikologi Bahasa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terkait dengan hal di atas, dapat dikatakan sebenarnya manusia dapat berpikir tanpa menggunakan bahasa, tetapi bahasa mempermudah kemampuan belajar dan mengingat, memecakan persoalan dan menarik kesimpulan. Bahasa memungkinkan individu menjadi peristiwa dan objek dalam bentuk kata-kata. Dengan bahasa individu mampu mengabstraksikan pengalamannya dan mengkomunikasikannya pada orang lain karena bahasa merupakan sistim lambang tidak terbatas yang mampu mengungkapkan segala pemikiran.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbahasa berarti berkomunikasi dengan menggunakan suatu bahasa. Anak-anak yang lahir dengan alat artikulasi dan auditori yang normal akan dapat mendengar kata-kata melalui telinganya dengan baik dan juga akan dapat menirukan kata-kata itu. Untuk dapat berbahasa diperlukan kemampuan mengeluarkan kata-kata. Ini berarti, daerah <i>Broca </i>(gudang tempat menyimpan sandi ekspresi kata-kata dalam otak) harus berfungsi dengan baik. Kerusakan pada daerah tersebut dan sekitarnya menyebabkanterjadinya gangguan bahasa yang disebut <i>afasia.</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.3<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komunikasi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komunikasi pada hahekatnya adalah proses penyampaian pesan dari pengirim kepada penerima. Hubungan komunikasi antara pengirim dan penerima, dibangun berdasarkan penyusunan kode atau simbol bahasa oleh pengirim (<em>chiffrement</em>) dan pembongkaran kode atau simbol bahasa oleh penerima (<em>dechiffrement</em>) (Rusdiarti, 2003: 35).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan utama komunikasi adalah menyampaikan informasi secara tepat dan cepat melalui bicara, tulisan dan gerakan isyarat. Seorang anak yang mempunyai kelainan berkomunikasi akan mengalami kesulitan untuk mengadakan interaksi dengan lingkungannya. Komunikasi dengan orang lain tersebut melalui bicara, dimana isi pikiran, perasaan dan emosi dikemukakan dengan simbul verbal atau akustik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut beberapa ahli komunikasi, bicara adalah kemampuan anak untuk berkomunikasi dengan bahasa oral (mulut) yang membutuhkan kombinasi yang serasi dari sistem neuromuskular untuk mengeluarkan fonasi dan artikulasi suara. Proses bicara melibatkan beberapa sistem dan fungsi tubuh, melibatkan sistem pernapasan, pusat khusus pengatur bicara di otak dalam korteks serebri, pusat respirasi di dalam batang otak dan struktur artikulasi, resonansi dari mulut serta rongga hidung. Terdapat dua hal proses terjadinya bicara, yaitu proses sensoris dan motoris.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengingat kenyataan bahwa dalam berkomunikasi kita dihadapkan oleh varian penerima yang sangat beragam, maka keberhasilan komunikasi akan sangat ditentukan oleh bagaimana cara menyampaikan pesan. Tidak jarang dalam kenyataan sehari-hari kita dapati bahwa komunikasi yang kita lakukan tidak berhasil akibat ketidaktepatan berkomunikasi yang kita lakukan. Wardhaugh dalam bukunya <em>An Introduction to Sociolinguistics</em> (1986) menjelaskan bahwa ketika orang akan mulai berbicara paling tidak ada tiga hal yang mesti diperhatikan agar komunikasinya berlangsung efektif. <em>Pertama</em>, apa yang akan dibicarakan. <em>Kedua</em>, dengan siapa dia akan bicara, dan <em>ketiga</em>, bagaimana cara membicarakannya. Dalam hal ini terkait dengan pemilihan ragam bahasanya, jenis kalimat, kosa kata, bahkan tinggi rendahnya suara saat berbicara. Keputusan mengenai mana yang akan dipakai sangat tergantung pada sejauh mana hubungan sosial dengan lawan bicara.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Burke (dalam Eriyanto, 2000) dalam berkomunikasi manusia cenderung memilih kata-kata tertentu untuk mencapai tujuannya. Pemilihan kata-kata tersebut bersifat strategis. Dengan demikian, kata yang diucapkan, simbol yang diberikan, dan intonasi pembicaraan tidaklah semata-mata sebagai ekspresi pribadi atau cara berkomunikasi, tetapi dipakai dengan sengaja untuk maksud tertentu.</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 24.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem komunikasi ke otak pada manusia ada 3 macam:</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Visual atau penglihatan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Auditorial atau pendengaran</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kinestetik, meliputi gerak dan rasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang yang tipenya penglihatan, biasanya memiliki ciri-ciri warna bajunya kelihatan bagus, dandanannya rapi, di kamarnya penuh dengan hiasan, kalau memilih mobil sangat memperhatikan warnanya dan lain-lain. Bahasa yang dipakai biasanya mengarah kepada mata. Misalnya, kelihatannya, tampaknya dan lain-lain. Biasanya cara berbicara yang cepat. Jika memberikan perintah, deskripsi pekerjaannya tidak jelas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang yang memiliki tipe pendengaran, akan lebih mementingkan hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan telinga, <span> </span>sering bernyanyi-nyanyi, nada bicara naik-turun dan lambat. Orang yang memiliki tipe kinestetik, biasanya akan sangat mementingkan rasa. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Otak sebagai sumber komunikasi peradaban minimal terdapat dua alasan mengapa otak sangatlah penting bagi manusia. Pertama, secara biologis otak adalah pusat semua aktivitas tubuh, baik itu kegiatan disadari maupun tidak disadari. Oleh karenanya, otak selalu diklaim sebagai Central Prosesor Unit (CPU), sistem komputerisasi tubuh manusia. Kedua, secara simbolis, otak diposisikan pada bagian tubuh paling atas dan menempati posisi paling tinggi dari semua organ tubuh. Otak memproduksi pikiran. Pikiran manusia senantiasa abadi meskipun manusia dan otaknya telah tiada. Di samping itu, otak manusia memiliki daya tampung yang cukup banyak. Kelebihan lain dari otak manusia adalah memiliki letak (peta) yang begitu kompleks dan multifungsi sehingga dengan fungsinya masing-masing otak dapat dibedakan, misalnya, ada otak depan, otak belakang, otak kanan, otak kiri, kulit otak, dan sebagainya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian-bagian dari otak tersebut di atas, dalam dunia keseharian memiliki peran dan fungsi masing-masing. Otak kanan, misalnya, banyak digunakan untuk segala sesuatu yang bersifat seni dan perasaan, emosi, serta lainnya. Sementara itu, segala sesuatu yang bersifat matematis, objektif, dan rasional lebih banyak menggunakan fungsi otak kiri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.4<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan Otak dengan Bahasa dan Komunikasi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Otak memegang peranan yang sangat penting dalam berbahasa dan berkomunikasi. Saraf-saraf tertentu dalam otak berkaitan dengan fungsi berbahasa baik lisan maupun tulisan. Ini dapat dibuktikan bahwa terdapat gangguan berbahasa bagi orang yang mengalami kerusakan otak atau kecelakaan yang mengenai kepala, selain itu juga dilakukan eksperimen terhadap saraf-saraf di otak bagi orang yang sehat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saraf-saraf dalam otak berkaitan dengan fungsi berbahasa adalah daerah <i>broca</i>, daerah <i>Wernicke</i>, dan daerah <i>korteks</i> ujaran superior atau daerah <i>motorsuplementer</i>. Berdasarkan tiga daerah saraf tersebut dapat dikatakan bahwa terdapat bagian-bagian tertentu pada saraf-saraf di otak kiri manusia yang mempengaruhi manusia untuk menghasilkan ujaran untuk berbahasa dan berkomunikasi dengan sesama.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam kaitan otak dengan bahasa dan komunikasi ini, otak manusia terbagi atas dua bagian yaitu belahan otak kiri yang bersifat kebahasaan dan belahan otak kanan yang berhubungan dengan nonkebahasaan. Otak kanan yang bukan berfungsi sebagai kebahasaan, tetapi belahan otak kanan ini mempunyai hubungan dengan bagaimana otak kiri melahirkan bahasa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di dalam otak terdapat 3 pusat yang mengatur mekanisme berbahasa, dua pusat bersifat reseptif yang mengurus penangkapan bahasa lisan dan tulisan serta satu pusat lainnya bersifat ekspresif yang mengurus pelaksanaan bahsa lisan dan tulisan. Ketiganya berada di hemisfer dominan dari otak atau sistem susunan saraf pusat. Kedua pusat bahasa reseptif tersebut adalah area 41 dan 42 disebut area Wernick, merupakan pusat persepsi auditoro-leksik yaitu mengurus pengenalan dan pengertian segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan bahasa lisan (verbal). Area 39 broadman adalah pusat persepsi visuo-leksik yang mengurus pengenalan dan pengertian segala sesuatu yang bersangkutan dengan bahasa tulis. Sedangkan area Broca adalah pusat bahsa ekspresif. Ketiga pusat tersebut berhubungan satu sama lain melalui serabut asosiasi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Eksistensi hubungan antara otak dan bahasa telah dikenal dalam waktu yang sangat lama. Orang Mesir kuno telah merekam laporan-laporan mengenai kepala yang terluka yang menyebabkan hilangnya fungsi bicara, yang selanjutnya fenomena ini dikenal dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>afasia</i>. Seperti telah kita ketahui bahwa otak berperan dalam performansi dan kompetensi kebahasaan. Perkembangan kemampuan produksi bahasa anak tergantung pada kematangan mekanisme kortikal (berkaitan dengan daerah-daerah otak)<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang mengontrol sistem motor bicara. Mekanisme atau fungsi kortikal ini meliputi isi pikiran manusia, ingatan atau memori, emosi, persepsi, organisasi gerak dan aksi, dan juga fungsi bicara (bahasa). Kita juga mengetahui bahwa otak harus menyediakan pengorganisasian waktu bagi sistem produksi bahasa, dan ini merupakan salah satu aspek yang sangat penting dalam keterlibatan otak dengan bahasa.</span></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">Sejak orang Mesir kuno pertama kali menemukan afasia, kita telah mempelajari banyak hal tentang otak dan bahasa. Meskipun kita telah menerima banyak fakta, hubungan antara keduanya masih kita abaikan.</div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.1 Struktur Otak dan Bahasa</span></h2><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.1pt;">Dalam diskusi mengenai otak dan bahasa, orang sering mendengarkan pernyataan bahwa manusia mempunyai otak yang luas, berat tubuh yang relatif, dibandingkan dengan makhluk lain. Kenyataan ini kadang-kadang digunakan untuk menjelaskan mengapa manusia yang memiliki bahasa; hanya mereka yang mempunyai otak cukup besar yang mencakup bahasa yang kompleks.</div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b>2.4.2 Lokalisasi Fungsi-fungsi Bahasa: Lateralisasi</b></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="FI">Lateralisasi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dapat diartikan sebagai pembagian tugas pada bagian (hemisfer) otak.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pembagian tugas yang dimaksud adalah tugas hemisfer kanan dan hemisfer kiri. Kedua hemisfer otak ini mempunyai peranan yang berbeda bagi fungsi kortikal. Fungsi bicara-bahasa dipusatkan pada hemisfer kiri. Hemisfer kiri ini disebut juga hemisfer dominan bagi bahasa, dan korteksnya dinamakan korteks bahasa. Hemisfer kiri ini memiliki bentuk yang berbeda dengan hemisfer kanan. Bentuknya lebih besar, lebih panjang, dan lebih berat daripada hemisfer kanan (Abdul Chaer, 2003: 120). Hemisfer kiri mempunyai arti penting bagi bicara-bahasa, juga berperan untuk memori yang bersifat verbal (<i>verbal memory</i>). Sebaliknya hemisfer kanan penting untuk fungsi emosi, lagu isyarat (<i>gesture</i>), baik emosional maupun verbal. Tanpa hemisfer kanan pembicaraan seseorang akan menjadi monoton, tak ada prosodi (kesenyapan), tak ada lagu kalimat; tanpa menampakkan adanya emosi; dan tanpa disertai isyarat-isyarat bahasa (Abdul Chaer, 2003: 120).</span></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">Pada waktu manusia dilahirkan, belum ada pembagian tugas antara kedua hemisfer (hemisfer kanan dan hemisfer kiri). Akan tetapi, menjelang anak mencapai umur sekitar 12 tahun terjadilah pembagian fungsi yang dinamakan Lateralisasi. Pada mulanya dinyatakan bahwa hemisfer kiri ditugasi terutama untuk mengelola ikhwal bahasa, sedangkan hemisfer kanan untuk hal-hal lain. Perkembangan terakhir menunjukkan bahwa hemisfer kanan pun ikut bertanggung jawab akan penggunaan bahasa.</div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">Ada beberapa pendekatan untuk mempelajari Lateralisasi. Tes yang diperkenalkan oleh pakar bernama Wada dan Rasmussen (1960). Dalam tes ini obat sodium<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>amysal</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>diinjeksikan ke dalam sistem peredaran salah satu belahan otak. Belahan otak yang mendapatkan obat ini akan menjadi lumpuh untuk sementara. Jika hemisfer (belahan/bagian) otak kanan yang dilumpuhkan dengan sodium<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>amysal</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>ini, maka anggota-anggota badan sebelah kiri tidak berfungsi sama sekali. Namun, fungsi bahasa tidak terganggu sama sekali, dan orang yang diteliti ini dapat bercakap-cakap dengan normal seperti biasa. Apabila hemisfer kiri yang diberi sodium<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>amysal</i>, maka anggota badan sebelah kanan akan menjadi lumpuh, termasuk fungsi bahasa. Jadi, hasil tes ini membuktikan bahwa pusat bahasa berada pada hemisfer kiri. Tetapi teknik semacam ini sangat sulit dan banyak risikonya untuk diterapkan, sehingga jarang digunakan.</div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b>2.4.3 Sifat Dasar Hemisfer Dominan-Kiri</b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">Pandangan lama memang mengatakan bahwa ikhwal kebahasaan itu ditangani oleh hemisfer kiri, dan sampai sekarang pandangan itu masih juga banyak dianut orang dan banyak pula benarnya. Dari hasil operasi yang dinamakan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>hemispherectomy</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>– operasi di mana satu hemisfer diambil dalam rangka mencegah epilepsy – terbukti juga bahwa bila hemisfer kiri yang diambil, maka kemampuan berbahasa orang itu menurun dengan drastis. Sebaliknya, jika yang diambil hemisfer kanan, orang tersebut masih dapat berbahasa, meskipun tidak sempurna (Soenjono Dardjowidjojo, 2003: 212).</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">Meskipun kasus-kasus di atas mendukung peran hemisfer kiri sebagai hemisfer bahasa, dari penelitian-penelitian mutakhir didapati bahwa pandangan ini tidak seluruhnya benar. Hemisfer kanan pun ikut berperan dalam masalah bahasa. Hemisfer kanan berkaitan dengan gerak, ekspresi, dan sebagainya yang dapat membantu menyatakan maksud dalam menyampaikan bahasa.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b>2.4.4 Lokalisasi</b></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">Teori lokalisasi berpendapat bahwa pusat-pusat bahasa dan ucapan berada di daerah <i>Broca </i>dan <i>Wernicke. </i></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.5<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh Kerusakan Otak terhadap Bahasa dan Komunikasi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Otak bertindak sebagai ”pusat komando” untuk bahasa dan komunikasi, mengendalikan komponen baik fisik dan mental berbicara. Kedua belahan otak diperkirakan berkontribusi pada pengolahan dan pemahaman bahasa: otak kiri memproses arti linguistik prosodi (atau, irama, stres, dan intonasi berbicara terhubung), sedangkan belahan kanan proses emosi yang disampaikan oleh prosodi. Studi anak-anak telah menunjukkan bahwa jika seorang anak memiliki kerusakan otak kiri, anak dapat mengembangkan bahasa di belahan kanan, bukan. Semakin muda anak, semakin baik pemulihan. Jadi, meskipun "alam" adalah kecenderungan untuk bahasa untuk mengembangkan di sebelah kiri, otak manusia mampu beradaptasi dengan keadaan yang sulit, jika kerusakan terjadi cukup dini. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam pembicara (kanan), otak mengontrol semua aspek mental dan fisik dari berbicara. Kedengarannya mulai sebagai napas dikeluarkan dari paru-paru. Pada perjalanannya ke mulut, udara bergetar karena dipaksa melalui pita suara. Mulut, hidung dan lidah memodifikasi ini udara bergetar untuk membentuk gelombang suara. Ekspresi wajah dan gerak tubuh juga memainkan peran dalam komunikasi. Dalam pendengar (kiri), gelombang suara masukkan telinga dan kemudian dianalisis menjadi kata-kata oleh otak. Gambar Kredit: Zina Deretsky, National Science Foundation </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wilayah bahasa pertama dalam belahan kiri untuk ditemukan sebenarnya adalah wilayah Broca, yaitu setelah Paul Broca, yang menemukan daerah itu selama belajar pasien dengan afasia, gangguan bahasa. Area Broca tidak hanya menangani keluar mendapatkan bahasa dalam arti motor, meskipun. Tampaknya menjadi lebih umum terlibat dalam kemampuan untuk proses tata bahasa sendiri, setidaknya aspek yang lebih kompleks dari tata bahasa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>2.6<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hal-hal yang Terjadi pada Bahasa dan Komunikasi setelah Terjadi Kerusakan Di Dalam Otak</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>2.6.1<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gangguan Berbicara</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Berbicara Serampangan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbicara serampangan<span> </span>ini karena kerusakan di <i>serebelum </i>atau bisa juga terjadi sehabis terkena kelumpuhan ringan sebelah badan. Berbicara serampangan atau sembrono adalah berbicara dengan cepat sekali, dengan artikulasi yang rusak, ditambah dengan menelan sejumlah suku kata, sehingga yang diucapkan sukar dipahami (Chaer, 2002: 150). <span> </span>Akibat berbicara serampangan tersebut, maka bahasa yang digunakan sulit dipahami sehingga komunikasi tidak terjalin dengan baik. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Berbicara Propulsif</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbicara propulsif biasanya terdapat pada penderita <i>Parkinson. </i>Hal ini terjadi akibat<span> </span>kerusakan otak yang menyebabkan otot gemetar, kaku, dan lemah. Pada waktu berbicara, artikulasi sangat terganggu karena elastisitas otot lidah, otot wajah, dan pita suara, sebagian lenyap, volume suara kecil, monoton, tersendat-sendat, kemudian terus-menerus, dan akhirnya tersendat-sendat kembali (Chaer, 2002: 150). Akibat berbicara propulsif ini, bahasa apapun yang digunakan pembicara akan sangat sulit dipahami pendengar sehingga sulit melakukan komunikasi dengan orang lain.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Berbicara Gagap</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span class="a"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm;">Salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya gagap adalah<span> </span>adanya kerusakan pada belahan otak<span> </span></span></span><span class="l"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm;">(hemisfer)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm;"> </span></span><span class="l"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm;">yang</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm;"> </span></span><span class="l"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0cm;">dominan. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbicara gagap adalah berbicara yang kacau karena sering tersendat-sendat, mendadak berhenti, lalu mengulang-ulang suku kata pertama, kata-kata berikutnya, dan setelah berhasil mengucapkan kata-kata itu kalimat dapat diselesaikan. Gagap atau <i>stuttering</i>, yaitu gangguan dalam kelancaran berbicara berupa pengulangan bunyi atau suku kata, perpanjangan dan ketidakmampuan untuk memulai pengucapan kata (Chaer, 2002: 153). Akibat berbicara gagap, komunikasi akan berlangsung lama dan menguji kesabaran mitra tutur untuk mendengar dan memahami bahasa yang diucapkan tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterlambatan Bicara</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alergi makanan ternyata juga bisa mengganggu fungsi otak, sehingga mengakibatkan gangguan perkembangan salah satunya adalah keterlambatan bicara pada anak. </span><span lang="ES-CO" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan ini biasanya terjadi pada manifestasi alergi pada gangguan pencernaan dan kulit. Bila alergi makanan sebagai penyebab biasanya keterlambatan bicara terjadi usia di bawah 2 tahun, di atas usia 2 tahun anak tampak sangat pesat perkembangan bicaranya.</span><b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterlambatan bicara fungsional merupakan penyebab yang cukup sering dialami oleh sebagian anak. Keterlambatan bicara fungsional sering juga diistilahkan keterlambatan maturasi atau keterlambatan perkembangan bahasa. Keterlambatan bicara golongan ini disebabkan karena keterlambatan maturitas (kematangan) dari proses saraf pusat yang dibutuhkan untuk memproduksi kemampuan bicara pada anak. Gangguan ini sering dialami oleh laki-laki dan sering terdapat riwayat keterlambatan bicara pada keluarga. Biasanya hal ini merupakan keterlambatan bicara yang ringan dan prognosisnya baik. Pada umumnya kemampuan bicara akan tampak membaik setelah memasuki usia 2 tahun. Terdapat penelitian yang melaporkan penderita dengan keterlambatan ini, kemampuan bicara saat masuk usia sekolah akan normal seperti anak lainnya. Akibat keterlambatan bicara ini, anak akan lambat pula menguasai bahasa pertamanya dan akan sangat sulit berkomunikasi lisan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Artikulasi Kata yang Kurang Jelas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi otak kiri antara lain untuk kemampuan berbicara. Dr. Paul Broca mengatakan apabila ada luka atau sakit pada bagian depan (anterior) otak kiri manusia akan mengakibatkan artikulasi kata yang kurang jelas, bunyi-bunyi ujar yang kurang baik lafalnya, kalimat yang tidak gramatikal, dan ketidaklancaran dalam berbicara. Akibatnya, bahasa yang diucapkan sulit dipahami dan mengganggu lancarnya komunikasi dan interaksi sosial.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dislogia</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dislogia diartikan sebagai satu bentuk kelainan bicara yang disebabkan oleh kemampuan kapasitas berpikir atau taraf kecerdasan di bawah normal. Terdapatnya kesalahan pengucapan yang terjadi disebabkan karena tidak mampu mengamati perbedaan bunyi-bunyi benda terutama bunyi-bunyi yang hampir sama. Misalnya tadi dengan tapi, kopi dengan topi. Rendahnya kemampuan mengingat menyebabkan penghilangan fonem, suku kata atau kata pada waktu mengucapkan kalimat. Akibatnya, akan terjadi salah tanggap atau inferensi yang tidak tepat oleh pendengar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disartria</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disartria diartikan jenis kelainan bicara yang terjadi akibat adanya karena adanya kerusakan susunan syaraf pusat seperti kelumpuhan, kelemahan, kekakuan atau gangguan koordinasi otot alat-alat ucap atau organ bicara.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>2.6.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gangguan Berbahasa</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Afasia</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Afasia adalah istilah umum yang digunakan untuk mengacu pada gangguan berbicara karena kerusakan otak. Penyakit yang disebabkan oleh pecahnya pembuluh darah, tersumbatnya pembuluh darah, atau kurangnya oksigen pada otak dinamakan stroke. Gangguan bicara yang disebabkan oleh stroke dinamakan afasia (<i>aphasia</i>) (Soenjono Dardjowidjojo, 2003:214). Kerusakan dapat berasal dari dalam otak misalnya perdarahan bagian otak atau karena tumor; atau dari luar misalnya luka di kepala. Gejala-gejala penderita afasia sangat bervariasi dari pasien satu dengan pasien yang lain, baik dalam hal jenis dan kerumitannya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Afasia</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">adalah gangguan fungsi bicara pada seseorang akibat kelainan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak" title="Otak"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">otak</span></a><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Orang yang menderita afasia tidak mampu mengerti maupun menggunakan bahasa lisan.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Penyakit afasia biasanya berkembang cepat sebagai akibat dari luka pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepala" title="Kepala"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kepala</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">stroke</span></a><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, tetapi juga dapat berkembang secara lambat karena<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_otak" title="Tumor otak"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tumor otak</span></a><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infeksi" title="Infeksi"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">infeksi</span></a><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dementia</span></a><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Evaluasi medis dari penyakit ini dapat dilaksanakan oleh ahli penyakit saraf hingga ahli patologi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa" title="Bahasa"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bahasa</span></a><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Afasia: Gejala-gejala dan Sumber</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal umum untuk menandai gejala-gejala afasia yaitu dalam hal cara pengungkapan, bahwa mereka menunjukkan aspek-aspek bervariasi dalam produksi bahasa. Beberapa penderita afasia menghasilkan sedikit bahasa, menunjukkan kesulitan-kesulitan dalam mendeskripsikan atau mendiskusikan sesuatu, yang seharusnya mereka ketahui dengan baik. Bahasa-bahasa atau ujaran mereka sering tidak lancar, produksi bahasanya lambat, dengan banyak berhenti dan dengan usaha-usaha yang sungguh berat. Mereka sering membuat kesalahan pengucapan, mengganti bunyi-bunyi dengan bunyi yang tidak sesuai, kadang-kadang dengan pola yang tidak sesuai.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada pula penderita afasia yang lancar dalam berbicara, dan bentuk sintaksinya juga cukup baik. Hanya saja, kalimat-kalimatnya sukar dimengerti karena banyak kata yang tidak cocok maknanya dengan kata-kata lain sebelum dan sesudahnya. Hal ini disebabkan karena penderita afasia ini sering keliru dalam memilih kata, misalnya kata<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>fair</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>digantikan dengan kata<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>chair</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>carrot</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>cabbage</i>, dan seterusnya. Ada pula penderita afasia yang mengalami gangguan dalam komprehensif lisan. Dia tidak mudah dapat memahami apa yang kita katakan. Selain itu masih banyak gejala lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Afasia dan Otak</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Masalah-masalah yang berkaitan dengan afasia adalah masalah-masalah yang berkaitan dengan otak. Afasia merupakan penyakit bertutur yang diakibatkan oleh kerusakan atau penyakit pada otak. Afasia menyangkut hubungan di antara bagian-bagian otak yang rusak dengan komponen-komponen bahasa yang normal. Afasia dapat berpengaruh terhadap fungsi dan produksi bahasa secara alamiah menjadi tidak normal. Dapat dikatakan bahwa kerusakan bahasa disebabkan oleh kerusakan otak. Apabila hubungan ini diketahui maka pengobatan atau penanganannya pun akan lebih mudah dilakukan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Afasia: Usia Permulaan dan Prognosis (Perkiraan)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik klinis dari afasia bergantung pada penyebab dan lokalisasi kerusakan di otak seperti pada orang dewasa, tetapi gambaran klinisnya berubah bergantung pada usia berapa kerusakan itu terjadi. Hal ini disebabkan oleh peralihan fungsi bahasa dari hemisfer kiri ke hemisfer kanan, sehingga terjadi perbaikan fungsi bahasa pada anak. Namun, hal ini ditemukan apabila kerusakan terjadi sebelum anak berusia 6 tahun. Apabila kerusakan terjadi setelah usia 6 tahun, maka terjadi reorganisasi intrahemisferik (di dalam bagian otak).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada anak dengan kerusakan pada hemisfer kiri yang terjadi pada umur lebih dini memperoleh skor IQ verbal lebih baik dan skor performansinya lebih buruk daripada bila kerusakan padahemisfer kiri terjadi pada umur lebih tua. Kriteria ini berbeda dari anak dengan disfasia (keterlambatan atau kegagalan dalam memperoleh bahasa) perkembangan di mana skor IQ verbalnya lebih rendah daripada skor performansinya (Soenjono Dardjowidjojo,1991: 144).</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b>Afasia Motorik</b></div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">Afasia motorik disebabkan oleh kerusakan pada lapisan permukaan (lesikortikal) daerah Broca atau pada lapisan di bawah permukaan (lesi subkortikal) daerah Broca atau juga di daerah otak antara daerah broca dan daerah Wernicke (lesi transkortikal) (Chaer, 2002: 157). </div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">Kelainan ini ditandai dengan kesulitan dalam mengkoordinasikan atau menyusun pikiran, perasaan dan kemauan menjadi simbol yang bermakna dan dimengerti oleh orang lain. Bicara lisan tidak lancar, terputus-putus dan sering ucapannya tidak dimengerti orang lain. Apabila bertutur kalimatnya pendek-pendek dan monoton. Seorang dengan kelainan ini mengerti dan dapat menginterpretasikan rangsangan yang diterimanya, hanya untuk mengekspresikannya mengalami kesulitan. Jenis afasia ini juga dialami dalam menuangkan ke bentuk tulisan. Jenis ini disebut dengan disgraphia (agraphia).<b> </b>Afasia motorik terbagi tiga, yaitu:</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b>Afasia Motorik Kortikal</b></div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.05pt;">Afasia Motorik Kortikal berarti hilangnya kemampuan untuk mengutarakan isi pikiran dengan menggunakan perkataaan. Penderita masih mengerti bahasa lisan dan bahasa tulis. Namun, ekspresi verbal tidak bisa sama sekali; bahasa tulis dan bahasa isyarat masih bisa dilakukan.</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b>Afasia Motorik Subkortikal</b></div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.05pt;">Penderita Afasia Motorik Subkortikal tidak dapat mengeluarkan isi pikiran menggunakan perkataan; masih bisa mengeluarkan perkataan dengan cara membeo. Pengertian bahasa verbal dan visual tidak terganggu, dan ekspresi visual pun normal.</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b>Afasia Motorik Transkortikal</b></div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.05pt;">Afasia Motorik Transkortikal terjadi karena terganggunya hubungan antara daerah Broca dan Wernicke. Hubungan langsung antara pengertian dan ekspresi bahasa terganggu. Penderita Afasia Motorik Transkortikal dapat mengutarakan perkataan singkat dan tepat;<span> </span>masih menggunakan perkataan penggantinya.</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="FI"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b>Afasia Sensorik</b><b><span lang="FI"></span></b></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">Penyebab terjadinya afasia sensorik adalah akibat adanya kerusakan pada lesikortikal di daerah Wernicke pada hemisferium yang dominan. Kerusakan di daerah ini menyebabkan kehilangan pengertian bahasa lisan dan bahasa tulis (Chaer, 2002: 158). <span> </span>Kelainan ini ditandai dengan kesulitan dalam memberikan makna rangsangan yang diterimanya . Bicara spontan biasanya lancar hanya kadang-kadang kurang relevan dengan situasi pembicaraan atau konteks komunikasi. Namun, penderita masih memiliki curah verbal meskipun hal itu tidak dipahami oleh dirinya sendiri maupun orang lain.<b><span lang="FI"></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="FI"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="FI">Afasia Broca</span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">Afasia terdiri atas afasia <i>broca</i>, yaitu penderita yang apabila berbicara terbata-bata dan sulit mengeluarkan kata-kata. Afassia <i>Broca </i>berarti kerusakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daerah_bahasa&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Daerah bahasa (halaman belum tersedia)">daerah bahasa</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>atau pusat<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa" title="Bahasa">bahasa</a> yang mengendalikan baik<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artikulasi" title="Artikulasi">artikulasi</a> maupun peran yang unik dalam pembentukan kata dan kalimat, karena<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daerah_Broca&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Daerah Broca (halaman belum tersedia)">daerah <i>Broca</i></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>berhubungan dengan unsur struktur dan organisasi bahasa. Oleh karena itu,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_Broca" title="Area Broca">area <i>Broca</i></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>pada otak bertanggung jawab untuk kaidah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artikulasi" title="Artikulasi">artikulasi</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang menciptakan pola bunyi, untuk kaidah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfologi" title="Morfologi">morfologi</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis">sintaksis</a>, antara lain dalam membentuk<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">kata</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasa" title="Frasa">frasa</a>.<b><span lang="FI"></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Afasia Wernicke</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Area bahasa kedua yang ditemukan disebut area Wernicke, setelah Carl Wernicke, seorang ahli saraf Jerman yang menemukan daerah itu selama belajar pasien yang memiliki gejala serupa dengan pasien Area Broca tetapi kerusakan pada bagian berbeda dari otak mereka. Afasia Wernicke adalah istilah untuk gangguan yang terjadi pada kerusakan ke daerah pasien Wernicke.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Afasia wernicke, yaitu penderita yang kacau menerima pesan. Afasia kedua ini tidak mengalami kesulitan berbicara, namun cenderung memakai bahasa yang secara semantis tidak koheren. </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afasia_Wernicke&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Afasia Wernicke (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Afasia Wernicke</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang berhubungan dengan kerusakan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_Wernicke" title="Area Wernicke"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">area Wernicke</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pada otak. Area Wernicke adalah pusat bahasa yang bertanggung jawab untuk memproduksi makna, seperti interpretasi kata selama pemahaman makna dan pemilihan kata selama menghasilkan produksi ujaran.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Afasia Wernicke tidak hanya mempengaruhi pemahaman pidato. Orang dengan Afasia Wernicke juga mengalami kesulitan mengingat nama benda, sering kali merespons dengan kata-kata yang terdengar serupa, atau nama-nama benda yang terkait, seolah-olah mereka mempunyai waktu yang sulit mengingat asosiasi kata. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span>f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b>Afasia Konduksi</b></div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afasia_konduksi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Afasia konduksi (halaman belum tersedia)">Afasia konduksi</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>merupakan kerusakan pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arcuate_fasciculus&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Arcuate fasciculus (halaman belum tersedia)">arcuate fasciculus</a>, berdampak pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmisi" title="Transmisi">transmisi</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>informasi dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daerah_Wernicke&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Daerah Wernicke (halaman belum tersedia)">daerah Wernicke</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>ke<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daerah_Broca&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Daerah Broca (halaman belum tersedia)">daerah Broca</a>. Gejala kerusakan ini, pertama karena informasi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikal" title="Leksikal">leksikal</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dari daerah Wernicke tidak dapat dipindahkan ke daerah Broca, sehingga ujarannya secara<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantis" title="Semantis">semantis</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>tidak padu (tidak koheren). Demikian pula, karena informasi kategori<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem">morfem</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>terikat (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afiks" title="Afiks">afiks</a>) dan kategori<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikal" title="Leksikal">leksikal</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>tidak dapat dipindahkan ke daerah Wernicke, pemahaman bahasa menjadi rusak.</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">Kelainan ini ditandai dengan kesulitan dalam meniru pengulangan bunyi-bunyi bahasa. Pada ucapan kalimat-kalimat pendek cukup lancar, tetapi untuk kalimat panjang mengalami kesulitan.</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><br />
</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span>g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b>Afasia Auditory</b></div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">Untuk afasia auditory, penderita tidak mampu memberikan makna apa yang didengarnya.</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span>h.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b>Afasia Amnestic</b></div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">Kelainan ini ditandai dengan kesulitan dalam memilih dan menggunakan simbol-simbol yang tepat. Umumnya simbol yang dipilih yang berhubungan dengan nama, aktivitas, situasi yang berhubungan dengan aktivitas kehidupan. Misalnya apabila mau mengatakan kursi maka diganti dengan kata duduk.</div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span>i.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b>Alexia dan Agrafia</b></div><div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexia&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Alexia (halaman belum tersedia)">Alexia</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrafia" title="Agrafia">Agrafia</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>adalah kerusakan pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angular_gyrus&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Angular gyrus (halaman belum tersedia)">angular gyrus mengganggu asosiasi pencitraan</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pola_visual&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pola visual (halaman belum tersedia)">pola visual</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dengan bentuk<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendengaran" title="Pendengaran">pendengaran</a>, karena itu mengganggu kemampuan baca dan tulis. Kerusakan baca disebut<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexia&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Alexia (halaman belum tersedia)">alexia</a>, sedangkan kehilangan kemampuan tulis disebut <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrafia" title="Agrafia">agrafia</a>. Kedua kerusakan bahasa tersebut biasanya saling melengkapi. Alexia terjadi dengan sendirinya. Penderita alexic mungkin bisa menulis, tapi tidak bisa membaca apa yang dia tulis. Kerusakan angular gyrus tidak memengaruhi pandangan. Penderita alexia dan agrafia masih bisa melihat dengan normal.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>j.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan Sentral (Otak)</span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan berbahasa sentral adalah ketidaksanggupan untuk menggabungkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah dengan kemampuan berbahasa yang selalu lebih rendah. Ia sering menggunakan mimik untuk menyatakan kehendaknya seperti pada pantomim. Pada usia sekolah, terlihat dalam bentuk kesulitan belajar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -36pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>2.6.3<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gangguan Berpikir</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pikun (Demensia)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: 31.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab pikun adalah karena terganggunya fungsi otak dalam jumlah besar, termasuk menurunnya jumlah zat-zat kimia dalam otak. Orang yang pikun menyebabkan kurangnya berpikir. Ekspresi verbalnya diwarnai dengan kesukaran menemukan kata-kata yang tepat. Kalimat seringkali diulang-ulang. Pembicaraan seringkali terputus (Chaer, 2002: 159). Oleh karena itu, pikun menyebabkan bahasa yang disampaikan oleh penderitanya akan bertele-tele dan membingungkan siapa saja yang berkomunikasi dengannya. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sisofernik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: 31.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sisofernik adalah gangguan berbahasa akibat gangguan berpikir </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(Chaer, 2002: 160)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penderita </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sisofernik dapat berbicara terus menerus. Ocehannya hanya merupakan ulangan curah verbal semula dengan tambahan sedikit atau dikurangi beberapa kalimat. Para penderita dapat mengucapakan <i>word-salad </i>dengan lancar, dengan volume yang cukup, ataupun lemah sekali. Irama serta intonasinya menghasilkan curah verbal yang melodis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: 31.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pikiran dan tuturan merupakan satu kesatuan dalam proses berbahasa. Kadangkala kemampuan otak dalam menghasilkan kalimat dalam berbahasa secara umum disamaratakan. Sehingga orang hanya melihat dan mengamati bagaimana pola kalimat yang dihasilkannya saja, sementara proses dalam menghasilkan kalimat tersebut dalam otak jarang disinggung. Proses pemerolehan bahasa tidak terlepas dari peranan otak yang dimiliki manusia. Kerusakan atau kelemahan otak dapat disebabkan oleh banyak faktor yang pada umumnya terjadi pada waktu lahir sampai dengan masa pubertas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: 31.05pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>k.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Autis </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan janin dalam kehamilan sangat banyak yang mempengaruhinya. Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan otak atau sistem susunan saraf otak sangat pesat terjadi pada periode ini, sehingga segala sesuatu gangguan atau penyakit pada ibu tentunya sangat berpengaruh. Gangguan pada otak inilah nantinya akan mempengaruhi perkembangan dan perilaku anak kelak, termasuk resiko terjadinya autisme.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 34.9pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b>C. PENUTUP</b></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.1pt;">Berdasarkan uraian pada pendahuluan dan uraian materi di atas dapat diambil beberapa simpulan sebagai berikut:</div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 5pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Hubungan antara otak dan bahasa telah dikenal sejak lama, yaitu sejak zaman Mesir kuno. Namun, hubungan keduanya tampak nyata yang didukung banyak fakta, hubungan keduanya masih diabaikan.</div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 5pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Ukuran otak manusia lebih luas dan lebih berat daripada otak kera dan simpanse. Selain itu, secara biologis otak manusia berkembang menuju kesempurnaannya secara cepat dan memungkinkan manusia dapat berbahasa secara kompleks.</div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 5pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Hal-hal yang akan terjadi pada bahasa dan komunikasi jika terjadi kerusakan di dalam otak adalah terjadinya gangguan berbicara, gangguan berbahasa dan gangguan berpikir. Gangguan berbicara seperti berbicara serampangan, berbicara propulsif, berbicara gagap, dan sebagainya. Gangguan berbahasa seperti afasia: afasia motorik, afasia sensorik, afasia Broca, afasia Wernicke, afasia kondusif, dan sebagainya. Gangguan berpikir seperti pikun, sisofrenik, dan sebagainya. Gangguan-gangguan tersebut akan berpengaruh terhadap bahasa yang diucapkan dan komunikasi yang dilakukan.<span> </span></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 5pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Afasia adalah gangguan berbahasa karena kerusakan otak. Gejala-gejala penderita afasia sangat bervariasi dari penderita satu dengan penderita yang lain, baik dalam hal jenis maupun kerumitannya.</div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 5pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Lateralisasi diartikan sebagai pembagian tugas pada bagian otak (hemisfer), yaitu hemisfer kanan dan hemisfer kiri.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span lang="SV">Hemisfer kiri memiliki bentuk yang berbeda dengan hemisfer kanan, yakni lebih panjang dan lebih berat. Hemisfer kiri disebut hemisfer dominan bagi bahasa. Hemisfer kanan juga berperan dan bertanggung jawab dalam penggunaan bahasa.</span></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><i><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i>Teori lokalisasi berpendapat bahwa pusat-pusat bahasa dan ucapan berada di daerah <i>Broca </i>dan <i>Wernicke. </i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Chaer, Abdul. 2002. <i>Psikolinguistik: Kajian Teoritik</i>. Jakarta: PT. Asdi Mahasatya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Chaer, Abdul. 2003.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Psikolinguistik: Kajian Teoretik.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></i></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bambang Kaswanti Purwo (<i>Ed</i>.).<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1989.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>PELLBA 2</i>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jakarta: Kanisius.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 30.25pt; text-indent: -30.25pt;"><span lang="FI" style="color: #141414; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Harimurti Kridalaksana. 1982. <i>Kamus Linguistik.</i> Jakarta: PT Gramedia.</span><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 30.25pt; text-indent: -30.25pt;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #141414; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mansoer Pateda. 1990. <i>Aspek-aspek Psikolinguistik.</i> Ende Flores: Nusa Indah.</span><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 30.25pt; text-indent: -30.25pt;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #141414; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Muhibin Syah. 2004. <i>Psikologi Belajar.</i> Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 30.25pt; text-indent: -30.25pt;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #141414; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rakhmat. 1999. <i>Psikologi Komunikasi</i>. Bandung: Rosdakarya.</span><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #141414; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Samsunuwiyati Marat. 1983. <i>Psikolinguistik.</i> Bandung: Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Padjadjaran.</span><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sidiarto, Lily, 1991, <i>PELLBA: </i>Penyunting Bambang Kaswanti Purwo, Jakarta: Kanisius.<span style="color: #141414;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Soenjono, 1991,<i> Language Neurologi: PELBA 4</i>, Jakarta: Lembaga Bahasa UNIKA Atmajaya.<span style="color: #141414;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #141414; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Soenjono Dardjowidjojo. 2003. <i>Psikolinguistik: Pengantar Pemahaman Bahasa Manusia.</i> Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.</span><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Soenjono, 2008,<i> Psikolinguistik Pengantar Pemahaman Bahasa Manusia </i>, Cet. III,Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.<span style="color: #141414;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #141414; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sri Utari Subiyakto Nababan. 1992. <i>Psikolinguistik: Suatu Pengantar.</i> Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.</span><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #141414; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tadkirotun Musfiroh. 2002. <i>Pengantar psikolinguistik.</i> Yogyakarta: Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 2cm; text-indent: -2cm;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #141414; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yudibrata, dkk. 1998. <i>Psikolinguistik.</i> Jakarta: Depdikbud PPGLTP Setara D-III.</span><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></div>sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-17379177715721759252012-01-03T17:12:00.001-08:002012-01-03T17:18:41.630-08:00PALEOGRAFI DAN KODIKOLOGI<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB I PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.1<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Filologi merupakan satu disiplin yang ditujukan pada studi tentang teks yang tersimpan dalam peninggalan tulisan masa lampau. Studi teks ini didasari oleh adanya informasi tentang hasil budaya manusia pada masa lampau yang tersimpan di dalamnya. Oleh karena itu, sebagai satu disiplin, filologi tergolong dalam ilmu-ilmu kemanusiaan yang bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan hasil budaya masa lampau yang tersimpan dalam peninggalan yang berupa karya tulisan. Konsep tentang ‘kebudayaan’ dihubungkan antara lain dengan buah pikiran, perasaan, kepercayaan, adat istiadat, dan nilai-nilai yang berlaku di dalam masyarakat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karya tulisan pada umumnya menyimpan kandungan berita masa lampau yang mampu memberikan informasi secara lebih terurai. Apabila informasi yang terkandung dalam karya-karya tulisan mempunyai cakupan informasi yang luas, menjangkau berbagai segi kehidupan masa lampau, maka pengetahuan yang dipandang mampu mengangkat informasi yang luas dan menyeluruh itu dipahami sebagai kunci pembuka pengetahuan. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan pandangan inilah pengkajian terhadap teks-teks yang tersimpan dalam peninggalan tulisan masa lampau tersebut disebut sebagai pintu gerbang untuk mengungkapkan khazanah masa lampau, karena </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">karakteristik naskah-naskah lama sebagai hasil kebudayaan diduga kuat banyak mengandung buah pikiran, perasaan, tradisi, adat-istiadat, dan budaya yang pernah ada sebelumnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain itu, dengan pendekatan filologi ini akan diketahui kekayaan suatu bahasa dan tradisi berpikir masyarakat yang tidak selalu sama dengan masyarakat lain. Setiap bahasa memiliki akar serta lingkungan kultural yang khusus dari suatu masyarakat tertentu, karena di tiap lingkungan masyarakat tentu memiliki perbedaan kondisi sosial, psikologi, antropologi, dan geografi yang berbeda.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai hasil budaya masa lampau, peninggalan tulisan perlu dipahami dalam konteks masyarakat yang melahirkannya. Pengetahuan tentang berbagai konvensi yang hidup dalam masyarakat yang melatarbelakangi penciptaannya mempunyai peran yang besar bagi upaya memahami kandungan isinya. Dalam perkembangannya, karya-karya tulisan masa lampau yang didekati dengan filologi berupa karya-karya yang mempunyai nilai yang tinggi di dalam masyarakat. Informasi mengenai masa lampau suatu masyarakat, yang meliputi berbagai segi kehidupan dapat diketahui oleh masyarakat masa kini melalui peninggalan-peninggalan, baik yang berupa benda-benda budaya maupun karya-karya tulisan. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Filologi sangat berhubungan dengan kodikologi dalam usaha penyelamatan dan pelestarian naskah kuno. Jika kodikologi mengkaji naskah kuno dari segi fisiknya, maka filologi mengkaji naskah kuno mengenai isi kandungan naskah kuno tersebut. Selanjutnya, filologi dan kodikologi berhubungan pula dengan paleografi. Oleh karena itu, pengkajian terhadap paleografi dan kodikologi tidak bisa dipisahkan dengan filologi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Permasalahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Para penulis naskah melahirkan sebuah karya yang nantinya akan bermanfaat bagi pembacanya. Mereka menuangkan ide mereka, kemudian menulis dengan tinta yang pada umumnya menggunakan tinta hitam dan merah untuk mengungkapkan kata-kata atau hal-hal yang penting, bahkan kadang mereka tidak segan-segan mengeluarkan biaya besar untuk menulis dengan menggunakan tinta emas sekalipun, demi untuk menarik minat pembacanya. Penulisan teks itu menggunakan macam-macam tulisan kuno. Ilmu tentang macam-macam tulisan kuno disebut paleografi. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ketika mesin cetak belum ditemukan, transmisi teks dilakukan secara manual. Artinya, kalau ada yang ingin memiliki buku, maka dia harus menyalinnya sendiri atau meminta orang lain untuk melakukannya. Kita mengenal ada beberapa orang yang persis bekerja sebagai penyalin buku dan menjadikannya sebagai sumber penghidupan. Tetapi bisa jadi, karena jarangnya orang yang bisa menulis, ada saat-saat di mana para penyalin menjadi sangat sibuk sehingga terbuka untuk melakukan kesalahan. Hisyam bisa dengan mudah tertulis Hasyim atau, mungkin karena penulisnya ngantuk, Dam b. Rabi’ah menjadi Adam b. Rabi’ah dan Aqram menjadi Arqam. Hasil peninggalan seperti inilah yang dianggap sebagai bahan tulisan tangan teks-teks klasik yang dinamakan dengan kodikologi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor-faktor lain yang bisa membuat kesalahan dalam kegiatan penyalinan teks semakin sering dilakukan. <i>Pertama</i>, teknologi yang sangat terbatas. Tidak ada komputer, listrik, telepon, dan AC pada masa itu. Menyalin buku menjadi perkerjaan yang bisa jadi tidak nyaman. Kualitas penerangan yang kurang membuat mata cepat lelah. Iklim yang demikian panas membatasi orang untuk bekerja maksimal. <i>Kedua</i>, stabilitas sosial politik pada masa itu tidak sebaik seperti sekarang. Para penyalin ikut menjadi korban peperangan. Paling tidak konsentrasi mereka terganggu. <i>Ketiga</i>, faktor perkembangan bahasa. Bahasa Arab pada masa itu adalah bahasa Arab yang masih dalam proses perkembangan. Gigi dan titik belum dipakai secara konsisten sehingga sulit dibedakan mana <i>ba</i>, <i>ta </i>dan <i>tsa</i>, misalnya. Perbedaan baca di antara para penyalin menjadi hal yang tak terelakkan. Teks yang dihasilkan menjadi bebeda antara satu dengan yang lainnya. <i>Keempat</i>, faktor idiologis juga berperan penting dalam perubahan teks. Misalnya terjadi perubahan tanggal lahir pada seorang tokoh yang diceritakan. Hal itu bisa terjadi karena kelalaian penulis atau penyalin teks, tetapi bisa jadi juga lebih dari itu. Sebuah teks harus ditempatkan dalam konteks besar yang melahirkannya. Bagi seorang filolog adalah penting untuk terlebih dahulu mengidentifikasi teks dengan kelompok-kelompok keberagamaan yang ada. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan uraian di atas, rumusan masalah dalam makalah ini ialah bagaimanakah penerapan paleografi dan kodikologi di nusantara? Rumusan masalah tersebut bisa penulis uraikan sebagai berikut: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimanakah penerapan paleografi di Nusantara?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimanakah penerapan paleografi di Nusantara?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan Penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan pembuatan makalah ini ialah untuk </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">mendeskripsikan penerapan paleografi dan kodikologi di nusantara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB II PALEOGRAFI DAN KODIKOLOGI SERTA PENERAPANNYA</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.1<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengertian </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Istilah kodikologi berasal dari kata Latin ‘codex’ (bentuk tunggal; bentuk jamak ‘codies’) yang dalam bahasa Indonesia diterjemahkan menjadi ‘naskah’–bukan menjadi ‘kodeks’. Sri Wulan Rujiati Mulyadi mengatakan kata ’caudex’ atau ‘codex’ dalam bahasa Latin menunjukkan hubungan pemanfaatan kayu sebagai alas tulis yang pada dasarnya kata itu berarti ‘teras batang pohon’. Kata ‘codex’ kemudian di berbagai bahasa dipakai untuk menunjukkan suatu karya klasik dalam bentuk naskah. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kodikologi merupakan ilmu yang digunakan untuk melakukan preservasi fisik naskah. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kodikologi mempelajari seluk-beluk atau semua aspek naskah, antara lain bahan umur, tempat penulisan, dan perkiraan penulis naskah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dain mengatakan bahwa kodikologi adalah ilmu mengenai naskah-naskah dan bukan mempelajari apa yang tertulis di dalam naskah. Dain juga menegaskan walaupun kata kodikologi itu baru, ilmu kodikologinya sendiri bukanlah hal yang baru. Selanjutnya Dain juga mengatakan bahwa tugas dan “daerah” kodikologi antara lain ialah sejarah naskah, sejarah koleksi naskah, penelitian mengenai tempat naskah-naskah yang sebenarnya, masalah penyusunan katalog, penyusunan daftar katalog, perdagangan naskah, dan penggunaan-penggunaan naskah itu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kodikologi, atau biasa disebut ilmu pernaskahan bertujuan mengetahui segala aspek naskah yang diteliti. Aspek-aspek tersebut adalah aspek di luar isi kandungan naskah tentunya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Naskah adalah semua dokumen tertulis yang ditulis tangan, dibedakan dari dokumen cetakan atau perbanyakannya dengan cara lain. Kata ‘naskah’ diambil dari bahasa Arab nuskhatun yang berarti sebuah potongan kertas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Naskah diartikan sebagai karangan dengan tulisan tangan yang menyimpan berbagai ungkapan pikiran dan perasaan sebagai hasil budaya bangsa masa lampau (Baroroh, 1994: 55). Tempat di mana naskah-naskah/ manuskrip disalin oleh para juru tulis disebut skriptorium atau skriptoria (bentuk jamak). Sebelum ditemukan mesin cetak, tempat di mana buku-buku diproduksi juga disebut dengan scriptorium.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Naskah Melayu, menurut Mamat (1985: 5) adalah apa-apa tulisan Jawi berbahasa Melayu yang ditulis dengan tangan di atas bahan-bahan seperti kertas, kulit, lontar, buluh, gading, kayu, kain, dengan isi kandungan dan jangka waktu yang tidak terbatas. Naskah bertulis dalam bahasa Aceh dan Minangkabau serta naskah yang ditulis dalam bahasa Arab yang ditulis oleh orang Melayu dianggap sebagai naskah Melayu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Data yang terdiri dari karakter-karakter yang menyatakan kata-kata atau lambang-lambang untuk berkomunikasi oleh manusia dalam bentuk tulisan disebut teks (Sumber: </span><a href="http://www.total.or.id/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">www.total.or.id</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">). Tekstologi ialah ilmu yang mempelajari seluk beluk dalam teks meliputi meneliti penjelmaan dan penurunan teks sebuah karya sastra, penafsiran, dan pemahamannya. Dengan menyelidiki sejarah teks suatu karya. (Sumber: </span><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">www.wikipedia.org/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Paleografi adalah ilmu macam-macam tulisan kuna. Ilmu ini mutlak untuk penelitian tulisan kuno atas batu, logam, atau bahan lainnya. Paleografi mempunyai norma-normanya sebagai karya sastra. Pertama, menjuabarkan tulisan kuna sangat sulit baca. Kedua, menempatkan berbagai peninggalan tertulis dalam rangka perkembangan umum tulisannya dan atas dasar itu menentukan waktu dan tempat terjadinya tulisan tertentu. Hal ini sangat penting untuk mempelajari tulisan tangan karya sastra yang biasanya tidak menyebutkan bilamana dan di mana atau suatu karya lain, seperti interpungsi, panjang jarak berbaris-baris. Bahkan naskah, urutan, tinta dan sebagainya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk memperoleh gambaran tentang macam-macam tulisan kuna dan perkembangannya di Indonesia, di bawah ini dipaparkan jenis-jenis tulisan pada beberapa prasasti yang tersebar di Nusantara yang gayut dengan fungsinya sebagai penunjang penelitian naskah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tulisan palawa untuk bahasa sanksekerta pada abad ke-4, dipakai di daerah-daerah luar kerajaan Palalawa yang mendapat pengaruhnya, termasuk kepulauan Indonesia. Huruf palalawa di nusantara dapat dibedakan atas dua macam, <i>palalawa awal (early) </i>dan <i>Balawa lanjut (later)</i> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tulisan Pra-Nagari yang asalnya dari India Utara dipakai untuk menulis prasasti Budha dalam bahasa Sanksekerta di Jawa Tengah pada abad ke-8 (De Casparis, 1995: 176),</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tulisan kawi atau Jawa Kuna yang merupakan kelanjutan tulisan Palawa diketahui kira-kira pertengahan abad ke-8 pada prasaasti Dinoyo di Jawa Timur (760) yang kemudian berkembang lebih lanjut sampai abad ke-13 sebagai tulisan pada prasasti di jawa Timur, Bali, dan Sunda.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tulisan Jawa periode Majapahit (Jawa Tengah) dari ke-13 sampai abad abad ke-15. Sementara itu, sampai akhir abad ke-16 atau kemudiann tulisan di Jawa telah berkembang bentuk tulisan Jawa modern yang khas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tulisan Melayu digunakan di beberapa bagian Sumatra yaitu di daerah Batak, Bengkulu, Kerinci, dan Lampung dari zaman Raja Adityawarman</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tulisan Makasar dan bugis di Sulawesi Selatan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tulisan Bima di Sulawesi Timur</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Huruf Arab untuk bahasa Melayu Lama terdapat pada prasasti batu di Terengganu pada abad ke-14 </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sejarah Paleografi dan Kodikologi di Nusantara</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Istilah kodikologi (<i>codicologie</i>) diusulkan oleh seorang ahli bahasa Yunani, Alphonse Dain, dalam kuliah-kuliahnya di Ecole Normale Seprieure, Paris, pada bulan Februari 1944. Akan tetapi istilah ini baru terkenal pada tahun 1949 ketika karyanya, ‘Les Manuscrits’ diterbitkan pertama kali pada tahun tersebut. Dain sendiri mengatakan bahwa kodikologi adalah ilmu mengenai naskah-naskah dan bukan mempelajari apa yang tertulis di dalam naskah. Dain juga menegaskan walaupun kata kodikologi itu baru, ilmu kodikologinya sendiri bukanlah hal yang baru (Hermans dan Huisman).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Paleografi di bumi Melayu didahului oleh penggunaan aksara Jawi. penggunaan aksara Jawi terus berkembang pesat selama berabad-abad untuk berbagai bidang kehidupan yang menggunakan tulisan, tak semata-mata dalam bidang kesusastraan. Pada 1850 Raja Ali Haji membakukan aturan ejaan aksara Jawi dalam kitabnya Bustanulkatibin, di samping berisi tata-bahasa bahasa Melayu. Dalam masyarakat Melayu-Indonesia pemakaian ejaan Jawi baru terhenti— utamanya dalam naskah cetakan—sampai awal abad ke-20. Peranannya digantikan oleh ejaan yang menggunakan aksara Latin. Penulisan bahasa Melayu dengan aksara Latin dimulai pada tahun 1901 yaitu ketika Ch. A. van Ophuysen dibantu oleh Engku Nawawi gl. St. Makmur dan M. Taib St. Ibrahim menerbitkan Kitab Logat Melajoe, yang merupakan pedoman ejaan Latin resmi pertama untuk bahasa Melayu di Indonesia. Untuk kasus di Sumatera Barat (baca: Minangkabau), banyak ditemukan naskah yang ditulis dengan menggunakan aksara Jawi dan sebagian kecilnya dengan aksara Latin dan Arab. Hal ini membedakan dengan skriptorium di wilayah lain yang banyak menggunakan aksara daerah. Hal ini dikarenakan Minangkabau tidak mempunyai aksara. Meskipun ada pendapat yang menyatakan bahwa ada kemungkinan aksara-aksara Sumatera berasal dari Sumatera bagian Tengah dan kemungkinan Minangkabau. Hal ini disebabkan karena aksara yang terdapat di Sumatera mempunyai model dasar yang sama. Akan tetapi, ke Utara memperlihatkan pengembangan yang berbeda dengan pengembangan di bagian Selatan. Masing-masing, baik di Utara dan di Selatan memperlihatkan pengembangan dengan model yang sama.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Akan tetapi, anehnya tidak ada peninggalan bertulis yang menggunakan “aksara Minangkabau”. Hal ini diperkirakan bahwa peninggalan itu mungkin pernah ada, tetapi sudah musnah karena waktu dan proses alam. Ada juga kemungkinan bahwa kemusnahan tersebut disebabkan dengan adanya gerakan pemurnian Islam yang terjadi di Minangkabau. Segala sesuatu yang dipandang tidak Islam dihancurkan, termasuk tulisan itu. Tentang persoalan ini, Kozok (1999: 65-66) mengungkapkan seperti berikut ini.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Di antara aksara-aksara Nusantara yang paling dekat dengan aksara Batak adalah aksara Kerinci, Rencong, dan Lampung ... Salah satu budaya asing adalah masuknya agama Islam. Serentak dengan penyebaran agama Islam, bersebar pula tulisan Arab yang di Melayu dikenal dengan tulisan Jawi. Aksara “Arab-Gundul” tersebut cepat menggantikan aksara-aksara Sumatera asli yang kemudian hilang sama sekali. ... Besar kemungkinan aksara Minangkabau dan Melayu juga pernah ada tetapi kemudian digantikan oleh tulisan Arab-Melayu sehingga hilang tak berbekas.”</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk aksara Jawi sendiri, dari beberapa catatan sarjana, seperti Suryadi (2004: 4) menyebutkan bahwa aksara Jawi dikenal luas di Minangkabau pada abad ke-18, dan kemudian disusul dengan pengenalan aksara Latin. Dengan dikenalnya kedua aksara tersebut, maka khasanah sastra lisan Minangkabau banyak dituliskan. Penulisan dengan aksara Jawi di Minangkabau semakin berkurang pada akhir abad ke-20. Hal ini dimungkinkan karena tulisan tersebut tidak lagi dikenali oleh banyak orang. Khalayak luas lebih mengerti dan paham dengan aksara Latin. Kitab-kitab itu tidak dapat dielakkan mempengaruhi pandangan dunia (world view) urang siak tentang Islam, baik tentang tarekat, pandangan sufi, maupun fiqih. Keberadaan Kitab Kuning seperti kitab-kitab itu merupakan sesuatu yang istimewa di kalangan tarekat Syattariyah karena ia adalah sumber rujukan, di dalamnya ada pedoman untuk beribadah dan sumber pengetahuan agama. Biasanya, karena dianggap penting, bagi urang siak yang ingin memiliki kitab tersebut, maka mereka akan menyalin kitab-kitab itu. Kondisi di atas sangat mempengaruhi terhadap tradisi pernaskahan di kalangan ulama, khususnya ulama-ulama Melayu baik di Minangkabau maupun di Riau. Tradisi menulis dan menyalin naskah (kitab) tampak dengan banyaknya khasana naskah Islam yang ditemukan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tokoh-tokoh Paleografi dan Kodikologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penelusuran dan penelitian terhadap scriptorium dan naskah-naskah Melayu telah dilakukan oleh beberapa sarjana, khususnya yang berkenaan dengan kajian kodikologi. Kajian kodikologi terhadap naskah-naskah Melayu dapat dikelompokan menjadi dua. Pertama, kajian kodikologi terhadap naskah-naskah Melayu yang dikoleksi di berbagai perpustakaan luar dan dalam negeri. Kedua, kajian kodikologi naskah-naskah yang dikoleksi secara pribadi di tangan masyarakat pemiliknya. Kedua kelompok penelitian tersebut sebagian besar hasilnya adalah katalogus naskah dan sebagian kecil merupakan daftar naskah dari hasil inventarisasi saja.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil kajian yang termasuk pada kelompok pertama, misalnya Ph. S. van Ronkel yang menyusun dua katalogus yang diterbitkan pada 1909 dan 1946. Kedua katalogus itu berjudul Catalogus der Maleische Hanscriften in het Musem van het Bataviaasche Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen dan Supplement Catalogus der Maleische en Minangkabausche Handscriften in de Leidsche Universiteits-Bibliotheek.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Katalogus yang ke-1 tersebut merupakan katalogus naskah Melayu yang pertama. Katalogus ini merupakan hasil kajian kodikologi naskah-naskah Melayu yang dikoleksi di Bataviaasche Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Jakarta, yang sekarang menjadi salah satu koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia, Jakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Naskah-naskah Melayu koleksi perpustakaan Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur pernah disusun oleh Joseph H Howard pada 1966. Pada saat itu koleksi naskah Melayu di perpustakaan Universiti Malaya belum begitu banyak. Adapun judul katalogus yang ia susun adalah Malay Manuscripts; a bibliography guide.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sutaarga dkk. (1972) menyusun koleksi naskah Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia terutama koleksi naskah-naskah Melayu. Katalogus ini berjudul Katalogus Koleksi Naskah Melayu Museum Pusat Jakarta. Penyusunan katalogus ini menggunakan bahan-bahan yang dipakai van Ronkel ditambah dengan naskah-naskah yang tercatat dalam Jaarboek 1933 dan 1941 susunan Poerbatjaraka dkk. dan naskah- naskah yang sebelumnya belum dicatat oleh von Ronkel. Katalogus yang disusun M.C. Ricklefs dan P Voorhoeve (1977) berjudul Indonesian Manuscripts in Great Britain: A Catalogue of Manuscript in Indonesian Languages in British Public Collections. Katalogus ini memuat informasi naskah-naskah Melayu dan naskah-naskah lain dari berbagai wilayah Indonesia, seperti Aceh, Bali, Batak, Bugis, Jawa, Kalimantan, Lampung, Madura, Makassar, Melayu, Sunda dan Minangkabau.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Katalogus yang disusun Juynboll pada 1899 berjudul Catalogus van de Malischeen Sundaneesche Handscriften der Leidsche Universiteits-Bibliotheek. Katalogus ini memuat informasi naskah-naskah Melayu dan Sunda yang tersimpan di Perpustakaan Leiden, Belanda. Naskah-naskah melayu yang dimaksud dalam katalogus itu adalah naskah-naskah dengan bahasa Melayu yang asal naskahnya dari Jawa Barat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sri Wulan Rujiati Mulyadi (1990) mengkaji naskah-naskah koleksi Museum Samparaja, Bima dan ditambah sebagian naskah-naskah koleksi masyarakat Bima. Pengakajian yang ia lakukan dengan kajian kodikologi untuk penyusunan katalogus. Adapun katalogus yang ia buat berjudul Katalogus Naskah Melayu Bima. E.P. Wierenga (1998) melakukan penelitian naskah-naskah Melayu yang dikoleksi Perpustakaan Universitas Leiden. Selain melakukan pendeskripsian fisik naskah, ia juga menelusuri sejarah pemerolehan naskah-naskah hingga tahun 1896. Katalogus yang ia susun berjudul Catalogue of Malay an Minangkabau Manuscripts in the Library of Leiden University an Other Collections in the Netherlands. Katalogus ini tampaknya juga didasarkan kepada karya Ph. S van Ronkel. Hasil kajian yang termasuk pada kelompok kedua, seperti penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Mu’jizah dan Maria Indra Rukmi (1998). Penelitian yang selanjutnya diterbitkan dengan judul Penelusuran Penyalinan Naskah-naskah Riau Abad XIX</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.4<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Paleografi dan Kodikologi sebagai Khasanah Budaya</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Naskah Melayu juga merupakan khasanah budaya yang penting baik secara akademis maupun sosial budaya. Secara akademis melalui naskah-naskah itu dapat diungkap nilai-nilai yang relevan dengan kehidupan sekarang. Secara sosial budaya, naskah-naskah itu merupakan identitas, kebanggaan dan warisan yang berharga. Naskah merupakan hasil kegiatan intelektual dalam masyarakat tradisional (local genius). Naskah merupakan warisan budaya yang berisi beraneka ragam teks karya cipta masyarakat lama yang dapat digunakan untuk penelitian keagamaan, falsafah, kesejarahan, kesusastraan, kebahasaan, persoalan adat-istiadat, perundang-undangan, dan kajian-kajian dengan sudut pandang yang lain (Yusuf [Peny.], 2006: 3).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adanya praktik jual beli naskah Melayu di Sumatera Barat, Riau dan Kepulauan Riau merupakan ancaman bagi keberadaan naskah yang menyebabkan banyak naskah yang ke luar dari “kampungnya”. Praktik jual beli tersebut dilakukan oleh pewaris naskah kuno dengan beberapa oknum dari Malaysia dan luar negeri lainnya. Mereka menawarnya hingga jutaan rupiah untuk setiap naskah. Ahli waris naskah kuno yang taraf ekonominya kurang menguntungkan itu pun tergiur. Banyak faktor yang menjadikan daya tarik beberapa oknum dari Malaysia berburu naskah di tiga daerah itu. Di samping faktor geografis yang berdekatan, di wilayah ini juga terdapat ratusan naskah yang masih tersebar di tangan masyarakatnya. Naskah-naskah itu mengandung teks yang beragam, seperti teks kesusastraan, kebudayaan, kesejarahan, dan keislaman dan lain-lain (Pramono, 2008a). Bagaimanapun juga, manuskrip-manuskrip kuno merupakan kekayaan budaya bangsa yang sangat penting artinya bagi pemahaman dan pengembangan sejarah, ilmu pengetahuan (Robson, 1994:4).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.5<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tempat-tempat Transmisi Teks</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sumatera Barat (minus Mentawai), Riau dan Kepulauan Riau merupakan wilayah penting tempat sumber naskah Melayu di Indonesia. Di tiga wilayah ini banyak ditemukan skriptorium sebagai pusat kecendekiaan orang-orang Melayu ratusan tahun yang lalu. Dalam konteks umur naskah dan sikap pemiliknya, keberadaan naskah-naskah kuno itu menghadapi masalah yang serius. Masalah yang serius dalam hal pernaskahan di Indonesia pada umumnya dan di Sumatera Barat (minus Mentawai), Riau dan Kepulauan Riau pada khususnya adalah masih banyaknya naskah-naskah yang tersimpan di kalangan masyarakat sebagai milik pribadi. Menjadi masalah karena umumnya naskah-naskah yang kebanyakan ditulis pada sekitar abad XVII, XVIII dan XIX tersebut terbuat dari kertas yang secara fisik tidak akan tahan lama. Sementara pemiliknya sendiri umumnya hanya mengandalkan pengetahuan tradisional untuk merawatnya, sehingga seringkali naskah yang dimiliknya itu saling bertumpuk dengan benda lain, sehingga kertasnya menjadi lapuk, robek, dan akhirnya hilang pula pengetahuan yang tersimpan di dalamnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebuah Kajian Kodikologi ini mencatat 39 naskah di Pulau Penyengat, tepatnya di Yayasan Indra Sakti. Masih tersisa puluhan naskah di pulau tersebut yang belum diteliti. Di Pulau Penyengat itu terdapat sebuah perpustakaan yang menyimpan naskah-naskah kuno Melayu karya masyarakat Melayu Kepulauan Riau zaman dulu berbahasa Melayu dengan tulisan Arab-Melayu. Di perpustakaan itu terdapat naskah <i>Gurindam Dua Belas</i> yang terkenal karya Raja Ali Haji yang terdiri dari dua belas pasal. Naskah-naskah kuno di Pulau Penyengat itu sudah ada dalam bentuk microfilm yang disimpan di Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia. Namun, setelah ditelusuri lagi <i>via</i> internet ternyata naskah-naskah tersebut sudah didigitalkan oleh Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia tahun 2007.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Beberapa penelitian tentang naskah-naskah Melayu di Sumatera Barat (minus Mentawai), Riau dan Kepulauan Riau pernah dilakukan oleh Pramono (2008a, 2008b, 2007 dan 2006) dan Irina Katkova & Pramono (2008). Dari hasil penelitianya yang berjudul “Fenomena Jual Beli Naskah dan Upaya Penyelamatan Naskah Melayu- Minangkabau”, Pramono (2008a) mengemukakan adanya praktik jual beli naskah Melayu di Sumatera Barat dan Riau. Menurutnya, praktik jual beli naskah mengakibatkan ratusan naskah Melayu ke luar dari tempat asalnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil penelitian Pramono (2008b) yang berjudul “Penulisan Naskah-Naskah Tarekat Naqsabandiyah di Surau Ongga, Kelurahan Padang Besi, Kecamatan Lubuk Kilangan Padang” menemukan 8 naskah. Penelitian ini merupakan kajian tekstual dan kontekstual dari naskah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penelitian yang lain seperti penelitian yang berjudul “Surau dan Tradisi Pernaskahan di Minangkabau: Studi Atas Dinamika Tradisi Pernaskahan di Surau- Surau di Padang dan Padang Pariaman”, Pramono (2007) melakukan telaah filologis dan kodikologis terhadap 50 naskah. Penelitian ini juga mengungkap faktor-faktor yang melatarbelakangi penulisan naskah di surau-surau di Padang dan Padang Pariaman, Sumatera Barat. Penelitian yang senada juga dilakukan Pramono (2006) dengan judul “Tradisi Penulisan dan Penyalinan Naskah-Naskah Islam Minangkabau: Kajian Atas Imam Maulana Abdul Manaf Amin Al-Khatib dan Karya-Karyanya”. Naskah yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 22 naskah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penelitian Irina Katkova & Pramono (2008) yang “Endangered Manuscripts of Western Sumatra: Collections of Sufi Brotherhoods” berhasil melakukan inventarisasi naskah Sumatera Barat dari wilayah Pasaman dan Agam sebanyak 90 naskah. Naskah-naskah ini dideskripsikan dan dan dibuat digitalnya (foto naskah).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain tempat-tempat yang pernah dikunjungi dan dijelaskan oleh para peneliti di atas, ternyata masih banyak naskah-naskah Melayu yang masih berserakan yang dimiliki masyarakat di Sumatera Barat (minus Mentawai), Riau dan Kepulauan Riau. Hasil penelusuran dan inventarisasi yang dilakukan di tiga wilayah itu berhasil menemukan ratusan naskah dan berhasil mendeskripsikan sebanyak 173 naskah kuno Melayu. Dari jumlah tersebut, 151 naskah kuno di antaranya ditemukan di Sumatera Barat yang keberadaannya tersebar pada daerah berikut: (1) Kota Padang: Batang Kabung dan Lubuk Kilangan; (2) Kabupaten Dharmasraya: Koto Padang, Pisang Rebus, Kerajaan Pulau Punjung, Kerajaan Padang Lawas, Pulai dan Pisang Rebus; (3) Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan: Bayang dan Rumah Gadang Mandeh Rubiah; (4) Kabupaten Solok Selatan: Muara Labuh dan Bidar Alam; (5) Kabupaten Padang Pariaman: Surau Gadang Ampalu, di Nagari VII Koto, Mesjid Raya Tandikek, Pakandangan, Nagari Pauhkamba, dan Sungai Limau; (6) Kabupaten Agam: Matur dan Surau Darussalam, Sungai Puar; (7) Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota: Surau Tuo Taram, Surau Suluk, Sarilamak dan Surau Syaikh Abdurrahman, Batuhampar; (8) Kabupaten Pasaman Barat: Surau Al-Amin Kinali; dan (9) Kabupaten Pasaman Timur: Surau Syaikh H. Muhammad Said Bonjol, Surau Tinggi Kumpulan dan Guskurni, Bonjol.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun sisanya, yakni sebanyak 22 naskah kuno ditemukan di Museum Nila Utama, Pekanbaru yang berasal dari beberapa daerah di Riau dan Kepulauan Riau, sebagai berikut: (1) Kabupaten Kampar: Kuok, Siak dan Petapahan; (2) Kabupaten Inhil: Kuala Enok; dan (3) Kabupaten Siak Sri Indrapura: Siak; dan Pulau Penyengat, Kabupaten Tanjung Pinang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Semua naskah yang ditemukan di tiga daerah di atas beralaskan kertas dan ditulis dengan Aksara Jawi dan Arab. Di dunia Melayu, tidak diketahui kapan pertama kali penggunaan aksara Jawi. Akan tetapi, jelas aksara ini tercipta dan digunakan setelah terjadi pertemuan dunia Melayu dengan agama Islam. Paling tidak aksara Jawi sudah dipergunakan pada akhir abad ke-14 dan awal abad ke-15, yang disebut Melayu apabila memiliki tiga ciri: berbahasa Melayu, berbudaya Melayu, dan beragama Islam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tempat-tempat naskah yang ditemukan semuanya memiliki kaitan dengan tarekat, baik tarekat Syattariyah maupun Naqsabandiyah. Naskah-naskah yang berkaitan dengan tarekat Syattariyah seperti naskah-naskah yang ditemukan di Kota Padang, Kabupaten Padang Pariaman, Kabupaten Dharmasraya dan Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Naskah-naskah kuno Melayu di Sumatera Barat (minus Mentawai), Riau dan Kepulauan Riau masih banyak ‘berserakan’ di tangan masyarakatnya. Naskah-naskah kuno dengan keragaman kandungan isinya seperti keagamaan, kesejarahan, kesusastraan, pengobatan tradisional, adat-istiadat, folklor dan rajah serta silsilah– yang masih dikoleksi oleh masyarakat di tiga wilayah itu sudah banyak yang hilang dan rusak. Banyak faktor yang menyebabkan kerusakan itu terjadi, terutama faktor sikap pemilik naskah, umur naskah, cuaca dan bencana alam. Faktor lain yang juga sangat mengancam keberadaan naskah Melayu itu adalah adanya praktik jual beli naskah yang dilakukan oleh pewaris naskah dengan beberapa oknum dari Malaysia dan luar negeri lainnya. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebanyak 173 naskah Melayu yang ditemukan di Sumatera Barat, Riau dan Kepulan Riau sebagian besar menggunakan bahasa Arab. Oleh karena itu Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN), Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN), dan perguruan tinggi Islam lainnya, tampaknya harus mengambil porsi yang lebih besar, karena UIN/IAIN memiliki SDM yang kuat dalam bidang keislaman, termasuk di dalamnya penguasaan atas bahasa yang banyak digunakan dalam naskah, yakni bahasa Arab. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.6<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penerapan Paleografi dan Kodikologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis kodikologi ini, sesuai dengan tujuan, yaitu penyusunan daftar katalog dan juga memberi perhatian pada fisik naskah. Karena dalam katalog, terdapat deskripsi fisik naskah selain informasi di mana naskah itu berada. Pendeskripsian ini berguna untuk membantu para peneliti mengetahui ketersediaan naskah itu sehingga memudahkan penelitian. Pendeskripsian fisik ini dapat berupa judul dan pengarang naskah, tahun dan tempat naskah dibuat, jumlah halaman, latar belakang penulis, dan lain-lain. Analisis kodikologi juga berkembang juga pada ada atau tidaknya illuminasi dan ilustrasi, jumlah kuras naskah, bentuk jilidannya, sejauh mana kerusakan naskah (robek, terbakar, terpotong, rusak karena pernah terkena cairan, dimakan binatang, berjamur, hancur atau patah, dan lain-lain), pendeknya segala hal yang bisa diketahui mengenai naskah itu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hal awal yang biasanya dilakukan dalam analisis kodikologi adalah menyusuri sejarah naskah. Sejarah naskah biasanya didapat dari catatan-catatan di halaman awal atau akhir yang ditulis oleh pemilik atau penyimpan naskah itu. Untuk fisik naskahnya, yang dilihat adalah panjang, lebar, ketebalan naskah keseluruhan, panjang, lebar, dan jumlah halaman yang digunakan untuk menulis, dan bahan atau media naskah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah hal-hal di atas dilakukan, preservasi masuk ke bagian dalam naskah, yaitu bagian naskah yang ditulisi atau teks. Di sini akan dilihat jenis huruf dan bahasa yang digunakan, ada atau tidaknya rubrikasi atau penanda awal dan akhir bagian dalam tulisan (biasanya berupa tulisan yang diwarnai berbeda dengan tulisan isi), ada atau tidaknya <i>catchword</i>/ kata pengait yang biasanya digunakan untuk menandai halaman naskah, bentuk tulisan naskah, apakah seperti penulisan cerita pada umumnya, ataukah berbentuk kolom-kolom hingga dalam satu halaman bisa terdapat dua atau lebih kolom tulisan (seperti syair).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya akan dicek garis bantuan yang digunakan untuk mengatur tulisan, cap kertas (<i>watermark</i> dan <i>countermark</i>) yang menandai perusahaan penghasil kertas alas, ada atau tidaknya iluminasi (hiasan di pinggir naskah) dan ilustrasi (bagian yang berisikan gambar keterangan yang menjelaskan sesuatu dalam naskah). Tidak lupa pula mencatat kerusakan-kerusakan yang ada.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB III PENUTUP</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.1<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Simpulan </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kodikologi, atau biasa disebut ilmu pernaskahan bertujuan mengetahui segala aspek naskah yang diteliti. Aspek-aspek tersebut adalah aspek di luar isi kandungan naskah tentunya. Paleografi adalah ilmu macam-macam tulisan kuna. Ilmu ini mutlak untuk penelitian tulisan kuno atas batu, logam, atau bahan lainnya. Paleografi mempunyai norma-normanya sebagai karya sastra. Pertama, menjuabarkan tulisan kuna sangat sulit baca. Kedua, menempatkan berbagai peninggalan tertulis dalam rangka perkembangan umum tulisannya dan atas dasar itu menentukan waktu dan tempat terjadinya tulisan tertentu. Hal ini sangat penting untuk mempelajari tulisan tangan karya sastra yang biasanya tidak menyebutkan bilamana dan di mana atau suatu karya lain, seperti interpungsi, panjang jarak berbaris-baris. Bahkan naskah, urutan, tinta dan sebagainya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis kodikologi menyusuri sejarah naskah. Sejarah naskah biasanya didapat dari catatan-catatan di halaman awal atau akhir yang ditulis oleh pemilik atau penyimpan naskah itu. Untuk fisik naskahnya, yang dilihat adalah panjang, lebar, ketebalan naskah keseluruhan, panjang, dan jumlah halaman yang digunakan untuk menulis, dan bahan atau media naskah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Saran </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penulis berharap agar kita bisa mengenal peninggalan-peninggalan nenek moyang kita serta turut melestarikannya agar peninggalan-peninggalan tersebut bermanfaaat bagi perkembangan sastra di Nusantara.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Baried, Baroroh dkk. 1994. Pengantar Teori Filologi. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Sastra UGM.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hamidy, U.U. 1983. “Naskah Kuno Daerah Riau”. Laporan Penelitian. Pekanbaru: Fakultas Sastra Universitas Riau</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hermans, Jos, M.M. dan Gerda C. Huisman. 1979. “De Descriptione Codicum”. Groningen: Vakgroep Mediaevistik Rijksuniversiteit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mulyadi, Sri Wulan Rujiati. 1990. Katalogus Naskah Melayu Bima. Bima: Yayasan Museum Kebudayaan " Samparaja ".</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mu’jizah dan Maria Indra Rukmi. 1998. Penelusuran Penyalinan Naskah-naskah Riau Abad XIX: Sebuah kajian Kodikologi. Jakarta : Program Penggalakan Kajian Sumber-sumber Tertulis Nusantara, FSUI.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pramono. 2008a. “Fenomena Jual Beli Naskah dan Upaya Penyelamatan Naskah Melayu-Minangkabau”. Laporan Penelitian. Padang : Fakultas Sastra Universitas Andalas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sutarga, Amir, dkk. 1972. Katalogus Koleksi Naskah Melayu Museum Pusat Jakarta. Jakarta: Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Kebudayaan Nasional. Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PERBANDINGAN BAHASA NUSANTARA</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 5.4pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">No.</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bahasa Indonesia</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bahasa Komering<span> </span>Ulu</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bahasa Banjar</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bahasa Minang</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bahasa Jawa</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bahasa</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Batak</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bahasa</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Melayu</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bahasa Melayu Kampar</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">aku</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ako?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ako?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?aden, ambo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?aku]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ahu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[saye, awa?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[deyen]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">air</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[way]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[banyo?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ayia]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[banyu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?aek]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ae]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ayu]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">akar</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[baka?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?akar]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?aka]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?oyot]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?urat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?aka]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[akau]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">abu</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[abu?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?abu?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?abu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?awu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?orbuk]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?abu/abo?] </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[abu]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">alir</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?alir]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?alir]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?alia]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ŋaler]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?icir]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?aler]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[iliu]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">anak</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ana?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ana?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ana?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ana?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ana?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ana?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[anak]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">7.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">anjing</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?asu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?anjeŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?anjiaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?asu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[biang]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?anjeῃ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[anjiong]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">8.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">angin</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?aŋin]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?aŋen]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?aŋin]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?aŋen]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?alogo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?aῃen]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[angin]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">9.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">apa</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ap,i]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?apa?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?apo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?opo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?aha]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?apә]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[apo]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">10.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">api</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?apuy]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?api?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?api]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gәni]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?api]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?api]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[api]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">11.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">apung</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?apuŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?apoŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?apuaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ŋapoŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mumbang]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?apoῃ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[apuaŋ]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">12.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">asap</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?aso?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?asap]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?aso?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?asep]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[timus]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?asap]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[asok]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">13.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">awan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?awan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?awan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?awan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?awan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?awan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?awan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[awan]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">14.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">bagaimana</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ju?sipa]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ba, apa?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[baa]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kepiye]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[boa]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[macam manә]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[condoapo]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">15.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">baik</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[holow]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[baeik]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?elo?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?api?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[burju]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bae?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[elok]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">16.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">balik</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[m<sub>bele?</sub>]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bulek]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[balia?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bale?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mulak]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bale?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[baliok]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">17.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">banyak</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lamon]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[banya?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[banya?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?akeh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[godang]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[baῆa?/bәlamba?] </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[banyak]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">18.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">bapak</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bapa?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[abah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?apa?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bapa?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?among]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bapa?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[apak]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">19.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">baring</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?<sup>e</sup>ngulik]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[barabah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bariaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gәleta?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jorbing]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bareῃ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[guliong]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">20.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">baru</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ompay]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hanyar]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[baru]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[baru]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[baru]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[baRu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bau]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">21.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">basah</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[baso?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[basah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[basah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[teles]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tonu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[basah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[basa]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">22.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">batu</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[batu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[batu?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[batu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[watu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[batu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[batu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[batu]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">23.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">beberapa</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[PiRa]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[babarapa]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sa-]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[piro]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sasadia]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bәbәrapә]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bapo]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">24.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">belah</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[b<sup>ә</sup>lah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[balah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[balah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bәlah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bola]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bәlah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bola]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">25.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">benar</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bәnәR]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[banar]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bana]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bәnәr]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[toho]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bәtol]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[botual]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">26.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">benih</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[banih]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[banih]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[baniah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[wineh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bonih]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bәneh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bone]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">27.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">bengkok</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[megap]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[baŋkak]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[beŋko?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[beŋkoŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bongkak]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bәῃka?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bengkok]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">28.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">berenang</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[laŋoy]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bakuɲoŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[baranaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[renaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[marlange]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[beRenaῃ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bonang]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">29.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">berjalan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lapah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bajalan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bajalan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mәlaku]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mardalan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bәjalan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bajalan]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">30.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">berat</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[biya?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[barat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bare?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?abot]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[borat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bәRat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[boek]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">31.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">beri</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ju?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bagi?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?agiah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kek’i]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lean]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kasi]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bai]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">32.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">besar</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[balak]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ganal]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gadaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gәdi]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[balga]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bәsa]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[godang]</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 975px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">33.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">bilamana</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kapan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bilo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kapan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?atikboha]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bilemase]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bilo]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">34.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">binatang</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[binataŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[binataŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[binataŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kewan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[binatang]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[binataῃ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[binatang]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">35.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">bintang</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bintaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bintaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bintaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bintaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bintang]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bintaῃ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bintang]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">36.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">buah</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[buwah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[buah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[buah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[buwah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[buah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[buah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bua]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">37.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">bulu</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bulu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bulu?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bulu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bulu</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ambulu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bulu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bulu]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">38.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">bunga</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[buŋa]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kambaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bungo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kembaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bunga]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[buῃә]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bungo]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">39.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">bunuh</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pәsol]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bunoh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bunuah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mateni]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bunuh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bunoh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bunuo]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">40.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">buru (ber-)</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sopo?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[buru?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[baburu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[buru(mar-]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[buru]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bu’u]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">41.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">buruk</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jahat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[burok]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[burua?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ele?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[roa]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[buro?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[buok]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">42.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">burung</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[manu?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[buroŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[buruaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mano?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pidong]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[buRoῃ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[buruong]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">43.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">busuk</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[busu?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[busua?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[boso?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[busu?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[busu?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[busuok]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">44.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">daging</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dagiŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dagiŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dagiaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dagәŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jagal]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dageῃ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dagiong]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">45.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">danau</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[danaw]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[danau]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[danau]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[topian]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[danau]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[danau]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">46.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[Re?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ambe?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dohot]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dan]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">47.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">darah</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[Rah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[darah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[darah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gәtәh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mudar]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[daRah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dagha]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">48.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">datang</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[Ratap]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dataŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tibo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[teko]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ro]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dataῃ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tibo]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">49.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">daun</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[huluŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[daun]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[daun]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[godoŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bulung]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[daon]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[daun]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">50.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">debu</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dәbu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dabu?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kabui?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[debu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?abu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dәbu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dobu]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">51.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">dekat</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[podo?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[parak]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dake?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[cәde?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jonok]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dәkat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dokek]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">52.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">dengan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[re?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[daŋan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[karo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dongan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dәῃan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dengan]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">53.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">dengar</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[doŋi]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[daŋar]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[daŋa]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[keruŋu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bege]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[deῃa]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dongau]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">54.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">di dalam</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di: lom]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di dalam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di dalam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[neŋ jәro]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di bagasan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kat dalam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di dalam]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">55.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">di, pada</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di, pada]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di, de?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[neŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di, </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di, pado]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">56.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">dingin</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ŋisan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[diŋen]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[diŋin]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?adem]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ngali]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[seju?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dingin]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">57.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">di mana</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di dipan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di mana?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dima]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[neŋ endi]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di dia]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kat mane]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di mano]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">58.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">diri (berdiri)</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[toga?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tagak]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tagak]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ngadә?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jonjong]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tәga?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dighi, badighi]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">59.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">di sini</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[didija]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di sine?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di siko]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[neŋ kene]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di son]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kat sini]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di siko]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">60.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">di situ</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dudo?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di situ?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di sinan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[neŋ kono]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di si]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kat situ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[di situ]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">61.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">jahit</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jahit]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jahet]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jai?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jahet]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jahit]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jaet]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jaik]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">62.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">jalan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[naRays]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jalan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jalan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dalan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dalan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jalan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jalan]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">63.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">jantung</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jantuŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jantoŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jantuaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[janoŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jantung]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jantoῃ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jantuong]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">64.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">jatuh</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tiya?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tagugor]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jatuah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tibo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dabu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jatoh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jatuoh]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">65.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">jauh</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jawoh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jaoh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jauah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[adoh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dao]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jaoh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jau]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">66.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">jeram</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tәbin]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jaram]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tabiaŋ, lurah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jeram]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[joam]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">67.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">dorong</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ujur]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tundo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[doroŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?onjar]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tola?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[undong]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">68.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">dua</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[Ruwa]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dua?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[duo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[loRo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dua]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[eko]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[duo]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">69.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">duduk</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mojoŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dudok]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dudua?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[luŋgoh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hundul]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dudo?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[duduok]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">70.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ekor</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gundaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ikor]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ikua]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[buntut]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ihur]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dua]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[iku]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">71.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">empat</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pa?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ampat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ampe?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[papat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?opat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[empat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ompek]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">72.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">engkau</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[nikuy]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[aŋkau]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[waaŋ,lk, kau,pr]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kue]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ho]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dikau]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kau]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">73.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">gali</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gali]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gali?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kali, gali]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ŋgali]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?obbak]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gali]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gali]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">74</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">garam</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[siya]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[garam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gagham, garam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[garem]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sira]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gaRam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gha’am]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">75.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ganuk (meng-)</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kuykuy]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">76.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">gelembung</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gәlәmbuŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[babuih]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[galambuaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mәlәmboŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[golombung]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gәlәmbuῃ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[galombuong]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">77.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">gemuk</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gomo?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lamak]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gapua?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gendut]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mokmok</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gemo?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gopuok]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">78.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">gigi</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?Ipon]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gigi?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gigi]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?untu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ngingi]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gigi]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gigi]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">79.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">gigit</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kodoh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[giget]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gigi?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[cokot]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[harat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[giget]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gigik]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">80.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">gosok</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?usap]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gusok]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kusua?, gosok]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gosok]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sasa]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[goso?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gosok]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">81.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">gunung</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gunuŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gunoŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gunuaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gunoŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dolok]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gunuῃ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gunuong]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">82.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">hantam</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hantam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hantam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?antam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?antem]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[japjap]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hentam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hantam]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">83.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">hati</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hati]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hati?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ati]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ati]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[roha]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hati]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hati]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">84.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">hijau</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[huja<sub>w</sub>]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hijau]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ijau]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ijo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ijo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ijau]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ijau]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">85.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">hidung</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hiRup]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hidoŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?iduaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?iRoŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?igung]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[iduῃ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[iduong]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">86.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">hidup</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[huRe]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hidop]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?idui?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?urep]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ngolu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[idup]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[iduik]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">87.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">hisap</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hisop]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hisap]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?iso?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?isep]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?isap]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[isap]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[isok]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">88.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">hitam</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[halom]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hiraŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?itam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ireŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[birong]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[itam/legam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[itam]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">89.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">hitung</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bilaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hitoŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ituaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?itoŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kera]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ituῃ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[itung]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">90.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">hujan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hujan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hujan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ujan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?udan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hudan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ujan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ujan]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">91.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">hutan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pulan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hutan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?utan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?utan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tombak]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[utan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[utan]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">92.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ia</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?iya]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ia?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?inyo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dәe]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?olo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[die]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[inyo]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">93.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ibu</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?indo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[uma?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?amak/mandeh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mama?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?inong]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ma?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[amak]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">94.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ikan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?iwa]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[iwak]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ikan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?iwa?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dekke]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ikan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ikan]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">95.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ikat</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kaRu?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ikat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ike?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?iket]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ikkat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ikat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kobek]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">96.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">istri</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?әngoman]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bini?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bini]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bojo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[soripada]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bini]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bini]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">97.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">itu</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sudoh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ngintok]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?iku]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[nian]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[itu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[itu]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">98.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">kabut</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kabut]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kabot]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kabui?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kabot]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ombun]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kabot]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kabuik]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">99.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">kaki</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kukut]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bates]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kaki]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sikel]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kaki]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kaki]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">100.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">kalau</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?imon]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kalau]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kalau, ko?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?aŋger]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?anggo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kalau]</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kalau]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">101.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">kami, kita</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kame?, kita?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?awak/kito]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dәwә]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hami,hita]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kami, kite]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ami, awa?]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">102.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt -8.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span> </span>kamu, kamu<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">sekalian</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[kuti]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hikam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kau/aŋ,kalian]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hamu,hamu sude]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?әŋkau, mike]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[wa ang, wa ang kasodo]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">103.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kanan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[kanan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kanan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[suo?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[teŋәn]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">siamun]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kanan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kanan]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">104.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">karena, sebab</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[ba?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sabab]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sabab]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">halani,</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sәbab, pasal]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[karena, gara-gara]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">105.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt -8.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span> </span>ber-(meng)kata(kan)</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[cawa]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[padah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kato-kato, maŋatoan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jerene]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bәcakap, bәbual]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ba- (ma-) sobuik (-kan)]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">106.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(ber-) kelahi</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[bubala?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kalahi?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bacaka?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tukaRan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">dokkon]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[(bә) kelai]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[(ba-) kalau] </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">107.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kepala </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[hulu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kapala]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kapalo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sirah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[marbadai]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kepalә]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kapalo]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">108.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kering</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[ηoluh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kareŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kariaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gareŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hulu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kәReng]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[koyong]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">109.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kecil</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[Roni?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[haloy]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kete?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[cili?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">koriŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kәcik, nonet]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kociok]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">110.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kiri</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[kiRi]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kiri]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kida]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kiwo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gele</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ŋ</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kiRi]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kii]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">111.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kotor</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[kamah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[igat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kumuah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kotor]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">hambiraŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[koto]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[loda]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">112.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kulit</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[bawa?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kulet]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kuli?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kulet]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">dorun]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kulet]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kulik]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">113.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kulit pohon</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[bawa? nikayu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kulet pohon]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kulik bataŋ kayu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kulet kayu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kulet kayu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kulik batang]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">114.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kuning</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[kuneR]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kuneŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kuniaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kuneR]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[huni</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ŋ</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kuneŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kuniong]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">115.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kutu</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[kutu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kuto?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tumo/ kutu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tumo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">hutu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kutu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kutu]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">116.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lain</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[sumaη]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[laen]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[balain]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[laen]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">asiŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[laen]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lain]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">117.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Langit</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[laηit]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[laŋet]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[laŋi?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[laŋet]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">laŋit]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[langet]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[langik]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">118.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Laut</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[la<sub>w</sub>o?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[laot]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[laui?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[laot]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">laut]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[laot]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lawik]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">119.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lebar</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[boRa?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[libar]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[leba]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ombo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">bola?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[leba]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lowe]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">120.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Leher</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[galah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[liher]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lihia]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gulu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">rukkuŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lehe]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[toliyu]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">121.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lelaki</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[bakas]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lalaki?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jantan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lanaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">bawa]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jantan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jantan]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">122.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lempar</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[timbak]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[limpar]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ampo?/godoh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[unjalne]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sappat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lempa]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[umban]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">123.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lidah</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[mah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lidah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lidah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ilat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">dila]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lidah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lida]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">124.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lihat</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[liya?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tireŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[calia?/teŋo?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[n<sup>d</sup>elo?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">bereŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[teŋo?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tengok]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">125.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lima</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[lima]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lima?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[limo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[limo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lima]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[limә]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[limo]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">126.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Licin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[li<sub>y</sub>ut]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[licen]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[licin/lincia]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[licin]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">landit]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[licen]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[licin]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">127.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(ber-) ludah</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[Rahto]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ludah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[liua]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?idu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">tijur]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[(bә) lio]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[(ba-) luda]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">128.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lurus</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[Rulus]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lurus]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[luruih]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lurus]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">tigor]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[luros]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[luwi]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">129.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Main</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[ma<sub>y</sub>en]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[maen]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[main]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dholanan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">meam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[maen]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[main]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">130.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">makan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[moηan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[makan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[makan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[maŋan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ma</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ŋ</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">an]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[makan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[makan]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">131.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Malam</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[dəbiηi]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[malam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[malam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[m<sup>b</sup>eŋi]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bor</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ŋ</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">in]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[malam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[malam]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">132.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mata</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[mata]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mata?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mato]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[moto]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[simalolo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ŋ</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[matә]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mato]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">133.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">matahari</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[mataRani]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[matahare?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[matoari]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[matahari]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">mataniari]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[matahari]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[matoayi]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">134.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mati, meninggal</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[mati]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mate?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[maniŋga/tiado]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mati/ninggal]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mate]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mati, meniŋgal]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mati, maninggal]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">135.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Merah</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[si<sub>y</sub>a<sub>w</sub>]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[habang]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sirah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?abaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[rara]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[merah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sia]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">136.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mereka</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[ti<sub>y</sub>an]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?uraŋ tu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[halaki]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?oraŋ tu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[uang tu]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">137.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Minum</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[ηinum]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[minom]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[minun]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ŋombe]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[minum]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[minom]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[minum]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">138.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mulut</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[banu?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[muntoŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[muncuaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[caŋkem]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[baba]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mulot]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[muncuong]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">139.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">muntah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[mutah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[muntah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kumbo?/muntah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mbloke?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[muta]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[muntah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[munta]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">140.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nafas</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[gola<sub>w</sub>]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[nafas]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?aŋo?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[napas]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hosa]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[napas]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ongok]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">141.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nama</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[hoηas]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ŋaran]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[namo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[jeneŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[goar]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[namә]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[namo]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">142.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nyala</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[huRe?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[nyala?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[nyalo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?urep]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ngolu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ὴale]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[nyalo]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">143.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">nyanyi</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[nani]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ɲaɲi]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[Nyanyi]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[nyanyi]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[rende]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ὴaὴi]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[logu]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">144.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Orang</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[julma]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[uraŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?uraŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[woŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[hala</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">?</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?oRaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[uwang]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">145.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Panas</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[panas]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[panas]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ange?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[semeromoŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mohop]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[panas]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[angek]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">146.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">panjang</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[tojaη]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[panjaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[panjaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dhowo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ganja</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ŋ</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[panjaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[panjang]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">147.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pasir</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[heni]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[paser]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pasia/napa]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[paser]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[rihit]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pase]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kosiok]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">148.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">pegang</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[kutoη]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pagaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[paci?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[cekel]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tiop]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pegaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pogang]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">149.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">pendek</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[bunta?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[handap]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[singke?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[cende?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pedde?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pende?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pendek]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">150.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Peras</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[Ru?Ru?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[paras]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[piyuah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[peres]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[poros]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pәrah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pogha]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">151.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">perempuan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[ba<sub>y</sub>]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[babine?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[padusi]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[wedho?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[boru-boru]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bәtinә]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tino]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">152.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perut</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[tinihi]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[parot]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[parui?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[weteŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[butuha]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pәrot]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[powik]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">153.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pikir</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[pikeR]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[piker]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pikia]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[piker]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[piker]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pike]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pikiw]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">154.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pohon</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[bataη]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pohon]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bataŋ kayu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bataŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pokok]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pohon]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">155.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">potong</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[polo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[potoŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kuduaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tugel]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[seat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kәrat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[koek]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">156.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">punggung</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[paηguη]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[puŋgoŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[puŋguaŋ</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[geger]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tangguruŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[puŋgoŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pungguong]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">157.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Putih</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[handa?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[puteh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[putiah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[piteh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bottar]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[puteh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[putio]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">158.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">rambut</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[buwo?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[rambot]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[rambui?/obua?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[rambot]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[obuk]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[rambot]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[obuok]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">159.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">rumput</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[juku?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[rumpot]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[rumpui?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[suket]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ramba]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[rumpot]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[umpuik]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">160.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sayap</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[kəpi]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sayap]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sayo?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kepa?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[habong]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kәpa?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sayok]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">161.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Satu</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[sa<sub>y</sub>]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sauteŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[cie?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[siji]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sada]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[satu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ciek]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">162.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">sedikit</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[cuti]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sadikit]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sakete?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sedi?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sahoti</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">?</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[siket]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[saketek]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">163.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Siang</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[dəharani]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[siaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[siaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?awan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[arian]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[siaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[siang]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">164.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Siapa</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[sapa]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[siapa?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sia]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sopo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[si ise]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[siapә]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[siapo]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">165.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">sempit</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[poli?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sampit]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sampi?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sempit]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[soppit]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sәmpet]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sompik]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">166.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">semua</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[ka<sub>w</sub>unin]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[suɲaan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sado/sado alah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kabeh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sude]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sәmuә]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sodo]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">167.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">suami</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[kahjoη]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lake?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[laki]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bojo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[laki]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[loki]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">168.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">sungai</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[paηkalan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[suŋai]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[bataŋ aia]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kali]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sunge]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[suŋai]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sungai</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">, kampau,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">169.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tejam</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[tajom]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tajam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tajam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[landep]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tajom]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tajam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tajam]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">170.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tahu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[panda<sub>y</sub>]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tahu?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tau]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ŋerti]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[diboto]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tau]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tawu]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">171.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tahun</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[tahun]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tahon]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[taun]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[taon]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[taon]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[taon]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tahun]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">172.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Takut</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[Raba<sub>y</sub>]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[takutan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[takui?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[wedi]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[biar]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[takot]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[takuik]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">173.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tali</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[tali]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tale?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tali]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tali]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tali]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tali]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tali]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">174.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tanah</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[tanoh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tanah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tanah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lemah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tano]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tanah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tana]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">175.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tangan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[punuh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[taŋan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[taŋan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tangan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[taŋan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[taŋan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tangan]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">176.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">terik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[taRe?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tari?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mohop]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[panas]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[terik]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">177.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">telinga</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[cupiη]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[taliŋa?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[taliŋo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kupeŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[pinggol]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tәliŋe]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[talingo]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">178.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tebal</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[tahlu<sub>y</sub>]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tabal]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[taba]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tebel]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tolor]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tәbal]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tolu]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">179.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">telur</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[hamboR]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[talor]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[talua/tolui]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?endo?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[habaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tәlo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tobang]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">180.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">terbang</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[baha/lalan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tarbaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tabaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mabor]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[mekkel]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tәrbaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tagolak]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">181.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tertawa</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[ma?wad]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tatawa?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gala?/gola?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[guyu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[dao</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ŋ</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kәtawә]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[indak]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">182.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tidak</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[tuRu<sub>y</sub>]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kada?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?inda?/?indo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ŋga?/moh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[modom]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ta?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lolok]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">183.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tidur</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[tolu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gureng]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lalo?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[turu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tolu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tido]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tigo]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">184.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tiga</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[pagas]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tiga?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tigo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[telu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tiham]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tigә]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tikam]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">185.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tikam</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[nipis]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tikam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tikam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tikem]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tipis]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tikam]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tipi]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">186.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tipis</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[səbu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tipes]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tipih]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tipis]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ombus (mang-)]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tipes]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ombui (ma-)]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">187.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tiup (me-)</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[goloη]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tiop]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ambuih]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[sebol]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[caciŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tiop, hәmbus]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[caciong]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">188.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">cacing</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[ombau]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[caceŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[caciaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[caceŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[umma]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[caceŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[cium (bau)]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">189.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">cium (bau)</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[tuha]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ciom]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[baunan/cium]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?amboŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[matua]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ciom] </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tuo]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">190.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tua</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[cuci]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tuha?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tuo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tuo/tue?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[nuci]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tuә]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[cuci]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">191.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">cuci</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[tohlaη]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tapas]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[basuah]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[basoh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[holi-holi]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[cuci]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tulang]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">192.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tulang</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[kodo<sub>y</sub>]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tulaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tulaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[baloŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tobal]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tulaŋ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tobal]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">193.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tumpul</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[kudul]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tumpol]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tumpua]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[gablu?/rak landep]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[majal]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tumpol]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tumpul]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">194.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tongkat</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[tuηko?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[toŋkat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tuŋke?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tukkot]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[toŋkat]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[tungkek]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">195.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ular</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[?ula<sub>y</sub>]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ular]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ula]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ulo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ulok]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ula]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ulek]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">196.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">usap</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[?usap]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[usap]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kusua?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?usap]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[lap]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?usap]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[usap]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">197.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">usus</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[?isa<sub>w</sub>]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[usus]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?usus]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?usos]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?usus]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[usus]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">198.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">air bah</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[wa<sub>y</sub> bala?]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[banjer]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[galodo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[banyu]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[?ae bah; banje]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ayu bah]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">199.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">musim kemarau</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[musim kəmara<sub>w</sub>]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[kamarau]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[musim paneh]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[musem kemaro]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[logo ni ari]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[musem panas, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kəmara<sub>w</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[musim koyong]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.8pt;" valign="top" width="50"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">200.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">musim hujan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.85pt;" valign="top" width="124"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[musim hujan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[musem hujan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.6pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[musim peŋujan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[musem udan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[ari rondo]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[musem ujan]</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[musim ujan]</span></div></td> </tr>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 338.7pt;" valign="top" width="452"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1, 10, 12, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 28, 36, 37, 40, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 52, 62, 71, 73, 76, 78, 80, 81, 83, 94, 95, 97, 99, 100, 103, 115, 123, 130, 131, 133, 134, 134, 139, 140, 145, 146, 148, 149, 161, 169, 173, 174, 178, 180, 185, 191, 192, 194, 196, 197.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 320.4pt;" valign="top" width="427"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 15, 16, 18, 19, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 47, 49, 53, 61, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 70, 74, 77, 79,<span> </span>82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 98, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126, 127, 129, 132, 135, 137, 138, 141, 142, 143, 144, 147, 150, 152, 153, 156, 157, 158, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 170, 171, 172, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 184, 186, 188, 189, 190, 193, 195, 200.</span></div></td> </tr>
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</div></div>sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-29144036424468968832012-01-03T16:55:00.000-08:002012-01-03T16:55:30.584-08:00MENULIS GAZAL, NAZAM, SONETA, SELOKA, DAN PUISI BEBAS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">MENULIS PANTUN MELAYU</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ASPEK PENILAIAN PANTUN:</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sampiran:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika sampiran mempunyai makna (kearifan lokal/cara pandang orang Melayu lokal), diberi skor 20</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika sampiran mempunyai makna yang transparan/mudah dipahami, diberi skor 10</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Isi:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika isi mengandung makna kias (pemahaman luas), diberi skor 20</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika isi mengandung pesan terbuka, diberi skor 10</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rima:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika pantun hanya memiliki rima akhir, diberi skor 5</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika pantun memiliki rima akhir dan rima awal, diberi skor 10</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika pantun memiliki rima akhir, rima awal dan rima tengah, diberi skor 15</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika pantun memiliki rima akhir, rima awal, rima tengah dan rima horizontal, diberi skor 20</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kata dan suku kata:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Baris pada pantun yang terdiri atas 4-5 kata atau 8-12 suku kata berskor 5</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika setiap baris pantun terdiri atas 4-5 kata atau 8-12 suku kata, diberi skor 20</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hubungan antara sampiran dan isi:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika antara sampiran dan isi memiliki hubungan yang erat (memiliki benang merah) dan memiliki kualitas, diberi skor 20</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika antara sampiran dan isi tidak saling berhubungan dan sampiran hanya mengantarkan isi, diberi skor 10</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">PANTUN MELAYU:</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">tiada guna resam disimpan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">baik dibuat tali rumbia</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">tiada guna dendam disimpan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">baik dibuang dari jiwa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sungguh manis rasanya madu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">madu didapat dari lebah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sungguh manis rasanya rindu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">rindu mendapat rahmat allah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sungguh indah rumah melayu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">tangga beratap daun rumbia</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sungguh ramah gadis melayu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">menjaga sikap santun bahasa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">jika tuan tinggal di pulau</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">hendaklah rajin bercocok tanam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">jika tuan pergi merantau</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">hendaklah<span> </span>kampung dilupa jangan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">bukit gading banyak batunya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">bukit terletak di pulau kundur</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sakit di hati tiada terasa </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sakit diobati dengan syukur</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">lukah dipasang dalam parit</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">lukah berumpan ikan asin</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">berkah terkadang dalam pahit</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">berdoalah insan sertakan <i>amin</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">jika manggis makan sembarang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">alamat badan dapat mudarat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">jika malas kerjakan sembahyang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">alamat badan di akhirat sesat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">asal kelapa menjadi santan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">santan diolah menjadi minyak</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">amal dijaga memupuk iman </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">rajin ibadah pahala pun banyak</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">jika nenas tanam di ladang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sempatkan tuan memasang jerat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">jika malas kerjakan sembahyang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">alamat badan mendapat mudarat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">makan seluang dengan sagu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">seluangnya maung sagunya repak</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">makan petang jangan selalu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">peluangnya kenyang sembahyang tidak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NAZAM</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ciri-ciri:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Terdiri atas 12 baris sebait</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rancak</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Isinya lebih luas, biasanya berisi tentang hikayat dan anjuran</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Isinya bebas tentang suatu kisah bukan perasaan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Satu-kesatuan (1 babak cerita)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nazam lebih kreatif daripada syair</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kata-katanya boleh diulang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">:</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NAZAM KEHIDUPAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kehidupan adalah anugerah</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Anugerah yang diberikan Allah</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hendaklah bersyukur kita selalu</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk menenangkan kalbu</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ibarat air di waktu subuh</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sejuk dan suci laksana penyembuh</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jangan biarkan ia keruh</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jangan hadapi dengan keluh</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika tak pandai berpedoman</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jatuh ke jurang curam dan terjal</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bentengi diri dengan iman</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Agar tak risau ketika ajal</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">GAZAL </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ciri-ciri:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Terdiri atas 4 baris sebait</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ceria</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Melukiskan suatu keadaan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Muncul larik yang diulang (seolah-olah berkait)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1 bait = 1 keadaan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Menceritakan keadaan pada bait 1 ke bait selanjutnya jika cerita belum selesai</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Melanjutkan cerita dengan cara mengulang kata pada bait 1 (tidak mutlak)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Diiringi musik (gambus)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tidak ada sampiran</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kisah Muda-mudi untuk mengungkapkan perasaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh:</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">GAZAL SI BUJANG</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Anak bujang bermain gambus</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gambus sebagai pengiring gazal</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Cinta di hati teramat tulus</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kepada bujang berambut ikal</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Anak bujang bermain gambus</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Teramat merdu terdengar melodi</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lihatlah bujang berambut lurus</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dia pun pandai memikat hati</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">SELOKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata <i>seloka</i> diambil dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sansekerta" title="Bahasa Sansekerta"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">bahasa Sansekerta</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloka" title="Sloka"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">sloka</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam bahasa Melayu disebut <i>seloroh</i>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Seloka</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> ini merupakan <span>pantun</span> berantai atau pantun berkait, berisi empat <span>baris</span> dalam tiap <span>bait</span>nya, dan terdiri atas beberapa <span>bait</span>. <span>Ciri</span> khas <span>Seloka</span> ini adalah <span>baris kedua</span> pada <span>bait pertama</span> menjadi baris pertama pada <span>bait kedua</span>; <span>baris keempat</span> pada <span>bait pertama </span>menjadi <span>baris ketiga</span> pada<span> bait kedua</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Hal ini tidak mutlak, kita bisa menulis seloka dengan memvariasikan letak larik seloka tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">daun cenduduk pahit rasanya </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">daun untuk penyembuh luka</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gadis melayu santun bahasanya</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">siapa mendengar kagum pastinya</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">daun untuk penyembuh luka</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">diberi nama daun cenduduk</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">siapa mendengar kagum pastinya</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">suara merdu putri Datuk</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">daun cenduduk pahit rasanya</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">meskipun pahit banyak manfaatnya</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">daun untuk penyembuh luka</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">obat tradisional di kampung kita</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gadis Melayu santun bahasanya</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">parasnya elok malu dijaga</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">siapa mendengar kagum pstinya</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">jika sopan dalam berkata</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">daun cenduduk pahit rasanya</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dijadikan obat oleh manusia</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gadis Melayu santun bahasanya</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam berkata menjaga etika</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">daun cenduduk pahit rasanya </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">namun banyak mengandung khasiat</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">siapa mendengar kagum pastinya</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">jika mahasiswa UR sedang berdebat</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">daun cenduduk pahit rasanya </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">khasiatnya banyak untuk manusia</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">daun untuk penyembuh luka</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mari kita jaga kelestariannya</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">daun untuk penyembuh luka</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">salah satunya daun cenduduk</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gadis melayu santun bahasanya</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">wajah manis selalu tertunduk</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gadis melayu santun bahasanya</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pandai berpantun juga seloka</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">siapa mendengar kagum pastinya</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sikap agung menjunjung budaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">PUISI BARU</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 2cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Puisi baru sudah mulai meninggalkan aturan-aturan dalam puisi lama. Hanya saja dalam puisi baru masih memperhatikan jumlah baris dalam tiap baitnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Adapun puisi baru</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">, <b>berdasarkan bentuknya bisa dibedakan sebagai berikut:</b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Distikon</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, adalah puisi yang tiap baitnya terdiri atas dua baris (puisi dua seuntai).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kutaburkan Mawar</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gerimis merdu menyapa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Diiringi Pesona sang surya </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gulita hati tenangkan dinda</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Terbaring kaku sejak senja</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ibaku menanti fajar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tak jua hadir sinar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ingin engkau daku kunjungi </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ke wilayah bidadari</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kini berdiri aku menghadap nisan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kutaburkan bunga dari taman</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 180pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Semoga harumnya satukan kita</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 180pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Meski kini kau tak lagi nyata</span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><strong><span lang="IN">Tersina</span></strong><span lang="IN">, adalah puisi yang tiap baitnya terdiri atas tiga baris (puisi tiga seuntai). </span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Contoh:</span><span></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kasihku</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kasihku cantik pujaan insan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hatinya lembut suaranya pelan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Belainya halus gadis idaman<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kutabur cinta lewat bahasa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kusemai janji bersama ilahi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kuikat erat di jari manisnya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Inginkan abadi kasihku sayang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hidup berdampingan berkekalan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hingga berakhir sang zaman</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><br />
</div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><strong><span>Kuatrin</span></strong><span>, adalah puisi yang tiap baitnya terdiri atas empat baris (puisi empat seuntai).</span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span>Contoh:</span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cinta Bayang</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terusik telingaku</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh merdu sapa isakmu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melambung bagai kapas-kapas</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kau merayu menahan nafas</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Isakmu inginkan kembali</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aku hina tak ingin berbagi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cinta ini tak bisa kau kuasai</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Enggan aku bercinta lagi<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aku kini bebas di awang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cintaku hanya untuk bayang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Temani aku sepanjang hari</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tak pernah ia menyakiti</span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><strong><span>Kuin</span></strong><span>, adalah puisi yang tiap baitnya terdiri atas</span><span lang="IN"> lima</span><span> baris (puisi lima seuntai). </span></div><div style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span>Contoh:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bunda</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kutatap wajah lesu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Merawatku sepanjang waktu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tak ada keluh kesah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ketika aku mulai bertingkah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hadapiku penuh kesabaran</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bundaku yang berjasa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kaulah malaikat cinta</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Anugerah terindah dari pencipta</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kusayangimu sepanjang usia</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Takkan kubiarkan kau terluka</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tak ingin berpisah darimu bunda</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Meski hanya sejengkal saja</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kuingin nikmati hidup di sisimu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bersama hangat belai kasihmu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sampai berakhir waktu</span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><strong><span>Sektet</span></strong><span>, adalah puisi yang tiap baitnya terdiri atas enam baris (puisi enam seuntai).</span><span> </span><span></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Contoh:</span><span></span></div><div style="margin: 5pt 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Permainan Hukum Negeri</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Katanya ini negara demokrasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rakyat miskin dilindungi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Setiap suara dihargai</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Aspirasi rakyat dijunjung tinggi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kekuasaan di tangan politisi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Terkadang bertindak sesuaka hati</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hidup rakyat makin melarat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hidup pejabat laksana konglomerat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rakyat jelata ditangkap aparat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Koruptor negara berkeliaran di merata tempat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hukum negeri seakan mati</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Benar dan salah tak bisa diadili</span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><strong><span>Septim</span></strong><strong><span lang="IN">a</span></strong><span>, adalah puisi yang tiap baitnya terdiri atas tujuh baris (tujuh seuntai). </span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span>Contoh</span><span lang="IN">:</span><span></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bertukar Masa</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bunga bangsa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kau mekar sepanjang masa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kaulah pecinta sejati</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Berkorban tanpa syarat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mengusir penjajah keparat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Berjuang tuk satu tujuan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 108pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Meraih kemerdekaan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Andai kita bertukar masa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kukan merasa sakitnya disiksa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Diinjak oleh sekutu<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Berperang satu lawan seribu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jasad terbakar menjadi abu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tubuh berlumur darah<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Namun tak pernah berniat menyerah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pahlawanku</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kuingin kau tahu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kini negara kita tak jua maju</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Moral semakin rusak</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Koruptor terus bertindak</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hukum tak lagi tegak</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hanya di dalam hati kami berontak</span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><strong><span>Stanza/Oktav</span></strong><span>, adalah puisi yang tiap baitnya terdiri atas delapan baris (double ku</span><span lang="IN">a</span><span>trin atau puisi delapan seuntai). </span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span>Contoh:</span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Senja di Kalibata</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gugur bunga di Kalibata</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Disemayamkan di pusara</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Datang aku membawa melati</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Niat hati ingin mengunjungi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Para pahlawan pembela bangsa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ku datang beriring doa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Berharap kau selalu bahagia</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Di sisi sang maha kuasa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Namamu kukenali<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Melalui sejarah kupelajari</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perjuanganmu yang gigih</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hatimu yang bersih</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pengorbananmu dalam peristiwa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Membakar semangat di dada</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dari pagi hingga senja</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 144pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Akhirnya gugur bunga di kalibata</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Soneta</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Soneta adalah bentuk kesusasteraan Italia yang lahir kira-kira pertengahan abad ke-13 di kota Florance. Soneta ialah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">puisi yang terdiri atas empat belas baris yang terbagi menjadi dua, dua bait pertama masing-masing empat baris dan dua bait kedua masing-masing tiga baris. Soneta berasal dari kata sonneto (Itali) perubahan dari kata sono yang berarti suara. Jadi dapat dikatakan bahwa soneta adalah puisi yang bersuara. Di Indonesia soneta masuk dari negeri Belanda diperkenalkan oleh Muh. Yamin dan Roestam Effendi, karena itulah mereka berdualah yang dianggap sebagai ”Pelopor/Bapak Soneta Indonesia”. Bentuk soneta Indonesia tidak lagi tunduk pada syarat-syarat soneta Italia atau Inggris, tetapi lebih mempunyai kebebasan dalam segi isi maupun rimanya. Yang menjadi pegangan adalah jumlah barisnya (empat belas baris).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ciri-ciri soneta:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Terdiri atas 14 baris</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Terdiri atas 4 bait, yang terdiri atas 2 quatrain dan 2 terzina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dua quatrain merupakan sampiran dan merupakan satu kesatuan yang disebut octav.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dua terzina merupakan isi dan merupakan satu kesatuan disebut sextet.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bagian sampiran biasanya berupa gambaran alam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sextet berisi curahan atau jawaban atau kesimpulan daripada apa yang dilukiskan dalam ocvtav, jadi sifatnya subjektif.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Peralihan dari octav ke sextet disebut volta</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penambahan baris pada soneta disebut koda.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jumlah suku kata dalam tiap-tiap baris biasanya antara 8 – 14 suku kata</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rima akhirnya tidak terikat, contoh a – b – b – a, a – b – b – a, c – d–c, d–c–d.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh:</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mahkota Bintan</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tersebut kisah Mahkota Bintan</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bak mentari mennyinari negeri</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Seharum kasturi nama Sang Raja</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bikajsana laksana utusan Dewa</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gagah perwira Mahkota Bintan</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bersinar singgasananya laksana intan</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Seperti Beringin di tengah hutan</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lindungi rakyat beri kesejukan</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mahkota Bintan gemar berburu</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tuk menghibur hati yang gulana</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Karena tiada pelipur jiwa</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mahkota Bintan selalu sepi</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tiada jua temukan Putri</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sudah lelah Baginda mencari </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">PUISI BEBAS</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Puisi bebas adalah puisi tidak berpola namun masih terpengaruh oleh puisi berpola. Hal </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">yang dipentingkan dalam jenis puisi ini adalah kandungan isi bukan bentuk. Kandungan isi dimaksudkan sebagai ekspresi bebas dari jiwanya, dari pengungkapan rasa pribadinya. Kalau perlu bahasa pun dapat tunduk kepada isinya. Sajak-sajak ini merupakan salah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> satu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> ciri angkatan 45.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ciri-ciri:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai pembaharuan puisi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Memiliki runtutan dalam puisi </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gagasan tidak bisa sungsang (gagasan yang runtun)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bukan hasil pemikiran namun dari perasaan; bahasa kejujuran.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Banyak menggunakan bahasa tersirat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kental dengan metafor dan sulit dipahami </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Imajinasi liar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bebas, tidak terikat dengan segala ketentuan </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tidak terlalu memperhatikan pola baris, pola rima, jumlah kata, pola larik, dan sebagainya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tetap memiliki pengaruh terhadap puisi lama/budaya lama/mengacu pada pola lama</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Biasanya lariknya tidak berupa kalimat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kekuatan bahasa = bahasa apresiatif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Puisi bisa pendek/panjang </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Contoh:</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">BALADA BERKASIH</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sejenak kau toleh jiwa ini</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">mengganggu aliran darah</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Seolah memecah segala gundah</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lembayung hatimu kini menghampiri</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mengisi kekosongan hati</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kuingin kau selalu di sisi</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hadirmu menyeka kesendirianku</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kunikmati indahnya di sampingmu</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Merajut angan dan kasih</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Menuai benih cinta yang tertanam</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bahagiaku seakan di awang</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kau buatku melayang</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Setelah jauh kuterbang</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kau hempaskan ke jurang</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hati ini kau sakiti</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kau nodai tulus cinta ini</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kau pergi dengan mencintai lain hati</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kusimpan segala lara ini</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam lumbung hati yang perih</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tiada hinaan yang kulontar</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tetap doa jua kukirimkan</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sebelum cinta kutemui</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ingin surga datangi aku</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Setelah cinta terhianati</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ingin jeda hunus hidupku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></div></div>sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-76035783967596267582011-09-20T22:36:00.000-07:002011-09-20T22:36:07.978-07:00BAHASA PUISI SUTARDJI CALZOUM BAHRI<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkeSGOIzc2KFO5zTTeIUsCl8BkQkdJBbknKBvsTW3poXF_cXHt55-o46KoeSmGDV-hDdBBVEvkP5ZdiNF7eHZ9spOz5XkdeikdBy0hO-KMxTgw2owcFIyZsp5Obphh9c1xVGHOi5bDusLo/s1600/Kfc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkeSGOIzc2KFO5zTTeIUsCl8BkQkdJBbknKBvsTW3poXF_cXHt55-o46KoeSmGDV-hDdBBVEvkP5ZdiNF7eHZ9spOz5XkdeikdBy0hO-KMxTgw2owcFIyZsp5Obphh9c1xVGHOi5bDusLo/s200/Kfc.jpg" width="153" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.1<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang Masalah</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemahaman bahasa puisi sangat penting dalam memahami karya sastra, khususnya puisi. Meskipun hal ini sangat penting, sampai sekarang dalam penelitian kesusastraan Indonesia modern, penelitian bahasa puisi secara khusus dapat dikatakan belum ada yang memuaskan. Penelitian bahasa puisi yang sudah pernah dilakukan antara lain terhadap puisi Chairil Anwar. Penelitian ini khusus pada sajak-sajak Chairil Anwar agar pembaca dapat membaca dan menafsirkannya dari struktur bahasanya. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada umumnya peninjauan puisi Indonesia modern yang sudah ada lebih dititikberatkan pada tinjauan isi pikiran, pandangan hidup penyair, serta masalah-masalah yang dibeberkan dalam sajaknya, misalnya, penelitian yang dilakukan pleh H.B Jassin (1967). Tinjauan H.B Jassin (1967) itu dilakukan terhadap antara lain sajak-sajak Mohammad Ali, Toto Sudarto Bachtiar, Ajip Rosidi, dan Subagio Sastrowardjojo.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam menganalisis puisi, faktor kebahasaan sangat penting, bahkan dapat dikatakan terpenting karena kepuitisan utama dalam sajak terletak dalam bahasanya. Tanpa kepuitisan, puisi hampir tidak berguna untuk dikatakan karya seni sastra. Hal ini berhubung dengan hakikat sastra sendiri, seperti yang dikemukakan oleh Rene Wellek dalam Pradopo (1979: 2) bahwa sastra itu adalah karya rekaan (<i>imaginative) </i>yang unsur estetisnya dominan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Masalah </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis ini dikhususkan pada analisis bahasa sajak-sajak Sutardji Calzoum Bachri. Sajak-sajak Sutardji ini memiliki sisfat-sifat istimewa karena kebaruannya, ada yang mengatakan bahwa sajak-sajaknya telah dapat menggantikan kedudukan sajak-sajak Chairil Anwar dalam perannya untuk memperkembangkan perpuisian Indonesia modern selanjutnya (Junus, 1976; Toda 1977, 1978).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahasa puisi yang merupakan lapis arti yang kedua meliputi bermacam-macam unsur, yang merupakan bagian-bagiannya, di antaranya kosa kata, faktor ketatabahasaan, bahasa kiasan, citraan (<i>imagery</i>), sarana retorika, dan gaya kalimat puisi. Dalam makalah ini diuraikan bahasa puisi Sutardji Calzoum Bachri berdasarkan urutan yang demikian itu. Dalam pembicaraan bahasa puisi, perlu pula dibicarakan kepuitisannya. Hal ini mengingat bahwa bahasa puisi itu mempunyai sifat tersendiri, lain dari bahasa sehari-hari atau bahasa ilmiah, sesuai dengan hakikat sastra, yaitu karya imaginatif bahasa yang unsur estetisnya dominan (Wellek, 1976: 25).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain rangkaian satuan arti itu menimbulkan pengertian yang lengkap dalam puisi disusun sedemikian rupa sehingga menimbulkan efek puitis dan menimbulkan nilai estetis pada sajak. Rangkaian itu dalam konteks beraneka ragam coraknya. Di samping itu, bahasa puisi bukan semata-mata berisi arti kamus saja, melainkan juga berisi kiasan, yaitu semacam arti tambahan atau konotasinya. Bahkan, ada sekelompok kata yang terkemuka arti kiasannya, sedang arti kamusnya “hilang” atau “lebur”, sehingga kata-kata itu merupakan bahasa kiasan. Berdasarkan hal itu, dalam makalah ini dibentangkan bermacam-macam hubungankata dalam konteks dan jenis-jenis satuan arti yang mengandung arti kiasan yang keduanya menimbulkan efek puitis. Namun, uraian tentang bahasa puisi dalam makalah ini dibatasi pada analisis kosa kata, faktor kebahasaan, bahasa kiasan, citraan, dan sarana pokok saja, demi intensifnya hasil analisis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.3<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis ini<span> </span>bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana corak bahasa puisi serta kepuitisan sajak-sajak Indonesia modern umumnya, sajak-sajak Sutardji Calzoum Bachri khususnya. Hal ini akan terlihat melalui analisis terhadap sajak-sajaknya. Di samping itu, analisis ini bertujuan untuk memahami puisi Indonesia pada umumnya serta perkembangan bahasa puisi modern khususnya. Hal ini dilakukan melaui analisis sajak-sajak penyair yang menjadi tonggak perkembangan puisi Indonesia modern itu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.4<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode Penelitian </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis ini menggunakan metode struktural, yaitu metode analisis terhadap struktur bahasa puisi ke dalam unsur-unsur pembentukannya. Kemudian metode struktural ini menghubung-hubungkan bagian-bagian itu dan menghubungkan bagian-bagian keseluruhan dalam urutan-urutan linguistik suatu teks. Maksudnya, untuk mengetahui pola umum hubungan-hubungan itu (Becker, 1978: 3)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dikemukakan oleh Roman Ingarden (Wellek dalam Pradopo, 1979:2) bahwa sesungguhnya puisi itu merupakan struktur norma-norma (<i>struktur of norms). </i>Puisi itu terdiri daari lapis-lapis norma, norma yang atas menimbulkan lapis-lapis norma di bawahnya. Norma teratas adalah lapis bunyi yang menimbulkan lapis norma di bawahnya, yaitu lapis satuan arti yang menimbulkan lapis di bawahnya lagi, yaitu lapis objek, latar, tokoh, dan dunia pengarang dalam makalah ini, lapis kedualah yyang di analisis, yaitu lapis arti yang merupakan struktur bahasa puisi. Lapis arti ini merupakan sebuah struktur, yang terdiri dari bagian-bagian yang saling berhubungan, jaliln-menjalin secara eerat. Bahasa puisi merupakan lapis satuan-satuan arti dari satuan-satuan arti dari satuan terkecil sampai yang terluas, yaitu fonem, suku kata, kata, frase, kalimat, dan kelompok kalimat. Namun, dalam makalah ini dimulai dari kata, yang merupakan satuan arti minimum. Jadi, tidak dimulai dari fonem atau suku kata.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.5<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Teknik Analisis Data</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembaca membaca kumpulan puisi <i>Sampai </i>karya Sutardji Calzoum Bachri yang akan dianalisis secara keseluruhan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengidentifikasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengklasifikasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Interpretasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menyimpulkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAHASA PUISI SUTARDJI CALZOUM BAHRI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Setiap penyair mempunyai gaya tersendiri dalam penggunaan bahasa pada sajak-sajaknya. Hal ini ditentukan oleh jalinan-jalinan bahasanya, mulai dari kosa kata, bentuk tata bahasa, pemilihan kata, sampai dengan penggunaan kalimatnya. Untuk mengetahui strukturnya yang kompleks ini perlu ada analisis, seperti yang dikatakan Knox C. Hill (1966: 6) bahwa suatu tulisan yang rumit (kompleks) dapat dimengerti dengan baik hanya jika dianalisis. Ada bermacam-macam cara menganalisis, tetapi tidak semua analisis sama baiknya. Sebuah analisis yang tidak tepat hanya akan menghasilkan fragmen-fragmen. Selanjutnya dikatakan oleh Hill bahwa analisis yang bagus akan menunjukkan bagian sebagai bagian, dan akan membawa suatu pengertian tentang keseluruhan sebagai suatu keseluruhan. Dengan demikian, dalam analisis yang berikut penulis menggunakan pendekatan struktural, yaitu pendekatan yang menganalisis struktur bahasa puisi ke dalam unsur-unsur pembentukannya. Analisis struktural karya sastra dapat dilakukan dengan identifikasi dan mendeskripsikan fungsi dan hubungan antar unsur . hubungan itulah yang menjadi hakikat analisis struktural. Jadi, tidak hanya sebatas menguraikan saja. Analisis struktural yang menarik karena menunjukkan hubungan antar unsur. Masalah unsur dan hubungan antar unsur merupakan hal yang penting dalam pendekatan ini. Unsur bahasa misalnya, terdiri dari unsur fonologi, morfologi, dan sintaksis, maka dalam studi linguistik pun dikenal adanya studi fonetik, fonemik, morfologi, dan sintaksis. Maka, dalam analisis ini akan dipandang bagian-bagian atau unsur-unsur bahasa tersebut dan tidak terpisah dari bagian-bagiannya yang lain, dalam arti bahwa tiap-tiap unsur atau bagian itu mempunyai efek puitis hanya dalam konteks dengan unsur-unsur yang lain, yang erat hubungannya. Hal ini disebabkan oleh sajak itu sebuah organisme seperti yang dikemukakan oleh Altenbernd (1966: 29), yang substansinya tidak terpisah dari bentuk yang dimilikinya. Begitu juga dikemukakan oleh Culler (1977: 170 – 171) bahwa ada koherensi antara unsur-unsur karya sastra dan unsur-unsur itu tidak otonom, tetapi bagian dari situasi yang kompleks yang disumbangnya dan daripadanya bagian-bagian itu mendapatkan artinya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dengna demikian, pada dasarnya analisis struktural bertujuan memaparkan secermat mungkin fungsi dan kerterkaitan antar berbagai unsur karya sastra yagn secara bersama menghasilkan sebuah kemenyeluruhan. Analisis struktural tak cukup dilakukan hanya sekedar mendata unsur tertentu sebuah karya fiksi. Namun, yang lebih penting adalah menunjukkan bagaimana hubungan antar unsur itu, dan sumbangan apa yang diberikan terhadap tujuan estetik dan makna keseluruhan yang ingin dicapai. Hal ini perlu dilakukan mengingiat bahwa karya sastra merupakan sebuah struktur yang kompleks dan unik, di samping setiap karya mempunyai ciri kekomplekan dan keunikannya sendiri (Jalil dan Rahman, 2004: 181)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisis struktural karya sastra, yang dalam hal ini puisi, dapat dilakukan dengan mendidentifikasi, mengklasifikasi, dan kemudian menginterpretasi. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebelum menganalisis antologi puisi Sutardji berdasarkan pendekatan struktural, penulis akan mengidentifikasi puisi Sutardji Calzoum Bachri yang berkaitan dengan kosa kata, faktor ketatabahasaan, bahasa kiasan, citraan, dan sarana retorika. Dalam identifikasi ini, sajak yang dianalisis karena memiliki kosa kata yang menunjukkan ciri khas Sutardji dalam menggunakan kosa kata sehari-hari adalah sajak “</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jadi”. Sajak-sajak yang dianalisis untuk mengetahui penyimpangan ketatabahasaan yang dilakukan Sutardji berupa penghapusan tanda baca adalah sajak “Sampai”, “Tak”, “Satu”, “Sejak”, “Tangan”, dan “Para Peminum”. Penyimpangan ketatabahasaan yang dilakukan Sutardji berupa penggabungan dua kata atau lebih adalah sajak “Orang Yang Tuhan”. Penyimpangan ketatabahasaan yang dilakukan Sutardji berupa penghilangan imbuhan adalah sajak “Nuh” dan “Perjalanan Kubur”. Penyimpangan ketatabahasaan yang dilakukan Sutardji berupa pemutusan kata adalah sajak “Q”. Penyimpangan ketatabahasaan yang dilakukan Sutardji berupa pembentukan jenis kata sajak “Orang Yang Tuhan”. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam kajian bahasa kiasan, sajak Sutardji yang kaya akan metafora adalah sajak “Batu” dan “Jadi”. Sajak Sutardji yang menggunakan kiasan personifikasi adalah sajak “Sop”. Sajak Sutardji yang menggunakan kiasan sinekdos adalah sajak “Batu”. Dalam kajian citraan, sajak yang dianalisis adalah sajak “Mantera” dan “Batu”. Dalam kajian sarana retorika, sajak yang dianalisis pada retorika ulangan adalah sajak “Pil”, “Batu”, Orang Yang Tuhan”, dan “Jadi”.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Setelah mengidentifikasi, penulis mengklasifikasikan bahwa dalam antologi puisi Sutardji <i>Sampai</i>, terdapat 16 buah sajak Sutardji. Penulis mengklasifikasikan bahwa sajak yang dianalisis karena memiliki kosa kata yang menunjukkan ciri khas Sutardji dalam menggunakan kosa kata sehari-hari adalah 1 buah, yaitu sajak “Jadi”. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sajak-sajak yang dianalisis untuk menunjukkan penyimpangan ketatabahasaan yang dilakukan Sutardji berupa penghapusan tanda baca adalah 6 buah sajak, yaitu sajak “Sampai”, “Tak”, “Satu”, “Sejak”, “Tangan”, dan “Para Peminum”. Sajak yang dianalisis untuk mengetahui penyimpangan ketatabahasaan yang dilakukan Sutardji berupa penggabungan dua kata atau lebih adalah 1 buah, yaitu<span> </span>sajak “Orang Yang Tuhan”.<span> </span>Sajak yang dianalisis untuk mengetahui penyimpangan ketatabahasaan yang dilakukan Sutardji berupa penghilangan imbuhan adalah 2 buah sajak, yaitu sajak “Nuh” dan “Perjalanan Kubur”. Sajak yang dianalisis untuk mengetahui penyimpangan ketatabahasaan yang dilakukan Sutardji berupa pemutusan kata adalah 1 buah sajak, yaitu sajak “Q”. Sajak yang dianalisis untuk mengetahui penyimpangan ketatabahasaan yang dilakukan Sutardji berupa pembentukan jenis kata adalah 1 buah sajak, yaitu sajak “Orang Yang Tuhan”.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Dalam kajian bahasa kiasan, terdapat 2 buah sajak Sutardji yang kaya akan metafora, yaitu<span> </span>sajak “Batu” dan “Jadi”. Sajak Sutardji yang dianalisis karena menggunakan kiasan personifikasi ada 1 buah, yaitu sajak “Sop”. Analisis Sajak Sutardji yang menggunakan kiasan sinekdos adalah 1 buah sajak, yaitu sajak “Batu”. Dalam kajian citraan, sajak yang dianalisis adalah 2 buah sajak, yaitu “Mantera” dan “Batu”. Dalam kajian sarana retorika, ada 4 sajak yang dianalisis pada retorika ulangan, yaitu sajak “Pil”, “Batu”, Orang Yang Tuhan”, dan “Jadi”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan proses identifikasi dan klasifikasi yang telah dilakukan penulis, penulis menginterpretasikan bahwa kosa kata yang digunakan Sutardji dalan sajaknya adalah bahasa sehari-hari, meskipun ada kata-katanya yang tidak bisa ditemukan maknanya dalam kamus bahasa Indonesia. Sutardji juga melakukan penyimpangan dari tata bahasa normatif dalam sajaknya untuk intensitas dan mendapatkan ekspresivitas sebanyak-banyaknya. Sutardji juga banyak menggunakan kiasan dan citraan dalam sajaknya. Sajaknya juga tidak luput dari ulangan yang berlebih-lebihan, ulangan beruntun, dan berderet-deret.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sutardji Calzoum Bachri tampil sekitar tahun 1967. Ia<span> </span>penyair yang mulai menggemparkan dunia sastra Indonesia sekitar tahun 1972 – 1973, yaitu dengan pembacaan sajak-sajak yang bernapas baru yang dikumpulkan dalam kumpulan <i>O, </i>yang pertama kali terbit dalam bentuk stensilan tahun 1973. Sajak-sajak Sutardji itu dianggap oleh sementara orang sebagai sajak-sajak yang sudah mengganitikan kedudukan sajak-sajak Chairil Anwar untuk memimpin perkembangan puisi Indonesiamodern selanjutnya. Sebab sajak-sajak Sutardji sungguh-sungguh baru, lain dari corak sajak-sajak Chairil Anwar. Dengan hadirnya sajak-sajak Sutardji ini mulailah perkembangan baru dalam dunia perpuisian Indonesia. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sutardi Calzoum Bachri dilahirkan di Riau, tempat asal bahasa Indonesia. Setelah lulus SMA ia melanjutkan studinya ke Fakultas Sosial Politik jurusan Administrasi Negara, Universitas Pajajaran, Bandung, kemudian ia</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> mengirimkan sajak-sajak dan esainya ke media massa di Jakarta, seperti Sinar Harapan, Kompas, Berita Buana, majalah bulanan Horison, dan Budaya Jaya. Dari sajak-sajaknya itu Sutardji memperlihatkan dirinya sebagai pembaharu perpuisian Indonesia. terutama karena konsepnya tentang kata yang hendak dibebaskan dari kungkungan pengertian dan dikembalikannya pada fungsi kata seperti dalam mantra. Di samping itu, ia mengirimkan sajak-sajaknya ke surat kabar lokal, seperti Pikiran Rakyat di Bandung dan Haluan di Padang. Sutardji Calzoum Bachri selain menulis juga aktif dalam berbagai kegiatan, misalnya mengikuti International Poetry Reading di Rotterdam (Belanda) pada musim panas 1974, mengikuti International Writing Program di Universitas Iowa, Iowa City, USA (Oktober 1974—April 1975). Sutardji juga menunjukkan cara baru yang unik dan memikat dalam pembacaan puisi di Indonesia. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sejumlah sajaknya telah diterjemahkan Harry Aveling ke dalam bahasa Inggris dan dikumpulkan dalam antologi <i>Arjuna in Meditation </i>(Calcuta, India), <i>writting from the world (</i>Amerika Serikat), <i>Westerly Review (</i>Australia) dan dalam dua antologi berbahasa Belanda: <i>Dichters in Rotterdam </i>(Rotterdamse Kunststichting, 1975) dan <i>Ik wil nog duizend jaar leven, negen moderne Indonesische dichters (</i>1979<i>). </i>dan tahun 1979 itu Sutardji berangkat ke Bangkok, Thailand untuk menerima hadiah <i>South East Asia Write Award </i>(S.E.A Award) atas prestasinya dalam sastra.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bersama Kiai Haji Mustofa Bisri dan taufiq Ismail, ia pernah diundang ke Pertemuan International Para Pelajar di Bagdad, Irak, pernah diundang Menteri keuangan Malaysia, Dato Anwar Ibrahim, untuk membacakan puisinya di Departemen Keuangan Malaysia, mengikuti berbagai pertemuan Sastrawan ASEAN, Pertemuan Sastrawan Nusantara di Singapura, malaysia, dan Brunei Darussalam, serta pada tahun 1997 Sutardji membaca puisi di Festival Puisi International Medellin, Columbia.Beberapa karyanya adalah O (Kumpulan Puisi, 1973), Amuk (Kumpulan Puisi, 1977), dan Kapak (Kumpulan Puisi, 1979). <i><span> </span>O Amuk Kapak </i>merupakan penerbitan yang lengkap sajak-sajak Sutardji Calzoum Bachri dari periode penulisan 1966 – 1979. Tiga kumpulan sajak ini mencerminkan secara jelas pembaharuan yang dilakukannya terhadap puisi Indonesia. Selain itu, puisi-puisinya juga dimuat dalam berbagai antologi, antara lain Arjuna in Meditation (Calcutta, India, 1976), Writing from The Word (USA), Westerly Review (Australia), Dchters in Rotterdam (Rotterdamse Kunststechting, 1975), Ik Wil Nogdulzendjaar Leven, Negh Moderne Indonesische Dichter (1979), Laut Biru, Langit Biru (Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1977), Parade Puisi Indonesia (1990), majalah Tenggara, Journal of Southeast Asean Lietrature 36 dan 37 (1997), dan Horison Sastra Indonesia: Kitab Puisi (2002).Sementara itu, esainya berjudul Gerak Esai dan Ombak Sajak Anno 2001 dan Hujan Kelon dan Puisi 2002 mengantar kumpulan puisi “Bentara”. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Seperti telah disebutkan sebelumnya, bahwa setiap penyair mempunyai kekhususan dalam mempergunakan bahasa dalam sajak-sajaknya. Sutardji Calzoum Bachri pun mempunyai kekhususan dalam penggunaan bahasa dalam sajaknya yang dapat menimbulkan kepuitisan tertentu. Oleh karena itu, dalam analisis ini akan diuraikan kosa kata, faktor ketatabahasaan, bahasa kiasan, citraan, dan sarana retorika.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kosa Kata</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk mencapai kepuitisan dalam sajak-sajaknya, Sutardji merangkaikan kata-kata dari kosa kata sehari-hari. Ada juga beberapa kata yang tidak biasa dipergunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari yang umum. Namun, barangkali dipengaruhi oleh penggunaan bahasa Indonesia secara lokal, mengingat bahwa Sutardji dilahirkan dan dibesarkan di daerah Riau, yang dianggap asal bahasa Indonesia. misanya saja, kata <i>puake </i>(puaka = hantu penunggu), <i>seligi </i>(tombak bambu), <i>payau </i>(agak asin), <i>dedak </i>(dedak padi, serbuk halus), dipakai dalam frase: <i>gapaiku dedak dan langit dadu </i>dadu = merah muda). Ada sebuah kata yang tidak dapat ditemukan dalam kamus Poerwadarminta, yaitu <i>ngilai </i>(barangkali sama dengan <i>ngilu</i>). Meskipun demikian, pada umumnya yang dipergunakannya adalah kata-kata biasa atau kata-kata sehari-hari, misalnya:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">JADI</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap derita</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jadi luka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap sepi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jadi duri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap tanda</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jadi makna</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap tanya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jadi ragu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap jawab</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jadi sebab</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap seru</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jadi mau</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap tangan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jadi pegang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap kabar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jadi tahu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap luka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jadi kaca</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>memandang Kau</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>pada wajahku!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>(hal. 14)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada sajak “Jadi” di atas, dapat kita lihat bahwa sutardji menggunakan bahasa sehari-hari dalam sajaknya, seperti kata <i>derita, luka</i></span><i><span lang="IN">, </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">duri, sepi<span> </span></span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">yang biasa digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kesedihan atau penderitaan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari</span><span lang="IN">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk membuat bahasa sehari-hari yang hidup, Sutardji mempergunakan kata-kata yang tidak baku, seperti <i>kasi; kasikan ikan, kasikan remaja. </i>Untuk memberi suasana mantra, ia mengubah bunyi <i>a </i>menjadi <i>e </i>pada kata-kata<span> </span><i>puake, muare, buaye, siape. </i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Supaya kelihatan modern, yaitu untuk mendapat efek suasana yang lebih universal, dipergunakan kata-kata asing (sebagai judul) seperti Colones Sans Fin (Prancis: tiang-tiang tanpa akhir).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor ketatabahasaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sutardji Calzoum Bachri banyak (sekali) mempergunakan penyimpangan dari tata bahasa normatif dalam sajak-sajaknya untuk mendapatkan arti baru dan ekspresivitas karena kepadatan atau keanehannya, yang pada umumnya belum pernah dicoba secara intensif oleh penyair-penyair sebelumnya. Penyimpangan itu diantaranya berupa penghapusan tanda baca, pemutusan kata, pembalikan kata, penggandengan dua kata atau lebih, penghilangan imbuhan, pembentukan jenis kata dari jenis kata lain tanpa mengubah bentuk morfologinya. Hampir dapat dikatakan, pada setiap sajaknya terdapat penyimpangan tata bahasa normatif.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">SAMPAI</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">hafiz bertemu Tuhan semalam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>kini dimana Hafiz</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumi menari bersama Dia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>kini dimana Rumi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hamzah jumpa dia di rumah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>kini dimana Fansuri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tardji menggapai Dia di puncak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>tapi kini di mana Tardji</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kami tak dimanamana</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kami mengata meninggi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kami dekat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kalau kalian mabuk Tuhan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>kami mabuk sama kalian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kalau kalian rindu Dia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>rindu kalian bersama kami</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kalau kembali ke rumah Diri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>kalian kembali ke rumah kami</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sampai kalian ke puncak nurani</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>kalian pun sampai sebatas kami</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span>1986</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>(hal. 12)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada sajak “Sampai” di atas, Sutardji tidak menggunakan tanda baca berupa tanda tanya pada kalimat tanya seperti pada kutipan <i>kini dimana Hafiz; kini dimana Rumi; kini dimana Fansuri; tapi kini di mana Tardji. </i>Dapat kita lihat bahwa kutipan tersebut adalah kalimat tanya yang seharusnya dibubuhi kata tanya di akhir kalimat. Namun hal itu tidak dilakukan Sutardji karena ia sangat hemat mempergunakan tanda baca, dan bila tidak santag perlu tidak dipergunakan. Pada kutiapn tersebut, tidak perlu dibubuhi tanda tanya, pembaca sudah mengetahui bahwa kalimat yang diungkapkan Sutardji adalah kalimat tanya. Di sinilah salah satu letak kepadatan puisi Sutardji. Selain kutipan di atas, dapat kita temukan penyimpangan lagi pada kutipan<i> kami tak dimanamana. </i>Pada kutipan ini, Sutardji tidak menggunakan kata penghubung pada kata <i>dimanamana. </i>Hal ini terjadi karena Sutardji memberikan efek <i>stream of consiousness </i>pada sajaknya yang beraliran mantra.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penghapusan tanda baca</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam sajak-sajak Sutardji kelihatan bahwa tanda baca hanya dipergunakan bila sangat perlu. Di samping itu, banyak penghapusan tanda baca yang dilakukan dengan sengaja, yang efeknya memberikan kegandaan tafsir ataupun efek <i>stream of consciousness, </i>yaitu pikiran yang mengalir tidak terkendalikan dari bawah sadar. Sebuah kalimat yang sangat panjang, yang terdiri dari ulangan-ulangan, berderet-deret tanpa koma, baru pada akhir kalimat yang sangat panjang itu ditutup dengan tanda seru atau tanda tanya. Ulangan itu dapat berupa frase ataupun kalimat, misalnya:</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">TAK</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">guruh takada<span> </span>kilat tak <span> </span>teriak takada<span> </span>panggil<span> </span>tak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">bisik tak ada<span> </span>himbau tak<span> </span>cakap takada<span> </span>kata tak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">angin takada<span> </span>desir tak<span> </span>gerak takada<span> </span>tanda tak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sayap tak ada<span> </span>langit tak<span> </span>tangan takada<span> </span>gapai tak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ada takada<span> </span>kau tak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">lengangngng</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">datanglah tempelengngngng!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(hal. 7)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada sajak di atas, dapat kita lihat bahwa sajak Sutardji ini merupakan kalimat yang terdiri dari ulangan-ulangan, berderet-deret tanpa koma, baru pada akhir kalimat itu ditutup dengan tanda seru.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">SEJAK</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sejak kapan sungai dipanggil sungai</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sejak kapan tanah dipanggil tanah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sejak kapan derai dipanggil derai</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sejak kapan resah dipanggil resah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sejak kapan kapan dipanggil kapan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sejak kapan kapan dipanggil lalu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sejak kapan akan dipanggil akan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sejak kapan akan dipanggil rindu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sejak kapan ya dipanggil tak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sejak kapan tak dipanggil mau</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sejak kapan tuhan dipanggil tak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sejak kapan tak dipanggil rindu?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1975</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(hal.3)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penghapusan tanda baca seperti di atas membuat pembaca berkontemplasi ataupun juga untuk menarik perhatian atas ucapan yang berturut-turut itu.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Kalimat pada sajak tersebut merupakan kalimat yang terdiri dari ulangan-ulangan. Dari sajak itu dapat kita lihat pengulangan frase <i>sejak kapan</i> di setiap lariknya, pengulangan yang berderet-deret tanpa koma, baru pada akhir kalimat itu ditutup dengan tanda tanya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Di samping hal seperti itu, banyak juga sajaknya yang sama sekali tidak mempergunakan tanda baca, misalnya:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">SATU</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kuterjemahkan tubuhku ke dalam tubuhmu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ke dalam rambutmu kuterjemahkan rambutku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">jika tanganmu tak bisa bilang tanganku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kuterjemahkan tanganku ke dalam tanganmu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">jika lidahmu tak bisa mengucap lidahku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kuterjemahkan lidahku ke dalam lidahmu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">aku terjemahkan jemariku ke dalam jemarimu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">jika jari jemarimu tak bisa memetikku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ke dalam darahmu kuterjemahkan darahku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kalau darahmu tak bisa mengucap darahku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">jika ususmu belum bisa mencerna ususku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kuterjemahkan ususku ke dalam ususmu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kalau kelaminmu belum bilang kelaminku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">aku terjemahkan kelaminku ke dalam kelaminmu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">daging kita satu arwah kita satu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">walau masih jauh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">yang tertusuk padamu berdarah padaku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1979</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(hal.11)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain sajak “Satu” di atas, Sajak yang tanpa tanda baca ini diantaranya “Colonnes Sans Fins, “Pot”, “Biarkan”, Tragedi Winka dan Sihka”, “Sculpture”, “Hilang (Ketemu)”, dan “Kakekkakek dan Bocah-bocah”. Tanda baca ditiadakan karena ingin menunjukkan kepadatan puisi, serta tanda baca tersebut tidak dianggap perlu karena akan mempermudah penafsiran makna puisi. Pada umumnya sajak yang tidak memiliki tanda baca berupa ulangan yang berturut-turut. Misalnya:</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">TANGAN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">seharusnya tangan bukan hanya tangan tapi tangan yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">memang tangan tak cuma tangan tapi tangan yang tangan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pasti tangan tepat tangan yang dapat lambai yang sam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pai salam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">seharusnya tangan bukan segumpal jari menulis sia se</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kedar duri menulis luka mengusap mata namun gerimis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tak juga reda</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">walau lengkap tangan buntung walau hampir tangan bun</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tung walau satu tangan buntung walau setengah tangan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">buntung yang copot tangan buntung yang lepas tangan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">buntung yang buntung tangan buntung</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">segala buntung segala tak tangan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">hanya jam <span> </span>yang lengkap tangan menunjuk entah kemana</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>1976</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span>(hal. 8)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penghapusan tanda baca seperti di atas membuat pembaca berkontemplasi ataupun juga untuk menarik perhatian atas ucapan yang berturut-turut itu. Tanda baca ditiadakan pada sajak Sutardji juga tidak lepas dari aliran mantra yang dianutnya, sehingga ucapan yang berupa ulangan yang berturut-turut itu tidak perlu dipisahkan oleh tanda penghubung, koma, maupun tanda baca lainnya agar dalam pembacaan puisi tersebut akan terlihat pengaruh mantranya. Pada sajak “Para Peminum” berikut juga tidak ditemukan tanda baca.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">PARA PEMINUM</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">di lereng lereng</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">para peminum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">mendaki gunung mabuk</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kadang mereka terpeleset</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">jatuh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dan mendaki lagi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">memetik bulan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">di puncak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">mereka oleng</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tapi mereka bilang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-kami takkan karam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dalam laut bulan-</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">mereka nyanyi nyanyi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">jatuh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dan mendaki lagi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">di puncak gunung mabuk</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">mereka berhasil memetik bulan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">mereka menyimpan bulan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dan bulan menyimpan mereka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">di puncak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">semuanya diam dan tersimpan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(hal. 4)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada sajak “Para Peminum” di atas, Sutardji merasa tanda baca tidak perlu digunakan. Selain membentuk kepadatan puisi, makna puisi yang disampaikan Sutardji memang sulit ditafsirkan, baik dengan atau tanpa tanda baca.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penggabungan dua kata atau lebih</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penggabungan dua kata atau lebih yang dimaksudkan di sini ialah penggabungan dua kata atau lebih menjadi satu gabungan, hingga seolah-olah sudah menjadi satu kata atau menjadi satu pengertian yang tidak terpisahkan. Di samping itu, gabungan yang berupa pengulangan kata menjadikan atau memberikan efek penghayatan atau berlebih-lebihan. Penggabungan kata seperti ini belum pernah dilakukan sebelumnya dalam perpuisian Indonesia modern.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sajak-sajak yang di dalamnya terdapat peristiwa bahasa semacam itu ialah “<i>pot</i>”, “<i>Herman</i>”, “<i>O</i>”, dan “<i>kakekkakek</i> & <i>Bocah</i>-<i>bocah</i>, “<i>Terkekehkekeh”. </i>Penggabungan bukan kata ulang, misalnya <i>lekukbungkalanlobangmu</i>, <i>lukakitaku.</i></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ORANG YANG TUHAN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">orang yang tuhan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>gelasnya oleng karena ombak tuak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">yang bilang minum!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>kau karam aku tidak!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">orang yang tuhan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">orang yang tuhan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>nenggelamkan ranjang dengan kasihnya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">yang payau dalam geliat syahwat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>yang bilang ahh!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">aku sudah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">orang yang tuhan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>sungsang dalam sampainya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">yang bilang wau!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>gapaikan dedak!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">orang yang tuhan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>nyelinap dalam lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">minum arak lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ketawa dari lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">berjingkrak dari lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">baring dalam lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pulas dalam lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">bangun dari lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pergi dari lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">orang yang tuhan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>bertualang selalu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">datang dan pergi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>dari luka ke lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dia masuk</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>minumminum nyanyinyanyi ketawa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">senyumsenyum tidur</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>bangun</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jingkrakjingkrak dari luka ke lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">assalammualaikum!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>dia membuka pintu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dan menyorongkan salamnya padamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>senyumsenyum mengajakmu masuk minum-minum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>nyanyinyanyi ketawa senyumsenyum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>tidur</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>bangun</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jingkrakjingkrak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>dan pergi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>dari luka ke lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>(hal.1)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada sajak “Orang Yang Tuhan” tersebut, dapat kita lihat beberapa kata digabungkan menjadi satu oleh Sutardji tanpa tanda penghubung, padahal kata-kata tersebut merupakan kata ulang. Seperti pada kutipan <i>minumminum nyanyinyanyi ketawa. </i>Kata <i>minumminum </i>dan <i>nyanyinyanyi </i>memang seharusnya dihubungkan oleh tanda penghubung, namun begitulah Sutardji. Dia memang tidak mengikat makna pada kata-kata yang digunakannya, dia menggunakan kata-kata sebebas-bebasnya dan bermain dengan kata itu beserta bunyi. Begitu juga pada kutipan <i>jingkrakjingkrak dari luka ke lukamu. </i>Kata <i>jingkrakjingkrak </i>pun tidak dihubungkan tanda penghubung karena dianggap tidak perlu oleh Sutardji. Di sini pun terlihat, betapa hematnya Sutardji dalam menggunakan tanda baca dalam sajaknya demi terciptanya kepadatan puisi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penghilangan Imbuhan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam sajak-sajaknya, Sutardji banyak menghilangkan imbuhan, baik awalan, akhiran, maupun awalan dan akhiran kata. Bahkan, Sutardji banyak mempergunakan kata dasar tanpa dibentuk dengan awalan atau akhiran. Di samping untuk mendapatkan irama dan kelancaran membacanya, hal ini juga dimaksudkan untuk mendapatkan daya ekspresi yang penuh karena kepadatannya. Misalnya, saling <i>gigitan </i>yang mestinya Saling <i>bergigitan </i>(Ngiau), dalam “Dapatkau”: dapatkau <i>nyebrangkan </i>sungai, dapatkau <i>sampaikan </i>sayap lepas. Pada sajak “Nuh” pun Sutardji melakukan penyimpangan tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">NUH</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">di tengah luka paya-paya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">lintah hitam makan bulan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">taklagi matari</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">jam ngucurkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">detak nanah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tak ada yang luput</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">bahkan mimpi tak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tanah tanah tanah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">beri aku puncak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">untuk mulai lagi berpijak!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1977</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(hal. 9)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada sajak “Nuh” di atas, Sutardji hanya menggunakan satu tanda baca di akhir bait, yaitu tanda seru. Penyimpangan yang ia lakukan ialah penghilangan imbuhan pada kata <i>ngucurkan.</i> Kata <i>ngucurkan </i>ini disandingkannya dengan kata <i>jam. </i>Kalau dipikir dengan logika, sangat tidak masuk akal jika <i>jam</i> disandingkan dengan kata ngucurkan. Karena yang kita ketahui bahwa kata <i>ngucurkan</i> biasanya disandingkan dengan kata yang mengandung makna benda cair, seperti air, keringat, dan sebagainya. Misalnya, tubuhnya <i>mengucurkan keringat. </i>Namun, Sutardi menghilangkan imbuhan me- pada kata tersebut, sehingga metafora yang digunakannya pun sulit diterima logika. Penyimpangan yang sama pun dilakukan Sutardji pada sajaknya “Orang Yang Tuhan” yaitu pada kutipan </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">nenggelamkan ranjang dengan kasihnya. </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada kata <i>nenggelamkan </i>imbuhan me- ditiadakan Sutardji untuk mendapatkan kepadatan makna puisi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penghilangan imbuhan semacam itu belum pernah dilakukan oleh penyair sebelumnya dengan seintensif itu, lebih-lebih yang berbentuk kata dasar. Misalnya kata <i>ngucap </i>dalam puisi “Perjalanan Kubur”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">PERJALANAN KUBUR</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">luka ngucap dalam badan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kau telah membawaku ke atas bukit ke atas karang ke atas gunung</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ke bintang bintang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">lalat-lalat menggali perigi dalam dagingku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">untuk kuburmu alina</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">untuk kuburmu alina</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">aku menggaligali dalam diri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">raja dalam darah mengaliri sungaisungai mengibarkan bendera hitam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">menyeka matari membujuk bulan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">teguk tangismu<span> </span>alina</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sungai pergi ke laut membawa kubur-kubur</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">laut pergi ke laut membawa kubur-kubur</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">awan pergi ke hujan membawa kubur-kubur</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">hujan pergi ke akar ke pohon ke bunga-bunga</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">membawa kuburmu alina</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1977</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(hal.15)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada sajak “Perjalanan Kubur” Sutardi menggunakan kata <i>ngucap </i>yang kata dasarnya adalah ucap. Sutadji menghilangkan imbuhan me- pada kata <i>ngucap </i>tersebut karena makna yang ingin disampaikan Sutardji melalui kata <i>ngucap </i>itu berbeda dengan makna kata <i>mengucapkan. </i>Sehinggaa untuk menyampaikan makna yang utuh melaui kepadatan puisinya, Sutardji memang harus menghilangkan imbuhan tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemutusan kata</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam peristiwa ini kata-kata diputus-putus menjadi suku kata atau di balik suku katanya, dengan cara yang demikian itu menjadi menarik perhatian dan artinya berubah, ataupun hilang. Hal ini memberi sugesti kesia-siaan atau arti yang tidak sempurna lagi. Pemutusan kata ini dilakukan Sutardji pada sajak <i>“Q” </i>yang isinya adalah huruf alif lam mim. Alif lam mim dalam Al-Quran tidak ada yang tahu maknanya, artinya kata itu hanya Allah yang mengetahui maksudnya. Oleh karena itu, Sutardji melakukan pemutusan kata pada sajak ini untuk memberi sugesti kesia-siaan. Kesia-siaan maksudnya, makna yang terkandung dalam sajak ini hanya Sutardji yang mengetahuinya. Sebagai pembaca, kita akan sulit menafsirkannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span>Q</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>!<span> </span>!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>!<span> </span>!<span> </span>!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>!<span> </span>! !<span> </span>! !<span> </span>!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span>!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>!<span> </span>a</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>lif<span> </span>!<span> </span>!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>l</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>l<span> </span>a</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>l<span> </span>a<span> </span>m</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span><span> </span>!!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1111111111111</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>(hal. 16)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemutusan kata itu memberi sugesti arti bahwa tidak ada makna dari huruf tersebut. Tidak ada yang bisa memaknai huruf alif lam mim kecuali Allah SWT, semuanya tinggal sia-sia saja jika ditafsirkan. Tetap saja huruf itu hanyalah dimaknai alif lam mim. Begitu juga dengan sajak “Q” karya Sutardji tersebut. Sajak tersebut berisi huruf Alim Lam Mim yang kata-kata tersebut diputus-putuskannya, dan sajak tersebut juga berisi tanda seru yang memperindah tipografi puisi tersebut. <span> </span>Contoh lain yaitu sajak “Tragedi Winka & Sihka” merupakan sajak yang paling banyak mendapatkan tanggapan, yang kebanyakan berpendapat bahwa sajak ini hanya “bermain-main”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tragedi Winka & Sihka</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">kawin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>kawin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>kawin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>kawin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>ka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>win</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>ka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>win</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>ka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>win</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>ka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>win</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>winka </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>winka </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>winka </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>sihka </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>sihka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 3in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>sihka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 3in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>sih</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>ka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>sih</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>ka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>sih</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span><span> </span>ka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>sih</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>ka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>sih</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>ka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>sih </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>sih</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>sih</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>sih</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>sih</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>sih</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>ka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Ku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Sajak itu hanya terdiri dari dua kata <i>kawin </i>dan <i>kasih, </i>yang dipotong-potong menjadi suku-suku kata, juga dibalik menjadi <i>kawin </i>dan <i>sihka. </i>Pada awalnya kata <i>kawin </i>masih penuh. <i>Kawin </i>memberi konotasi begitu indahnya perkawinan. Orang yang hendak kawin mesti berangan-angan yang indah. Bahwa sesudah kawin akan hidup berbahagia dengan kasih sayang anak-istri-suami. Akan tetapi, melalui perjalanan waktu kata kawin terpotong menjadi <i>ka </i>dan <i>win, </i>artinya tidak penuh lagi. Angan-angan perkawinan semula terpotong, ternyata kenyataan setelah kawin berubah. Dalam perkawinan harus memberi nafkah, ada kewajiban-kewajiban, ada anak yang harus dibiayai. Bahkan sering terjadi pertengkaran suami-istri yang harus membiayai makan, pakaian, dan sekolah anak-anaknya. Ternyata perkawinan itu tidak seperti diharapkan yang penuh dengan kebahagiaan, segala berjalan lancar, tetapi penuh kesukaran. Terbalik artinya, <i>kawin </i><span> </span>menjadi <i>winka. </i>Bahkan mungkin istri atau suami menyeleweng, terjadilah perceraian. Nah, terjalin tragedi <i>winka & sihka, </i>pembalikan arti dari angan-angan <i>kawin </i>dan <i>kasih, </i>yang pada mulanya diangankan akan penuh kebahagiaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Teknik persajakan seperti di atas dengan memotong-motong kata dan membalikan suku kata seperti itu belum pernah terjadi dalam perpuisian Indonesia modern.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembentukan Jenis Kata</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk ekspresivitas Sutardji membentuk kata-kata benda atau kata kerja langsung menjadi kata keadaan atau kata sifat dengan mengawalinya kata <i>yang</i> atau <i>yang paling, </i>dan tanpa mengubah bentuk morfologisnya. Misalnya kata <i>apa yang sebab?, apa yang lengking? Siapa tanah yang paling pijak siapa burung yang paling sayap?</i> (“Ah”). <i>Orang yang tuhan </i>(“Orang Yang Tuhan”, hal. 1).</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ORANG YANG TUHAN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">orang yang tuhan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>gelasnya oleng karena ombak tuak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">yang bilang minum!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>kau karam aku tidak!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">orang yang tuhan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">orang yang tuhan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>nenggelamkan ranjang dengan kasihnya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">yang payau dalam geliat syahwat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>yang bilang ahh!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">aku sudah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">orang yang tuhan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>sungsang dalam sampainya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">yang bilang wau!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>gapaikan dedak!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">orang yang tuhan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">nyelinap dalam lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">minum arak lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ketawa dari lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">berjingkrak dari lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">baring dalam lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pulas dalam lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">bangun dari lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pergi dari lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">orang yang tuhan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>bertualang selalu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">datang dan pergi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>dari luka ke lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dia masuk</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>minumminum nyanyinyanyi ketawa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">senyumsenyum tidur</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>bangun</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jingkrakjingkrak dari luka ke lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">assalammualaikum!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>dia membuka pintu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dan menyorongkan salamnya padamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>senyumsenyum mengajakmu masuk minum-minum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>nyanyinyanyi ketawa senyumsenyum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>tidur</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>bangun</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jingkrakjingkrak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>dan pergi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>dari luka ke lukamu </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">(hal.1)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Orang </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dan <i>Tuhan </i>adalah jenis kata benda. Dengan diawali kata <i>yang </i>jenis kata benda itu menjadi kata sifat. Ucapan biasa akan berupa: orang yang bersifat tuhan. Bila mengikuti tata bahasa normatif seperti itu akan tidak padat dan kehilangan kebaruan atau kesegarannya juga akan kehilangan kegandaan arti; pendek kata akan kehilangan ekspresivitasnya. Dengan ucapan seperti itu, bentuknya menjadi baru, segar, dan ekspresif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahasa Kiasan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahasa kiasan yang mendominasi sajak-sajak Sutardji, yang pertama adalah metafora dan yang kedua personifikasi. Di samping itu, ada sinekdos yang tidak seberapa banyak. Kiasan perbandingan (simile) yang biasanya banyak dipergunakan penyair lain hanya sedikit digunakan Sutardji, yaitu dalam “Sculpture”. Gerak menggeliat <i>bagai </i>perut ikan dalam air. Kemudian dalam sajak “Walau”: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">mungkin matiku <i>bagai</i> batu tamat <i>bagai</i> pasir tamat. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sedangkan kiasan lain dapat dikatakan tidak ada.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Metafora</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sajak-sajak Sutardji penuh dengan metafora. Pada umumnya berupa metafora implisit, sedangkan metafora penuh hanya sedikit. Bahkan dapat dikatakan satu dua saja. Dalam beberapa sajaknya Sutardji mempermainkan metafora hingga sajak itu penuh dengan lambang atau simbol-simbol yang luas artinya. Sajak-sajak yang penuh dengan metafora di antaranya ialah “Ah”, “Batu”, “Mari”, “Jadi”, dan “Solitude”. Selain itu, di tiap sajaknya ada beberapa atau banyak terdapat metafora, yang membuat hidup dan menambah kepuitisan. Contoh yang berikut ini adalah sajak yang penuh dengan permainan metafora.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BATU</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">batu mawar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">batu langit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">batu duka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">batu rindu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">batu jarum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">batu bisu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kaukah itu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>teka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>teki</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>tak menepati janji?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dengan seribu gunung langit tak runtuh dengan seribu perawan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">hati tak jatuh dengan seribu sibuk sepi tak mati dengan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">seribu beringin ingin tak teduh. Dengan siapa aku mengeluh?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">mengapa jam harus berdenyut sedang darah tak sampai mengapa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">gunung harus meletus sedang langit tak sampai mengapa peluk</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">diketatkan sedang hati tak sampai mengapa tangan melambai se-</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dang lambai tak sampai. Kau tahu?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">batu risau</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">batu pukau</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">batu Kau-ku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">batu sepi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">batu ngilu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">batu bisu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kaukah itu?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>teka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>teki</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tak menepati</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>janji?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>(hal. 13)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Metafora Sutardji adalah metafora pertemuan baru yang hidup. Banyak di antaranya yang sangat menarik hati seperti “Mari”, “Solitude”, dan “Jadi”. Metafora di situ merupakan ucapan yang sampai kepada hakikat, sampai pada intinya, dan menjadi simbolik. Ungkapan itu bukanlah mempergunakan logika biasa atau bertentangan dengan logika biasa, misalnya kalau dia berkata <i>mari patahkan rodaroda kembalikan asalnya: jadikan jalan. </i>Aneh bila roda dipatahkan dan disuruh jadikan jalan. Namun, di situ maksudnya adalah hakikat roda itu untuk penerangan. Semuanya untuk menuju satu tujuan yang mutlak. Atau segala sesuatu kembalikan kepada fungsi hakikat dan fungsi asalnya. Begitu pula metafora-metafora berikut pada sajak “Jadi” adalah ucapan yang sampai pada inti atau hakikatnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">JADI</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap derita</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jadi luka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap sepi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jadi duri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap tanda</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jadi makna</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap tanya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jadi ragu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap jawab</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jadi sebab</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap seru</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jadi mau</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap tangan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jadi pegang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap kabar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jadi tahu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap luka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>jadi kaca</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>memandang Kau</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>pada wajahku!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>(hal. 14)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Luka, duri, makna, ragu, sebab, mau, pegang, tahu, </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dan <i>kaca </i>adalah metafora implisit dalam sajak itu, yang merupakan ucapan yang sampai kepada hakikatnya. Dalam kehidupan ini (di negeri ini), kenyataannya tidak setiap penderitaan menyababkan luka di hati, atau tidak menyebabkan hati bersedih, tidak setiap kesepian itu menjadi duri, menjadi siksaan dalam hati, tidak setiap tanda (misalnya gempa, atau bencana alam) menjadi makna (tidakmenimbullkan arti) hingga mestinya berbuat sesuatu untuk menanggapinya, tidak semua tanya menjadikan orang ragu-raguakan kesalahannya, maka ia akan terus membuat kesalahan dan tidak semua jawaban menyebabkan sebab untuk melakukan tindakan yang seharusnya. Misalnya saja, jawab dari masalah pemogokan itu ialah gaji buruh terlalu rendah, seharusnya upah dinaikkan. Akan tetapi, meskipun tahu jawabnya, orang tidak memenuhinya. Pada hakikatnya tangan berfungsi untuk memegang dan bekerja, tetapi kenyataannya tidak semua orang suka bekerja dan tidak pasti orang suka turun tangan menyelesaikan masalah. Juga tidak setiap kabar, misalnya kabar bencana alam, tidak tentu menyebabkan tahu;tinya orang tidak mau mengatasinyaa dan tidak mau tahu. Akhirnya, tidak semua luka, penderitaan, tidak menjadi kaca, cermin untuk memandang Kau (Tuhan) atau tidak kepada Tuhan, yang kelihatan pada wajah si aku.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Personifikasi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Personifikasi yang terdapat dalam sajak-sajak Sutardji, selain yang biasa ada juga yang tidak biasa. Personifikasi biasa ialah benda alam berbuat sebagai manusia, misalnya <i>laut bersendawa kenyang </i>(“Pantai”). Personifikasi yang tidak biasa adalah yang berupa metafora dan yang tidak biasa dibayangkan orang atau tidak menurut logika yang biasa, misalnya <i>langit memulai jejak </i>(“Dapatkau”).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Personifikasi Sutardji, baik personifikasi yang biasa maupun yang tidak biasa menunjukkan kreasi baru. Dengan personifikasi semacam itu, lukisan menjadi dramatis dan hidup serta ada gerak. Hal itu menyebabkan ide yang abstrak jadi konkret. Di samping itu, personifikasi itu membuat orang berpikir atau berkontemplasi karena bentuknya yang aneh itu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">SOP</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">aku sedang makan sop hitam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dari darahku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dan mengisapnya sampai perutku besar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">darahku penuh anjing anjing hitam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">melolong menggigit jam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">jantungku memompakan kucing-kucing hijau</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">melingkari pinggang hutan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">darahku berteriak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">berdentam dentum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dalam kamus yang tak dicetak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dan tak diterbitkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">aku sedang makan sop hitam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dari darahku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dan mengisap</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">selahap lahap segila-gilanya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">seperti perempuan dalam film baru</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">mengisap lengan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(hal. 5)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sinekdos</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sinekdos pada umumnya dengan menyebut bagian sebagai keseluruhan atau keseluruhan untuk menyebut bagian. Sinekdos ini membuat lukisan langsung pada hakikatnya yang ditunjuk atau pada pusat perhatian. Begitulah sinekdos yang dipergunakan oleh Sutardji. Pada umumnya sinekdos yang terdapat dalam sajaknya adalah <i>pars pro toto </i>atau bagian untuk keseluruhan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Misalnya:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dengan seribu gunung langit tak runtuh dengan seribu perawan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">hati tak jatuh dengan seribu sibuk sepi tak mati dengan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">seribu beringin ingin tak teduh. Dengan siapa aku mengeluh?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">mengapa jam harus berdenyut sedang darah tak sampai mengapa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">gunung harus meletus sedang langit tak sampai mengapa peluk</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">diketatkan sedang hati tak sampai mengapa tangan melambai se-</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dang lambai tak sampai. Kau tahu?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>(“Batu”, hal.13)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Seribu gunung, perawan, sibuk, beringin, </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">adalah <i>totum pro parte; </i>peluk, <i>dan </i>tangan <i>adalah pars pro toto.</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Citraan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk memberi rangsangan indraan dan mengkonkretkan tanggapan, Sutardji memberikan gambaran-gambaran angan yang jelas seperti <i>aku telah mengecup luka </i>(“Ah”). Gambaran tersebut untuk menggambarkan dengan jelas segala perasaan, derita, harapan, dan pengalaman lain yang telah dialaminya untuk mendapatkan “rasa yang dalam”.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat dikatakan, Sutardji mempergunakan segala macam jenis citraan dalam sajaknya, seperti penglihatan, pendengaran, perabaan, penciuman, ppengecapan, dan juga citraan gerak.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk memberi gambaran yang jelas dapat diindra mata, maka benda-benda diberi jumlah bilangannya, bahkan benda-benda abstrak (tidak tentu tokohnya).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MANTERA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">lima percik mawar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tujuh sayap merpati</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sesayat langit perih</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dicabik puncak gunung</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sebelas duri sepi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam dupa rupa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tiga menyan luka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mengasapi duka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">puah !</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kau jadi Kau !</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kasihku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(hal. 17)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dengan seribu gunung langit tak runtuh dengan seribu perawan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">hati tak jatuh dengan seribu sibuk sepi tak mati dengan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">seribu beringin ingin tak teduh. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(“Batu”, hal.13)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Citraan Sutardji secara keseluruhan menunjukkan imaji-imaji alam, seperti <i>sungai, laut, muara, langit, burung, ikan, buaya, hiyu, beringin, batu, </i>dan <i>mawar, </i>seperti kelihatan dalam: siapa <i>sungai </i>yang paling derai siapa <i>langit </i>yang paling rumit siapa <i>laut </i>yang paling larut; lima percik <i>mawar, </i>tujuh sayap merpati, sesayat <i>langit </i>perih (“Mantera”, hal. 17); <i>batu</i> <i>mawar, batu langit </i>(“Batu”, hal. 13).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Imaji-imaji ini rupanya sesuai dengan dunia mantra dan suasana relegius dalam artinya yang luas, bahwa untuk mendekati yang gaib dan Yang Mahatinggi itu si aku tidak ingat kepada kehidupan sehari-hari yang bising dan alam, sesuai dengan pencipta ketenangan batinnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Di samping imaji-imaji alam itu, yang tampak menonjol dalam sajak Sutardji ialah imaji-imaji yang menggambarkan keresahan, kegelisahan, penemuan antara aku dan kau. Imaji-imaji itu tampak dalam kata-kata yang terdapat dalam sajak-sajaknya yaitu <i>risau, rusuh, resah, igau, renyai, sangsai, waswas, nyeri, luka, derita, langit, </i>dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sarana Retorika</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk mendapatkan intensitas dan ekspresivitas, Sutardji menggunakan sarana retorika juga. Sarana retorika yang paling menonjol dalam sajak-sajaknya ialah ulangan. Di samping itu, tampak juga paradoks, hiperbola, penjumlahan, dan pertanyaan retoris.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ulangan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Seperti dalam kredo puisinya (1974: 361), dalam menulis puisi Sutardji mengembalikan kata kepada mantra. Oleh karena itu, tampak gaya mantra dalam sajak-sajaknya (hampir seluruhnya), yang ditandai dengan ulangan yang berangkai.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">PIL</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">memang pil seperti pil macam pil walau pil</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">hanya pil hampir pil sekedar pil ya toh pil</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">meski pil tapi tak pil apalah pil</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">aku demam pil bilang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">obat jadi barah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">apakah pasien</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tempeleng!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1976</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(hal. 6)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam mantra, untuk intensitas dan mendapatkan tenaga magis, kelihatan ulangan-ulangan yang berturut-turut. Hal ini tampak juga dalam sajak-sajak Sutardji. Akan tetapi, tentu saja Sutardji tidak untuk mendapatkan tenaga magis dalam arti yang sesungguhnya. Memang ulangan Sutardji yang berturut-turut memberi daya pesona, tetapi tidak mengandung kekuatan magis seperti mantra. Ulangan Sutardji yang berturut-turut menuju ke sebuah klimaks untuk membuat pemusatan, membuat orang berkontemplasi dan membuat liris.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ulangan-ulangan dalam sajak Sutardji bermacam-macam. Namun, semuanya itu hampir berupa ulangan yang berlebih-lebihan. Ulangan ituberupa ulangan suku kata, kata, frase, dan kalimat. Yang terbanyak adalah ulangan pola kalimat yang berupa persetujuan (paralelisme) atau juga penjumlahan, seperti pada “Ah”, “Dapatkah”, dan “Batu”.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ulangan kata itu banyak sekali terdapat di depan, di tengah, atau di belakang dari frase atau kalimat. Ulangan kata itu di posisi depan banyak sekali, misalnya:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BATU</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">batu mawar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">batu langit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">batu duka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">batu rindu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">batu jarum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">batu bisu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>(hal. 13)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada sajak “Batu”, dapat kita lihat pengulangan kata <i>batu </i>di posisi awal. Ulangan kata di posisi tengah seperti pada sajak “Puake”, <i>puan jadi celah, celah jadi sungai, sungai jadi muare, muare jadi perahu, perahu jadi buaye, buaye jadi puake, puake jadi ukau, pukau jadi mau, </i>(“Puake”) Ulangan kata di posisi belakang pada kutipsn sajak Orang Yang Tuhan berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">orang yang tuhan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">nyelinap dalam lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">minum arak lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ketawa dari lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">berjingkrak dari lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">baring dalam lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pulas dalam lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">bangun dari lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pergi dari lukamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>(hal. 1)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada sajak “Orang Yang Tuhan” tersebut, dapat kita lihat pengulangan kata <i>lukamu</i> pada posisi belakang. Ulangan frase dalam sajak-sajak sutardji beberapa anafora, yaitu ulangan di posisi depan dalam kalimat. Ulangan frase semacam itu banyak sekali kelihatan seperti pada sajak “Jadi”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">JADI</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap derita............</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap sepi...............</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap tanda..............</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap tanya................</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap jawab..............</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap seru.............</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap tangan...........</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap kabar...........</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tidak setiap luka............</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(hal. 14)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ulangan pola kalimat dalam sajak-sajak Sutardji ada dua macam. Yang pertama ulangan berupa persejajaran bentuk dan isinya, yang biasa disebut <i>paralelisme, </i>yaitu perulangan pola kalimat dengan mengubah sedikit, tetapi inti atau maksudnya serupa. Ulangan jenis pertama tampak dalam “Ah”, “Batu”, “Jadi”.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penjumlahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penjumlahan juga banyak sekali terdapat dalam sajak-sajak Sutardji. Penjumlahan di sini pada umumnya juga berupa ulangan yang tampak dalam “Ah”, “Mana Jalanmu?”, “Mantera”, dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MANTERA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">lima percik mawar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tujuh sayap merpati</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sesayat langit perih</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dicabik puncak gunung</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sebelas duri sepi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam dupa rupa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tiga menyan luka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mengasapi duka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">puah !</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kau jadi Kau !</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kasihku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(hal. 17)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gaya penjumlahan Sutardji pada umumnya berupa ulangan yang beruntun. Gaya ini merupakan sarana retorika kedua sesudah ulangan dan sangat banyak dalam sajak-sajak Sutardji. Gaya penjumlahan Sutardji pada sajak “Mantera” di atas terdiri atas dua frase, seperti </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">lima percik mawar,; </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tujuh<i> sayap merpati; </i>dicabik<i> puncak gunung; </i>sesayat<i> langit perih; sebelas duri </i>sepi<i>. </i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hiperbola</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sejajar pula dengan perulangan dan penjumlahan, untuk menekankan, pemusatan, dan penonjolan, maka hiperbola, sarana untuk melebih-lebihkan itu, dalam sajak-sajak Sutardji memperkuat efek pemusatan itu, hingga yang dikemukakan oleh Sutardji dalam sajak-sajaknya menjadi mutlak. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">WALAU</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">walau penyair besar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">takkan sampai sebatas allah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dulu pernah kuminta tuhan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dalam diri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sekarang tak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kalau mati</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">mungkin matiku bagai batu tamat bagai pasir tamat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">jiwa membumbung dalam baris sajak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tujuh puncak membilang bilang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">nyeri hari mengucap ucap</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">di butir pasir kutulis rindu rindu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">walau huruf habislah sudah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">alifbataku belum sebatas allah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1979</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(hal.10)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hiperbola dalam sajak “Walau” di atas dapat kita lihat melalui kutipan <i>tujuh puncak membilang bilang. </i>Dari kalimat tersebut, Sutardji berlebih-lebihan dalam menggambarkan kerinduannya terhadap sang pencipta. Hiperbola dapat pula kita lihat pada sajaknya “Sop”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">SOP</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">aku sedang makan sop hitam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dari darahku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dan mengisapnya sampai perutku besar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">darahku penuh anjing anjing hitam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">melolong menggigit jam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">jantungku memompakan kucing-kucing hijau</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">melingkari pinggang hutan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">darahku berteriak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">berdentam dentum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dalam kamus yang tak dicetak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dan tak diterbitkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">aku sedang makan sop hitam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dari darahku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dan mengisap</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">selahap lahap segila-gilanya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">seperti perempuan dalam film baru</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">mengisap lengan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(hal. 5)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam sajak “Sop” tersebut, Sutardji mengambarkan kelahapannya memakan “sop” yang merupakan metafora dari sesuatu yang dimakannya secara berlebihan. Seperti pada kutipan <i>dan mengisapnya sampai perutku besar</i>; <i>selahap lahap segila-gilanya. </i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pertanyaan Retoris</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk memperkuat pemusatan dan kontemplasi pada masalah atau hal yang dikemukakan, Sutardji mempergunakan gaya pertanyaan retoris dan paradoks. Pertanyaan retoris bermaksud mempertanyakan yang jawabnya tidak diberikan, ataupun diberikan untuk lebih menyadarinya. Keduanya itu dipergunakan oleh Sutardji.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Paradoks</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sarana retorika ini merupakan pernyataan yang bersifat mempertentangkan sehingga menyebabkan orang berfikir atau memikirkan hal yang dikemukakan. Gaya paradoks ini berguna untuk menarik perhatian pembaca. biasanya paradoks itu dipergunakan dalam sajak yang filosofis. Kelihatan ada beberapa paradoks dalam <i>Sampai, </i>yang tampak dalam “Batu”, dan “Jadi”.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sajak “Hilang” misalnya, seluruhnya merupakan paradoks. Paradoks itu terjadi pada tiap-tiap bait, dan antara bait pertama, kedua dengan bait ketiga dan keempat. Hal itu merupakan paradoks bila <i>batu </i>yang tidak bergerak itu kehilangan diam: <i>batu kehilangan diam. </i>Juga merupakan paradoks bila <i>hilang </i>itu sama dengan <i>ketemu. </i>Pertentangan yang tajam demikian ini disebut <i>oxymoron </i>(Abrams, 1971: 119). Aku yang sangat khusuk itu menyebabkan segala sesuatu itu hilang, bahkan diri sendiri pun hilang, sehingga Kau kehilangan aku. Karena si aku itu berpikir atau dalam keadaan sangat khusuk, maka segalanya hilang dan hanya dalam suasana yang khusuk itu, maka Kau bertemu aku.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB III</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam hal kosa kata, Sutardji menggunakan kosa kata sehari-hari untuk mendapatkan kepuitisannya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sutardji Calzoum Bachri melakukan penyimpangan dari tata bahasa normatif untuk mendapatkan kepuitisan sajak-sajaknya. Dapat dikatakan, penyimpangan-penyimpangan sajak Sutardji menurut pandangan pada waktu sekarang merupakan penyimpangan ketatabahasaan yang hebat. Sutardji tidak melakukan penyimpangan biasa seperti pembalikan susunan subjek-predikat menjadi predikat-subjek, karena baginya hal itu adalah hal yang biasa sehingga tidak atau kurang memberikan efek puitis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam hal penggunaan tanda baca, Sutardji membuat kalimat-kalimat yang berturut-turut, yang memberi efek <i>stream of consciousness, </i>yang sangat panjang tanpa dibatasi titik atau koma. Banyak sajak Sutardji yang menghapuskan tanda baca. Beliau sangat hemat mempergunakan tanda baca, dan bila tidak sangat perlu tidak dipergunakan. Selain tanda baca, Sutardi banyak sekali menghilangkan imbuhan dalam sajak-sajaknya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam sajak-sajak Sutardji, terdapat pembentukan jenis kata yang langssung menjadi jenis kata yang lain tanpa memberi imbuhan. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan kepadatan yang menyebabkan ekspresivitas yang kuat. Beliau mengeksploitasi hal itu. Kata benda dan kata kerja langsung dijadikan kata sifat atau kata keadaan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk intensitas dan untuk menimbulkan arti baru ataupun pertentangan arti, Sutardji mempergunakan permainan kata dan bunyi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sajak-sajak Sutardji pada umumnya penuh dengan metafora, bahkan ia mempermainkannya secara berturut-turut hingga menyebabkan sajak-sajak penuh kegandaan arti. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sutardji banyak menggunakan kiasan-kiasan yang bahkan bertentangan dengan logika biasa. Begitulah bentuk personifikasi yang digunakan Sutardji. Baginya, metafora yang dibentuk melalui pemikiran yang menyimpang dari logika biasa merupakan ungkapan yang sampai kepada hakikatnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sutardji banyak menggunakan citraan penglihatan, tetapi lebih merata dalam mengkombinasikannya dengan citraan yang lain. Hal ini disebabkan Sutardji banyak menggunakan sarana retorika penjumlahan. Citraan Sutardji yang tampak menonjol dalam sajak-sajaknya adalah citra-citra keresahan, kegelisahan, penderitaan, dan kesia-siaan dalam usaha mencapai pertemuan antara si aku, dengan kau, atau Dia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Citraan Sutardji lebih banyak menunjukkan citra-citra alam, pada umumnya kurang sesuai dengan kehidupan sehari-hari yang relistis, sebab pada umumnya renungannya ada di luar kehidupan sehari-hari.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk mendapatkan kepuitisan dengan sarana retorika, Sutardji menggunakan sarana retorika pengulangan; sesudah itu hiperbola, penjumlahan, dan pertanyaan retoris. Pada umumnya Sutardji secara “habis-habisan” atau berlebih-lebihan mempergunakan sarana-sarana retorika, sesuai dengan gaya mantra. Ulangan Sutardji adalah ulangan beruntun atau ulangan yang memberi efek <i>stream of consiousness, </i>dan ulangan suku kata seperti dalam sajak “Tragedi Winka & Sihka.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">SARAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penulis berharap agar penganalisisan karya sastra umumya, penganalisisan puisi khususnya dilanjutkan karena dilihat saat sekarang ini kepedulian masyarakat terhadap karya sastra, khususnya puisi mulai pudar terutama kalangan remaja, umumnya hanya gemar membaca karya sastra bergenre pop tanpa memperhatikan nilai estetik yang terkandung dalam karya sastra tersebut. Penulis juga berharap semoga makalah ini bermanfaat bagi yang membutuhkan, terutama dalam bidang ilmu apresiasi puisi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Abrams, M.H. 1971. <i>A Glossary of Literary Term. </i>New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alternbernd, Lynn dan Leslie L Lewis. 1970. <span> </span><i>A Handbook for the Study of Poetry. </i>London: The Macmillan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bachri, Sutardji Calzoum. 1980. <i>Bersama Sampai: Bertemu Air Bening Di Yogya. </i>Jakarta: Masyarakat Poetika Indonesia IKIP Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Becker, A.L. 1978. <i>Linguistik dan Analisis. </i>Jakarta: Yayasan Indonesia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Culler, Jonathan. 1977. <i>The Cristicism of Poetry. </i>London: Longman</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hill, Knox C. 1966. <i>Interoreting Literature. </i>Chicago: Phoenix Books. The University of Chicago Press</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jalil, Abdul dan Elmustian Rahman. 2004. <i>Teori Sastra. </i>Pekanbaru: Labor Bahasa, Sastra, dan Jurnalistik Universitas Riau</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Junus, Umar. 1976. <i>Misteri dalam Mantera, Budaya Jaya. </i>No. 6. Jakarta: DKJ</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pradopo, Rachmat Djoko. 1985. <i>Bahasa Puisi Penyair Utama Sastra Indonesia Modern. </i>Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wellek, Rene dan Austin Warren. 1976. <i>Theory of Literature. </i>Harmondsworth: Penguin Book</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-34980831689981440612011-09-18T21:51:00.000-07:002011-09-18T21:51:48.460-07:00PANTANG LARANG ORANG MELAYU<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap kaum atau bangsa yang ada di dunia ini mempunyai adat dan tradisi yang berbeda antara satu dengan yang lain. Oleh sebab itu, setiap kaum mempunyai berbagai kebudayaan dan corak hidup yang berbeda-beda. Hal ini memang<span> </span>jelas, karena pada saat ini kita semua dapat melihat hal ini dengan nyata. Kita tidak perlu melihat ke tempat yang lebih jauh, karena di negara kita sendiri pun terdapat berbagai suku bangsa yang masing-masing mempunyai adat dan tradisi yang berbeda. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangsa Melayu dahulu meninggalkan bermacam-macam kepercayaan yang di dalamnya mengandung berbagai pantang larang, tunjuk ajar yang halus dan nasehat yang berguna bagi anak cucunya yang belum berpengalaman dalam kehidupan mereka.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang larang </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">orang Melayu merupakan kepercayaan masyarakat <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu" title="Melayu"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Melayu</span></a> zaman dahulu yang<span> </span>berkaitan dengan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adat" title="Adat"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">adat</span></a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">budaya</span></a> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warisan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Warisan (tidak wujud)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">warisan</span></a> nenek moyang. Kebanyakan <i>pantang larang</i> diturunkan secara lisan dan turun kemurun. <i>Pantang larang</i> orang tua-tua bertujuan untuk mendidik masyarakat, khususnya generasi muda agar dapat diterapakan nilai-nilai baik yang bisa diamalkan dalam kehidupan. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa yang dikatakan bukan untuk dipercayai, melainkan untuk dihayati pesan <span> </span>yang terkandung di balik <i>pantang larang</i> yang telah diturunkan secara lisan dari zaman ke zaman. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang larang</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> diamalkan oleh masyarakat Melayu bertujuan untuk mendidik masyarakat agar mengamalkan nilai-nilai murni dalam kehidupan mereka. <i>Pantang larang</i> juga diamalkan karena <i>pantang larang</i> merupakan harta pusaka atau warisan dari nenek moyang mereka dan mereka bertanggung jawab untuk mengamalkannya dan menurunkan tradisi tersebut kepada anak-anak atau cucu-cucu mereka. Setiap <i>pantang larang</i> mempunyai arti tersendiri yang memberi manfaat bagi kehidupan. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang-orang tua Melayu dahulu selalu mengingatkan anak cucunya supaya tidak melanggar <i>pantang larang</i>. Melanggar <i>pantang larang</i> samalah dengan tidak mendengarkan nasehat. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang tua kita pada zaman dahulu memang banyak <i>pantang larang</i>. Ada yang mengatakan <i>pantang larang</i> itu membebankan, tetapi ada saja <i>pantang larang</i> yang masih diamalkan<b>. </b>Namun,<b> </b></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sekarang ini masyarakat <span> </span>Melayu tidak begitu aktif mengamalkan <i>pantang larang</i>. Ketika mereka mengetahui bahwa adanya <i>pantang larang</i><span> </span>semata-mata untuk memberi petunjuk dan kadang kala menakutkan, mereka sudah mengubah persepsi dan mengaggap bahwa <i>pantang larang</i> itu tidak benar.<span> </span>Namun, tidak semua orang beranggapan demikian, hanya sebagian saja, dan ada juga beberapa <i>pantang larang</i> yang telah mereka ubah. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam makalah ini, penulis mengungkapkan <i>pantang larang </i>yang masih diamalkan dalam kehidupan orang Melayu, khususnya orang Melayu di Karimun. Penulis berharap agar makalah ini dapat bermanfaat bagi pembaca agar mengerti dan memahami <i>pantang larang, </i>khususnya bagi generasi muda agar dapat mengamalkan <i>pantang larang </i>dalam kehidupan sehari-sehari serta memahami nasehat yang terkandung dalam <i>pantang larang. </i>Generasi muda diharapkan tidak melupakan sastra lama dan tetap melestarikan petuah pendahulu yang sebenarnya sangat berguna jika diamalkan dalam kehidupan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode Penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Makalah ini menggunakan metode deskriptif, yaitu dengan memaparkan secara deskriptif hasil analisis yang diperoleh melalui penelitian. Metode ini digunakan untuk memecahkan atau menjawab pertanyaan mengenai suatu masalah yang terjadi dalam kehidupan manusia maupun masalah-masalah yang terjadi dari masa ke masa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode pada dasarnya berarti cara yang digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan. Oleh karena tujuan umum penelitian adalah untuk memecahkan masalah, maka langkah-langkah yang harus ditempuh harus relevan dengan masalah yang telah dirumuskan. Penelitian adalah usaha menemukan, mengembangkan, dan menguji kebenaran suatu pengetahuan, usaha yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode-metode ilmiah (teliti, jelas, sistematik, objektif).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nawawi dalam Yanti (2006:17) mengatakan bahwa metode penelitian deskriptif dapat diartikan sebagai prosedur pemecahan masalah yang diteliti dengan memaparkan atau melukiskan keadaan berdasarkan fakta yang tampak. Metode penelitian deskriftif merupakan suatu cara pemecahan masalah dengan cara menggambarkan suatu objek yang <span> </span>terbatas pada usaha mengungkapkan suatu masalah, keadaan, atau peristiwa sebagaimana adanya, sehingga bersifat sekedar mengungkapkan fakta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri-ciri Metode deskriptif:</span></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memusatkan perhatian pada masalah yang ada pada saat penelitian yang dilakukan, atau masalah-masalah yang bersifat aktual</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggambarkan fakta-fakta tentang masalah yang diselidiki sebagaimana adanya, diiringi dengan interprestasi yang rasional</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk penelitian deskriptif tidak bersifat kaku, mungkin seorang penulis mengatakan bentuk survei, dan penulis lainnya mengatakan Studi Hubungan atau sebaliknya, atau mungkin juga digunakan keduanya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-faktor yang dapat menimbulkan keliru/lemah/salah bisa terjadi sejak proses mempersiapkan sampai pada merumuskan simpulan sebagai hasil penelitian. Beberapa faktor yang perlu mendapat perhatian untuk dikendalikan secara baik oleh para peneliti adalah:</span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketajaman dalam menentukan masalah dan dalam memformulasikan menjadi judul penelitian</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketepatan merumuskan hipotesis (jika ada)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keserasian dalam memilih metode dan bentuk penelitian dengan masalah yang diteliti</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Data yang relevan dan lengkap</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketepatan dan kecukupan populasi dan sampel yang dipilih sebagai sumber data</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecermatan, ketelitian, kejelasan, dan kelengkapan dalam menetapkan variabel dan aspek-aspek berdasarkan masalah yang akan diteliti</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketepatan dalam memilih cara pengolahan data, dengan memperhatikan jenis dan sifat data</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekeliruan dalam menguji hipotesis</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekeliruan dalam menyusun kerangka teori sebagai tolak ukur</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekeliruan dalam menyusun simpulan dan saran-saran sebagai hasil penelitian</span></li>
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</div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep Pantang Larang Orang Melayu Di Karimun</span></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang Larang </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.75in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengenai asal usul <i>pantang larang</i> ini tidak dapat ditemukan secara jelas lahirnya di Karimun. Hal ini dikarenakan kebanyakan masyarakat Karimun menerimanya dalam tradisi hidup mereka begitu saja dari orang-orang tua mereka. Bagi mereka, segala yang dilakukan mempunyai manfaat. berbagai petuah <i>pantang larang</i> telah diajarkan oleh orang-orang tua Melayu bagi menjaga kesehatan ataupun keselamatan, tidak bertujuan mengharamkan yang halal tetapi berupa nasehat hasil dari pengalaman orang-orang terdahulu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.75in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (tim penyusun kamus, 1990:646),<span> </span>Pantang adalah hal yang terlarang menurut adat atau kepercayaan. Sedangkan larang adalah memerintahkan supaya tidak melakukan sesuatu (tim penyusun kamus, 1990:499). Jadi, <span> </span><i>pantang larang</i> adalah memerintahkan supaya tidak melakukan sesuatu yang terlarang menurut adat atau kepercayaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.75in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat disimpulkan bahwa <i>pantang larang</i> merupakan suatu perintah (aturan) yang melarang suatu perbuatan tersebut dilakukan, atau sesuatu yang terlarang (dilarang untuk dilakukan) karena dipandang keramat atau suci dari nenek moyang yang harus diamalkan demi mencapai kehidupan yang sempurna.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.75in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yusriadi, dkk (2009:32) dalam <a href="http://www.pantang-larang-masyarakat-melayu.html2222.htm/">www.pantang-larang-masyarakat-melayu.html2222.htm</a>, mengklasifikasikan <i>pantang larang</i> menjadi 5 bagian, yaitu:</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkaitan dengan keselamatan jiwa, yaitu: berkaitan dengan kematian, sakit/penderitaan, dan kesialan atau naas.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkaitan dengan waktu, yaitu: waktu malam, sore menjelang malam. </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkaitan dengan tempat, yaitu: berkaitan dengan di ladang, di tengah jalan, di hutan, dan di kuburan.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkaitan dengan jenis kelamin, yaitu: berkaitan dengan laki-laki dan perempuan, baik anak-anak maupun orang dewasa.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkaitan dengan pekerjaan dan aktivitas, yaitu: orang melahirkan dan perawat bayi, mengurus orang mati dan ke kuburan, berjalan, sedang bermain, bekerja, membuat rumah, sedang makan/minum.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan Nufnang (2007) dalam <a href="http://www.zappafly.com/zapaframe">www.zappafly.com/zapaframe</a>, mengklasifikasikan <i>pantang larang</i> menjadi:</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang larang di dalam hutan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang larang bagi anak-anak</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang larang di sungai</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang larang ketika duduk</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang larang ketika makan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang larang bagi laki-laki</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang larang bagi perempuan. </span></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan demikian<i>, pantang larang</i> yang diamalkan oleh masyarakat Melayu tidak terbatas pada satu aspek saja, akan tetapi terdapat beberapa aspek <i>pantang larang</i>, yang masing-masing aspek mempunyai maksud dan tujuan yang berbeda. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang Melayu</span></b></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.75in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menelusuri ungkapan tentang Melayu, Yusriadi (2009) dalam <a href="http://www.pantang-larang-masyarakat-melayu.html2222.htm/">www.pantang-larang-masyarakat-melayu.html2222.htm</a>, mengatakan bahwa Melayu merupakan sebuah nama yang diberikan kepada salah satu etnik (komunitas) yang berada di rantau tanah Melayu. Oleh karena itu, kita menemukan adanya bangsa Melayu Indonesia, Melayu Malaysia, Melayu Brunei Darussalam, Melayu Thailand, Melayu Kamboja, dan sebagainya.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.75in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Istilah Melayu ditakrifkan oleh UNESCO pada tahun 1972 sebagai suku bangsa Melayu di Semenanjung Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Filipina, dan Madagaskar. Bagaimanapun menurut Perlembagaan Malaysia, istilah Melayu hanya mengacu pada seseorang yang berketurunan Melayu yang menganut agama Islam. Dengan kata lain, bukan semua orang yang berasal dari keturunan Melayu atau orang yang nenek moyangnya Melayu adalah orang Melayu. (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu/22/05/2010">http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu/22/05/2010</a>)</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. <span class="fullpost">Terdapat dua teori mengenai asal-usul bangsa Melayu yaitu: berasal dari Yunnan (Teori Yunnan) dan berasal dari Nusantara (Teori Nusantara). (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu/22/05/2010">http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu/22/05/2010</a>). </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh-contoh Pantang Larang Orang Melayu Di Karimun</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.75in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang Melayu di Karimun kaya dengan <i>pantang larang</i> yang diwariskan kepada anak masing-masing dalam usaha mereka untuk menjaga perlakuan keluarga dan hubungan sesama anggota masyarakat maupun kepada alam sekitar. <i>Pantang larang</i> seakan-akan memang seperti menyekat kebebasan individu dan kedengarannya seperti tidak masuk akal, meskipun hakikatnya <i>pantang larang</i> yang diamalkan itu dapat dilihat kebenarannya hingga kini. Sebagian orang melihat <i>pantang larang</i> Melayu tidak lagi sesuai diamalkan pada masa kini karena khawatir akan merusak akidah masyarakat khususnya dalam hal berkaitan dengan musibah, jodoh, rejeki, ajal dan maut kerana semua itu sudah diatur oleh Ilahi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang larang</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang diamalkan oleh orang Melayu sebagai panduan hidup mengenai sesuatu yang boleh dilakukan dan larangan untuk tidak dilakukan. Masyarakat tradisional belajar sesuatu melalui lisan dan pantang larang yang menjadi amalan disampaikan dari generasi ke generasi berbanding masyarakat primitif terdahulu yang belajar melalui tulisan. <i>Pantang larang</i> dalam masyarakat Melayu ialah sesuatu yang disepakati mengenai perkara tertentu untuk dijadikan panduan hidup selain dihormati, <i>pantang larang </i>merupakan suatu usaha dalam melahirkan keharmonian bermasyarakat dan mewakili nilai maupun norma.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam kehidupan masyarakat Melayu ada 1001 jenis <i>pantang larang</i>. Tidak semua <i>pantang larang</i> itu dapat diterima oleh akal, namun tetap indah dan berseni, terutama dalam membentuk struktur kehidupan yang sempurna. Walaupun banyak yang beranggapan <i>pantang larang</i> tidak sesuai digunakan terutama menghadapi kehidupan pada zaman modern ini, tidak ada tanda bahwa <i>pantang larang</i> akan dimusnahkan begitu saja. Masyarakat Melayu mampu mengubah <i>pantang larang</i> sesuai dengan perkembangan zaman agar lebih sesuai dengan cara hidup masyarakat beragama. Hanya <i>pantang larang</i> yang berunsur animisme warisan lama, perlahan-lahan terkikis dan sirna.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh-contoh <i>pantang larang </i>yang masih diamalkan di Karimun sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang Larang Bagi Bayi</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.5in;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernyataan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akibat</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Logika</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi tidak boleh ditegur jika badannya gemuk, hanya boleh dikatakan ‘semangat’</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi tersebut akan menjadi kurus</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjaga perasaan orang tuanya</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi tidak boleh dicium sewaktu tidur terutama di atas ubun-ubun kepala dan pada pusarnya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan pendek umur</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan bayi tersebut akan terbangun dan mengganggu tidurnya</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang mencubit<span> </span>mulut bayi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak selera makan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kulit bayi masih sensitif, jika dicubit pasti terasa sakit dan memar</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan dibangunkan ketika<span> </span>bayi sedang tidur, kadangkala kita melihat dia tersenyum, tertawa dan ingin menangis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikatakan bayi sedang bermain dengan urinya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi tersebut sedang bermimpi</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kain lampin tidak boleh direndam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perut kembung</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan lampin tersebut berbau busuk jika tidak segera dicuci</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sisa makanan bayi tidak boleh dimakan oleh orang tuanya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melawan ucapan orang tua</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Orang tua tidak baik makan makanan sisa anak</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Makanan bayi tidak cocok dimakan oleh orang tua</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak boleh mencium pipi bayi saat si bayi sedang buang air besar</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wajah bayi akan terlihat masam</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan mengganggu konsentrasi bayi yang sedang buang air besar</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak boleh meletakkan bayi di atas lutut</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan sakit perut</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan bayi tersebut akan jatuh</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak boleh meniup mulut bayi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bisu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan mengganggu pernapasannya</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang Larang Bagi Anak-anak</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.5in;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernyataan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akibat</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Logika</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang berbicara di dalam toilet</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mata ketumbit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di dalam toilet tidak baik untuk berbicara, karena tempat orang membuang kotoran</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang bermain atau keluar rumah waktu senja</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disembunyikan hantu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Waktu senja mendekati maghrib, jadi sebaiknya bersiap untuk melaksanakan shalat</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang duduk di atas bantal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Punggung terkena bisul</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menjaga bantal agar tidak pecah atau sobek. Tambahan lagi, tidak baik benda untuk meletakkan kepala diletakkan di punggung</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang bersiul di dalam rumah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ular akan masuk</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menjaga ketentraman rumah dari suara ribut</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang memetik buah diwaktu senja</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diganggu hantu</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Waktu senja tidak baik untuk melakukan kegiatan di luar rumah</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang mengangkat kaki ketika meniarap</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ibu akan meninggal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan akan sesak nafas dan untuk mendidik anak agar berprilaku sopan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan bergendang di</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam rumah</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Harta akan habis dicuri </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">orang </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan akan<br />
mengganggu tetangga dan<br />
mengganggu ketentraman rumah</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan meludah ketika buang air besar</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mulut akan ber bau busuk</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menjaga kebersihan toilet</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan mengambil kembali barang yang telah diberikan kepada orang lain</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Buruk siku</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengajarkan keikhlasan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan membuka payung di dalam rumah</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kepala akan berkudis</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menjaga payung supaya tidak cepat rusak</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan meniup api lilin atau api dapur atau api pelita berdua</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang seorang akan menjadi bisu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menghindari kebakaran</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan menyisakan nasi ketika makan, harus dihabiskan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalau tidak nasi akan menangis</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menghindari </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pembaziran </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak boleh memotong kuku di waktu malam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendek umur</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menghindari dari<span> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">terpotong dagingnya</span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak boleh menjelir lidah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lidah akan terpotong</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelir lidah akan menyakiti hati orang lain</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak boleh memakan kepala ikan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjadi bodoh</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kepala ikan umumnya terdapat banyak tulang</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak boleh menunjuk pelangi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jari kudung</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan tertunjuk orang<br />
lain dan akan<br />
mengakibatkan salah paham</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak boleh menggigit kain</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gigi berulat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjaga agar kain tidak sobek</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak boleh memakan empedal ayam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Susah bersunat/khitan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Empedal ayam kurang mengandung gizi jika dibandingkan dengan bagian yang lain</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak boleh memanjat pohon pisang</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perut akan terbelah</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan<span> </span>pakaian akan terkena getah pisang</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang Larang Bagi Perempuan</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.5in;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernyataan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.8pt;" width="153"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akibat</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Logika</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang menyanyi di dapur ketika sedang masak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.8pt;" width="153"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan menikah dengan orang tua</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Untuk menghindari </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">masakan hangus karena asik bernyanyi </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.Dikhawatirkan masakan tersebut tercemar oleh air liur yang keluar akibat keasikan bernyanyi</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang menjahit baju yang sedang dipakai</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.8pt;" width="153"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Utang tidak akan lunas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan akan tertusuk<span> </span>jarum</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang mencari kutu ditangga</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.8pt;" width="153"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan dinikahi oleh orang tua</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak bagus dilihat tetangga atau orang yang lewat</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang menjahit pada waktu malam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.8pt;" width="153"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan sial</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(a) Untuk menjaga kesehatan mata supaya tidak menjadi kabur<br />
(b) Menghindari tangan agar tidak tertusuk jarum</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang bercermin di depan cermin retak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.8pt;" width="153"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wajah pucat di malam pertama</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wajah tidak terlihat seutuhnya pada cermin</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang memakai pakaian basah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.8pt;" width="153"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Badan berkurap</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan akan masuk angin</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang memotong kuku diwaktu malam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.8pt;" width="153"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan sial</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan akan terpotong dagingnya</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang tertawa diwaktu</span><span lang="IN" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">maghrib</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.8pt;" width="153"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hantu akan datang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kita haruslah<br />
menghormati waktu<br />
orang sedang melaksanakan<br />
shalat</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan bercermin ditengah malam</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.8pt;" width="153"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">wajah menjadi tinjau belukar. Dari jauh terlihat cantik, dipandang dekat terlihat jelek</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tengah malam itu waktunya tidur</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan menyapu lantai diwaktu malam</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.8pt;" width="153"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua rejeki yang kita cari pada waktu siang semuanya akan keluar</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan mengganggu orang yang ingin beristirahat</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan bangun lewat atau bangun siang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.8pt;" width="153"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sukar mendapat jodoh</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak pekerjaan yang harus dilakukan, jika bangun siang maka pekerjaan akan terbengkalai</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan mencuci piring pada malam jumat</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.8pt;" width="153"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sulit mendapatkan rejeki</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Malam jumat itu sebaiknya membaca yasin</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan bercerita di tangga</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.8pt;" width="153"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nanti dipinang orang hanya di teras rumah saja</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengganggu orang yang akan turun-naik tangga, serta Tidak baik dilihat oleh<span> </span>orang yang lewat</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan merendam pakaian diwaktu malam</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.8pt;" width="153"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mudah mendapat penyakit</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan baju akan menjadi busuk</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan tidur selepas </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 150%;">makan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.8pt;" width="153"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perut<span> </span>menjadi buncit</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena proses<br />
pencernaan makanan dalam<br />
lambung kita berlangsung selama 2 jam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak boleh menyapu nasi pada waktu malam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.8pt;" width="153"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sulit mendapatkan rejeki</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nasi tersebut dikhawatirkan akan dikerumuni semut</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 98.75pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 98.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak boleh duduk di atas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tangga ketika Maghrib</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 98.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.8pt;" width="153"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerasukan/kesurupan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 98.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada waktu maghrib<br />
sebaiknya kita<br />
menunaikan shalat fardhu<br />
maghrib</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang Larang Bagi Laki-laki</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.5in;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernyataan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akibat</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Logika</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang bersiul di dalam rumah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ular akan masuk ke rumah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjaga ketentraman rumah dari keributan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang buang air kecil di atas busut/bukit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Buruk kemaluan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjaga adab dan kebersihan alam sekitar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang mengintip orang mandi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mata ketumbit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena biasanya ketika mandi orang tidak berpakaian</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang tidur di tanah lapang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ibu akan meninggal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidur ssebaiknya di kamar</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan membuat pintu rumah menghadap ke jalan raya</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mudah terjangkit penyakit</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghindari berbagai musibah, seperti kecelakaan jika keluar dari pintu yang menghadap jalan raya, selain itu mencegah agar rumah tidak terganggu oleh suara kendaraan yang lewat</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan membiarkan tempayan beras dalam keadaan kosong</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memendekkan rejeki</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">memberi peringatan kepada tuan rumah agar senantiasa bersedia menerima tamu dan tidak pelit menjamu mereka.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang Larang Sebelum Pernikahan</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.5in;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernyataan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akibat</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Logika</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan keluar dengan pasangan selama 40 hari sebelum diijabkabul</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan tidak langgeng</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untk menghindari pasangan tersebut dari prasangka negatif orang dan dari perbuatan yang melanggar agama</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan tidur di rumah orang lain</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terkena ilmu jahat</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menjaga nama baik keluarga</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan bebas keluar ke mana-mana</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disantet oleh mereka yang mempunyai niat tidak baik</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengelakkan kedua pihak melanggar hukum agama</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan makan nasi dengan gulai berkuah beberapa bulan sebelum menikah</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perut buncit</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gulai mengandung lemak yang akan menambah berat badan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan makan ulam yang berbau busuk seperti petai dan jering</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gagal menikah</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nafas tidak segar</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan bercermin terutama selepas maghrib</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghindarkan diri dari perkara sihir</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebaiknya melaksanakan shalat maghrib</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan membuang air kecil dan air besar serentak di dalam air, contohnya dalam sungai</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melemahkan organ seks</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika ingin membuang air kecil dan air besar sebaiknya di toilet</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan meminum air bergas karena air tersebut mengandung gula dan gas yang tinggi</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyebabkan kencing manis</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Minuman bergas tidak baik untuk kesehatan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan mandi pada malam hari</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak bagus untuk persendian</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mudah terkena reumatik</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan terlalu banyak makan, cukup 1 kali sehari</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan disayang calon suami</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghindari kegemukan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan mencukur alis mata</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan menghilangkan seri muka</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak ada perbedaan saat di rias ketika bersanding</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang memandang cermin ketika dirias oleh juruandam</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Seri wajah akan hilang</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Juru andam akan sulit menghias dan mengganggu konsentrasi juru andam</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan keluar rumah tanpa tujuan menjelang perkahwinan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Calon pengantin mengalami kemalangan jika berada di luar</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebaiknya berada di rumah untuk mempersiapkan pernikahan</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang Larang Bagi Wanita Hamil</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.5in;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 192pt;" valign="top" width="256"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernytaaan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" valign="top" width="141"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akibat</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.45pt;" valign="top" width="127"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Logika</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 192pt;" width="256"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang mencaci-maki atau menceritakan kecacatan seseorang</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" width="141"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak yang lahir juga akan cacat</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.45pt;" width="127"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk menjaga<br />
perkataan agar tidak melukai hati orang lain</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 192pt;" width="256"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang memukul, mendera atau menyakiti binatang</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" width="141"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak yang lahir akan cacat</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.45pt;" width="127"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menghindari penganiayaan pada hewan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 192pt;" width="256"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang memaku, memahat, mengail atau menyembelih binatang</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" width="141"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak yang akan lahir, bibirnya akan<span> </span>terbelah atau sumbing</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.45pt;" width="127"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ibu hamil tidak boleh melakukan pekerjaan berat seperti bertukang</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 192pt;" width="256"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang bergaduh dengan ibu mertua</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" width="141"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan mengalami kesulitan ketika melahirkan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.45pt;" width="127"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untik menjaga<br />
kenteteraman keluarga,<br />
terutama apabila<br />
tinggal bersama mertua<br />
setelah melahirkan<br />
anak</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 192pt;" width="256"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang memakan cumi-cumi</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" width="141"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menghadapi masalah ketika bersalin, atau Anak mungkin terlilit tali pusarnya</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.45pt;" width="127"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cumi-cumi tidak baik untuk kesehatan ibu hamil</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 192pt;" width="256"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang mencerca atau melihat sesuatu yang ganjil</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" width="141"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak yang akan lahir akan cacat</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.45pt;" width="127"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menjaga ucapan dan perkataan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 192pt;" width="256"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang meminum air tebu atau kelapa di awal kehamilan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" width="141"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan mengalami keguguran</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.45pt;" width="127"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Air kelapa mengandung gas yang tidak baik untuk janin</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 192pt;" width="256"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang melangkahi kucing yang sedang tidur</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" width="141"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mata anak tertutup seperti kucing yang sedang tidur</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.45pt;" valign="top" width="127"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Takut terinjak dan kemudian dicakar kucing</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 192pt;" width="256"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang menyusup atau lewat di bawah jemuran</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" width="141"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nanti anak sulit dilahirkan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.45pt;" width="127"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan ibu hamil<br />
akan tersandung dan<br />
jatuh, dan akan<br />
membahayakan<br />
kandungan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 192pt;" width="256"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang makan makanan yang berakar seperti pegaga</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" width="141"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">nanti terlekat uri</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.45pt;" width="127"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ibu hamil sebaiknya mengkonsumsi makanan yang hanya mengandung banyak protein</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 192pt;" width="256"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang tidur diwaktu pagi</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" width="141"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kepala anak akan menjadi besar</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.45pt;" width="127"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ibu hamil sebaiknya berolahraga diwaktu pagi agar mempermudah proses melahirkan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 192pt;" width="256"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan duduk di atas tunggul</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" width="141"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nanti uri lekat</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.45pt;" width="127"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan akan jatuh dan punggung terasa sakit</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 192pt;" width="256"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan melihat gerhana</span><span lang="IN" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">matahari </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" width="141"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nanti anak akan<br />
bertompok hitam atau<br />
bermata juling</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.45pt;" width="127"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melihat matahari<br />
sewaktu gerhana<br />
mampu menyebabkan<br />
mata menjadi buta</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 192pt;" width="256"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak boleh melilitkan handuk di leher</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" width="141"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ari-ari ibu akan melilit di leher anak</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.45pt;" width="127"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Handuk itu fungsinya menutupi badan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 192pt;" width="256"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak boleh duduk di depan pintu</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" width="141"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan mengalami kesulitan saat melahirkan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.45pt;" width="127"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan mempersulit orang yang ingin lewat</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 192pt;" width="256"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak boleh menyimpan sesuatu di kantong baju</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" width="141"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemaluan anak akan besar</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.45pt;" width="127"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan barang-barang yang disimpan tersebut menambah beban yang dibawa ibu hamil</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang Larang </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika Makan</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 33.75pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernyataan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akibat</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Logika</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang makan berpindah tempat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan memiliki banyak suami/istri </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menjaga kebersihan rumah dari makanan yang berserakan di mana-mana tempat</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang meletakkan piring di telapak tangan ketika makan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan merampas suami orang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan nasi tersebut akan tumpah</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan memakan pisang kembar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan beranak kembar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghindari sifat tamak</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan makan diwaktu Maghrib</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Makan bersama hantu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maghrib itu waktu shalat</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan makan sisa anak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak akan degil</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kita haruslah<br />
mendahulukan orang tua kita ketika makan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan makan sambil menatang piring</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nanti seumur hidup menanggung hutang</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan nasi akan tumpah</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan menggunakan piring yang berlapis ketika makan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan dimadu orang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mubazir</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan tidur setelah makan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perut buncit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencernaan terganggu</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan makan sambil berjalan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sakit perut</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak sopan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan makan nasi di sendok besar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Susah mendapatkan rejeki</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Makan itu menggunakan sendok makan, karena sesuai dengan ukuran mulut</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan makan menggunakan piring berlapis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan beristeri dua</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mubazir piring</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan makan di dalam piring yang retak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat anak bibir sumbing</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan akan terluka oleh retakan piring</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan makan dalam belanga</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat anak yang berwajah jelek</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar makan menggunakan piring saja</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan berlunjur ketika makan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan jadi pemalas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak sopan, dan sebaiknya makan itu duduk bersila</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan mencangkung ketika makan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Susah mendapatkan rejeki</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak sopan, karena mencangkung itu seperti orang yang sedang membuang kotoran</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika makan, piring jangan diletakkan di atas pangkuan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nanti suami diambil orang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nanti piringnya jatuh dan pecah</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak boleh makan dalam</span><span lang="IN" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gelap<span style="color: white;"></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikatakan makan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dengan iblis</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan makanan<br />
tertumpah dari piring<br />
dan mengakibatkan<br />
pembaziran</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang Larang Ketika Tidur</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.5in;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernyataan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akibat</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Logika</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan tidur di depan pintu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan dilangkahi hantu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghalangi dan mampersulit orang yang ingin keluar-masuk rumah</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan tidur di atas pohon</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimakan setan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan akan jatuh dari pohon</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan tidur di atas sajadah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurapan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sajadah digunakan <span> </span>untuk shalat, jadi tidak baik digunakan untuk alas tidur</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan tidur setelah makan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditindih hantu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak baik untuk kesehatan pencernaan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan biarkan nasi melekat pada kaki ketika tidur</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mimpi buruk</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar membersihkan diri sebelum tidur</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="IN">Pantang Larang Ketika Duduk</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.5in;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">Pernyataan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">Akibat</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">Logika</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Tidak boleh duduk di atas bantal</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Bisulan</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Untuk menjaga bantal agar tidak pecah atau sobek. Tambahan lagi, tidak baik benda untuk meletakkan kepala diletakkan di bawah punggung</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Tidak boleh duduk di atas tangga ketika Maghrib</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Kerasukan makhluk halus</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Agar melaksanakan shalat maghrib</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Tidak boleh menggoyang kaki</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Utang tidak terbayar</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Mencegah dari kebiasaan menggoyangkan kaki</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Tidak boleh duduk di beranda tangga</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">payah rezeki</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Akan menghalangi orang yang ingin turun naik atau melewati tangga</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Tidak boleh duduk di atas lesung</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Dubur berkudis</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Sangat tidak baik meletakkan punggung pada tempat yang digunakan untuk menghaluskan berbagai jenis bahan makanan</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang Larang Ketika Berdiri</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.5in;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernyataan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akibat</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Logika</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Buang air kecil tidak boleh berdiri</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Punggung akan dipegang oleh hantu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena jika kita buang air kecil berdiri proseder pundi kemih tidak<br />
berada dalam keadaan yang benar</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan berdiri dengan kaki bertindihan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rejeki akan jauh</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan kaki yang tertindih itu akan sakit</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang Larang Di Hutan</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.5in;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernyataan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akibat</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Logika</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang berbicara ketika berada di hutan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mendapat bencana</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menghinddari dari gangguan binatang buas</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang menegur sesuatu yang aneh atau ganjil di hutan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan kerasukan atau mendapat musibah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar terhindar dari gangguan binatang dan gangguan makhluk halus<span> </span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan bersiul di dalam hutan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disambar hantu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan akan diganggu berbagai jenis binatang</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika terdengar sahutan di hutan, jangan dijawab</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pangggilan hantu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan suara tersebut adalah suara binatang yang akan membahayakan dirinya</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan mengambil batu atau benda ganjil di hutan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Takut berpenunggu atau dihuni makhluk halus</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan akan diganggu makhluk ghaib</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika sesat di hutan,<span> </span>jangan tidur di tepi sungai</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimakan hantu </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan binatang buas seperti buaya akan menyerang</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang Larang Di Sungai</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.5in;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernyataan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akibat</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Logika</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika terlihat air berpusar, jangan dihampiri</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Petanda buaya bergerak atau mengiring</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikhawatirkan binatang berbahaya atau sesuatu<br />
yang berbahaya akan<br />
menimpa</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" width="255"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilarang membawa jeruk purut</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimakan buaya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jeruk purut tidak ada manfaatnya jika dibawa ke sungai</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang Larang Di Kebun</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.5in;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.8pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernyataan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 140.3pt;" valign="top" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akibat</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Logika</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.8pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak boleh makan berjalan di kebun</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 140.3pt;" valign="top" width="187"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Segala tanaman di kebun akan habis dimakan binatang</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebun sebagai tempat orang bekerja, dikhawatirkan jika ada yang makan berjalan akan mengganggu pekerjaan</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantang Larang Di Kuburan</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.5in;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 142.55pt;" valign="top" width="190"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernyataan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 140.45pt;" valign="top" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akibat</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.6pt;" valign="top" width="139"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Logika</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 142.55pt;" valign="top" width="190"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak boleh bersenda gurau ketika memasuki daerah pemakaman</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 140.45pt;" valign="top" width="187"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan ditegur makhluk halus</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.6pt;" valign="top" width="139"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebaiknya berdoa untuk para ahli kubur</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh-contoh <i>pantang</i> <i>larang </i>di atas diperoleh dari hasil wawancara antara penulis dengan informan yang merupakan orang Melayu yang tinggal di Karimun. Namun, wawancara tidak dilakukan secara langsung, karena penulis tidak berada di Karimun, sehingga untuk mendapatkan data dan informasi yang diinginkan, penulis mewawancarai informan melalui telephone. Penulis mendapatkan data diri informan dari anak mereka yang kuliah di Pekanbaru dan tinggal dalam sebuah asrama bersama penulis di Asrama Karimun, kemudian dengan adanya data diri dari informan, penulis bisa mengenal dam menghubungi informan untuk mendapatkan berbagai informasi mengenai <i>pantang larang </i>orang Melayu di Karimun<i>.</i> Menurut Informan, orang Melayu Karimun selalu mengingatkan anak cucunya supaya tidak melanggar <i>pantang larang</i>. Melanggar <i>pantang larang</i> samalah dengan tidak mendengar nasehat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penutup</span></b></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b></span><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Simpulan</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.75in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disadari atau tidak oleh manusia (masyarakat melayu), pantang larang sangat melekat dalam kehidupan mereka. Hal ini disebabkan oleh pengaruh budaya dari generasi ke generasi yang mengamalkan pantang larang secara turun-temurun. Dengan kata lain, mulai dari orang tua, dewasa, remaja hingga anak-anak <span> </span>mengamalkan pantang larang yang telah diturunkan dari nenek moyang mereka. Pantang larang kerap kali dipatuhi oleh masyarakat melayu, karena menurut orang melayu, melanggar pantang larang samalah halnya dengan tidak mendengarkan nasehat.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam pembahasan mengenai masalah-masalah mengenai<span> </span>pantang larang, penulis mengambil teori dari pendapat Yusriadi, dkk (2009:32) dalam <a href="http://www.pantang-larang-masyarakat-melayu.html2222.htm/">www.pantang-larang-masyarakat-melayu.html2222.htm</a>, yang<span> </span>mengklasifikasikan pantang larang menjadi 5 bagian. Kemudian,<span> </span>Nufnang (2007) dalam <a href="http://www.zappafly.com/zapaframe">www.zappafly.com/zapaframe</a>, mengklasifikasikan pantang larang menjadi 7 bagian. Selain itu, penulis juga mendapatkan informasi mengenai contoh-contoh pantang larang masyarakat Melayu di Karimun dari mahasiswa-mahasiswa Karimun yang menyatakan bahwa pantang larang tersebut berlaku bagi bayi, bagi anak-anak, bagi laki-laki, bagi perempuan, bagi wanita hamil, bagi pasangan yang akan menikah, serta pantang larang ketika makan, ketika tidur, ketika berdiri. Selain itu, pantang larang juga berlaku ketika kita berada di hitan, di sungai, dan di kuburan. Jadi, pantang larang ini tidak berlaku pada satu aspek saja.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari hasil penelitian bahwa </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pantang larang orang Melayu merupakan kepercayaan masyarakat <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu" title="Melayu"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Melayu</span></a> zaman dahulu yang<span> </span>berkaitan dengan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adat" title="Adat"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">adat</span></a> dan <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">budaya</span></a> <a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warisan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Warisan (tidak wujud)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">warisan</span></a> nenek moyang. Kebanyakan pantang larang diturunkan secara lisan dan turun kemurun. Pantang larang orang tua-tua bertujuan untuk mendidik masyarakat, khususnya generasi muda agar dapat membawa kepada penerapan nilai-nilai baik yang boleh diamalkan di dalam kehidupan. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa yang dikatakan bukan untuk dipercayai, melainkan untuk dihayati pesan<span> </span>yang tersembunyi di sebalik pantang larang yang telah diperturunkan secara lisan dari zaman ke zaman. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pantang larang diamalkan oleh masyarakat Melayu bertujuan untuk mendidik masyarakat agar mengamalkan nilai-nilai murni dalam kehidupan mereka.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b></span><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebaiknya kita melestarikan setiap kebudayaan, tradisi, maupun adat, khususnya pantang larang, yang telah diwariskan oleh nenek moyang kita, dengan cara mengaplikasikannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, serta mempelajari memahami nasehat yang terkandung di dalamnya.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkenalkan pantang larang yang sudah diamalkan oleh orang tua kita kepada generasi penerus, agar nasehat yang terkandung dalam pantang larang tersebut dapat bermanfaat dalam kehidupan kita. Memperkenalkan pantang karang tersebut dimulai dari keluarga, dan bagi seorang Guru bisa memperkenalkannya kepada para siswa di sekolah.</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://bahtera.org/kateglo/?mod=dictionary&action=view&phrase=larangan/22/06/2010">http://bahtera.org/kateglo/?mod=dictionary&action=view&phrase=larangan/22/06/2010</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://jiwang.org/sejarah-mitologi/34130-%5Bmitos%5D-pantang-larang-melayu-lama.html/22/06/2010">http://jiwang.org/sejarah-mitologi/34130-%5Bmitos%5D-pantang-larang-melayu-lama.html/22/06/2010</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://mforum2.cari.com.my/viewthread.php?tid=396103&page=2/22/06/2010">http://mforum2.cari.com.my/viewthread.php?tid=396103&page=2/22/06/2010</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu/22/06/2010">http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu/22/06/2010</a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu/22/06/2010">http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu/22/06/2010</a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://promote5.blogspirit.com/archive/2006/03/29/petua-pantang-larang-untuk-kesihatan-tenaga-batin.html">http://promote5.blogspirit.com/archive/2006/03/29/petua-pantang-larang-untuk-kesihatan-tenaga-batin.html</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://raufasufrina87.blogspot.com/2010/06/pantang-larang-orang-melayu.html">http://raufasufrina87.blogspot.com/2010/06/pantang-larang-orang-melayu.html</a><span class="fullpost"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu/22/06/2010">http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu/22/06/2010</a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu/22/06/2010">http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu/22/06/2010</a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.google.it/search?hl=en&q=hakikat+pantang+larang&btnG=Google+Search/22/06/2010">http://www.google.it/search?hl=en&q=hakikat+pantang+larang&btnG=Google+Search/22/06/2010</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://yoyooh.com/original-post/yo-ori-hiburan/158.html?joscclean=1&comment_id=8556/22/06/2010">http://yoyooh.com/original-post/yo-ori-hiburan/158.html?joscclean=1&comment_id=8556/22/06/2010</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nufnang.2007.dalam www.zappafly.com/zapaframe, diakses pada 22 Juni 2010</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tim Penyusun Kamus. 1994. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.pantang-larang-masyarakat-melayu.html2222.htm/22/06/2010">www.pantang-larang-masyarakat-melayu.html2222.htm/22/06/2010</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.zappafly.com/zapaframe/22/06/2010">www.zappafly.com/zapaframe/22/06/2010</a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lampiran</span></b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Data Diri Informan atau Narasumber</span></b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama <span> </span>: Bambang Irawan</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Umur<span> </span>: 44 tahun</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pekerjaan<span> </span>: PNS</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alamat<span> </span>: Tanjung Balai Karimun</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama <span> </span>: Agus Salim</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Umur<span> </span>: 49 tahun</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pekerjaan<span> </span>: Dis-Hub</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alamat<span> </span>: Jl. Garuda, Karimun</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama<span> </span>: Erdi Yusuf</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Umur<span> </span>: 48 tahun</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pekerjaan <span> </span>: pegawai swasta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alamat<span> </span>: sungai Lakam, karimun</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama <span> </span>: Nurochmad </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Umur<span> </span>: 50 tahun</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pekerjaan<span> </span>: pegawai swasta</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Alamat<span> </span>: Jl. Jend. Soeprapto, Meral, Karimun</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama <span> </span>: Berti Murni </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Umur<span> </span>: 42 tahun</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pekerjaan<span> </span>: Ibu Rumah Tangga</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alamat<span> </span>: Sungai Lakam, Karimun</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span class="fullpost"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pertanyaan yang Diajukan Kepada Narasumber</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan contoh-contoh <i>pantang larang </i>yang masih Anda amalkan dalam kehidupan Anda!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan contoh-contoh <i>pantang larang </i>yang masih Anda amalkan dalam kehidupan Anda, jelaskan akibat apabila seseorang melanggar atau tidak mematuhi<i> pantang larang </i>tersebut!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan logika atau fakta yang sebenarnya terkandung dalam pernyataan <i>pantang larang </i>yang Anda amalkan dalam kehidupan Anda!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></div>sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-65580698007808002782011-09-18T21:20:00.000-07:002011-09-18T21:20:44.009-07:00PELESTARIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN BUDAYA BERPIKIR MELAYU<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvnpfTOSoJisJ6eO9gJGLsTttffzgWa2Ybvi2KDhRJ39Vz4nDVsawQqiS9HROqarl0IgDM5PCceyYvrSRtIJ6KyVYVH9xN5i-zCwKbGPeSzk1EpjwyAnwaxop5GF3CaHt7T7N9wZihDfTQ/s1600/16112010%2528005%2529-001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvnpfTOSoJisJ6eO9gJGLsTttffzgWa2Ybvi2KDhRJ39Vz4nDVsawQqiS9HROqarl0IgDM5PCceyYvrSRtIJ6KyVYVH9xN5i-zCwKbGPeSzk1EpjwyAnwaxop5GF3CaHt7T7N9wZihDfTQ/s320/16112010%2528005%2529-001.jpg" width="236" /></a></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bangsa Melayu cukup kuat pegangannya dengan warisan tradisi mereka terutama budaya setempat dari segi pemahaman Islam, cara berpikir, hidup bermasyrakat dan banyak lagi. Malah mereka sulit menerima suatu bentuk pemikiran baru yang dirasakannya akan menggangu stabilitas kehidupan, terutama yang menyangkut dengan agama mereka. Artinya, pemikiran Melayu lama sangat berpengaruh hingga pemikiran masyarakat Melayu kini, sehingga mereka tidak membuka ruang untuk berfikir lebih jauh, agresif, dan memahami berbagai realita perkembangan dunia di daerah mereka.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Cara berpikir seseorang akan menentukan kemampuannya mengolah akalnya untuk mencapai kemajuan. Orang Melayu bisa menjadi sama majunya dengan etnis-etnis lain di dunia, jika mereka mau mengembangkan budaya berpikir mereka, seperti halnya etnis-etnis lain yang sudah maju, dan mereka bisa melakukannya jika mereka mau. Supaya bisa maju dan mengejar ketertinggalannya dibanding etnis lain, orang Melayu harus menyadari bahwa mereka memang tertinggal bila dibandingkan dengan etnis lain yang sudah maju. Kesadaran itu penting dan hendaknya tidak menimbulkan rasa iri dan dengki terhadap etnis lain, sebaliknya justru membakar semangat mereka untuk maju, mengejar ketertinggalannya itu. Kesadaran itu hendaklah membuat orang Melayu berpikir dan berjiwa besar, menyusun strategi menuju masa depan yang gemilang dan berjuang untuk mewujudkannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Makalah ini berjudul Pelestarian dan Pengembangan Budaya Berpikir Melayu. Dalam makalah ini kami akan membahas bagaimana melestarikan dan mengembangkan budaya berpikir Melayu yang sudah ada sejak dulu. Alasan kami memilih untuk membahas hal tersebut adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk melestarikan budaya berpikir Melayu<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk mengembangkan budaya berpikir Melayu agar etnis Melayu bisa menjadi sama majunya dengan etnis-etnis lain di dunia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk memperkuat etos berpikir generasi muda Melayu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan pembuatan makalah ini untuk mengajak pembaca umumnya, dan<span> </span>masyarakat Melayu serta generasi muda Melayu<span> </span>khususnya, untuk melestarikan dan mengembangkan budaya berpikir yang sudah dicontohkan oleh raja-raja Melayu terdahulu, seperti halnya etnis-etnis yang sudah maju.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pelestarian dan Pengembangan Budaya Berpikir Melayu</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pelestarian dalam Kamus Bahasa Indonesia (Eko, 2006) berasal dari kata dasar <i>lestari,</i> yang artinya adalah tetap selama-lamanya tidak berubah. Kemudian, dalam kaidah penggunaan Bahasa Indonesia, pengunaan awalan pe- dan akhiran –an artinya digunakan untuk menggambarkan sebuah proses atau upaya (kata kerja).</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jadi berdasarkan kata kunci <i>lestari </i>ditambah awalan pe- dan akhiran –an, maka yang dimaksud pelestarian adalah upaya untuk membuat sesuatu tetap selama-lamanya tidak berubah. Bisa pula didefinisikan sebagai upaya untuk mempertahankan sesuatu supaya tetap sebagaimana adanya.</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Merujuk pada definisi pelestarian dalam Kamus Bahasa Indonesia diatas, maka kami mendefinisikan bahwa yang dimaksud pelestarian budaya (ataupun budaya lokal) adalah upaya untuk mempertahankan agar/supaya budaya tetap sebagaimana adanya. Lebih rinci A.W. Widjaja dalam Jacobus (2006:115) mengartikan pelestarian sebagai kegiatan atau yang dilakukan secara terus menerus, terarah dan terpadu guna mewujudkan tujuan tertentu yang mencerminkan adanya sesuatu yang tetap dan abadi, bersifat dinamis, luwes, dan selektif (Jacobus, 2006:115).</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengenai pelestarian budaya lokal, Jacobus Ranjabar (2006:114) mengemukakan bahwa pelestarian norma lama bangsa (budaya lokal) adalah mempertahankan nilai-nilai seni budaya, nilai tradisional dengan mengembangkan perwujudan yang bersifat dinamis, luwes dan selektif, serta menyesuaikan dengan situasi dan kondisi yang selalu berubah dan berkembang.</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Salah satu tujuan diadakannya pelestarian budaya adalah juga untuk melakukan revitalisasi budaya (penguatan). Mengenai revitalisasi budaya Prof. A. Chaedar Alwasilah mengatakan adanya tiga langkah, yaitu :<b> </b>(1) pemahaman untuk menimbulkan kesadaran, (2) perencanaan secara kolektif, dan (2) pembangkitan kreativitas kebudyaaan.</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Revitalisasi kebudayaan dapat didefinisikan sebagai upaya yang terencana dan sinambung agar nilai-nilai budaya itu bukan hanya dipahami oleh para pemiliknya, melainkan juga membangkitkan segala wujud kreativitas dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dan dalam menghadapi berbagai tantangan. Demi revitalisasi maka teks-teks kebudayaan perlu dikaji ulang dan diberi tafsir baru. Tafsir baru akan mencerahkan manakala ada kaji banding secara kritis dengan berbagai budaya asing (Chaedar, 2006: 18).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada definisinya, pelestarian adalah sebuah upaya yang berdasar, dan dasar ini disebut juga faktor-faktor yang mendukungnya baik itu dari dalam maupun dari luar budaya yang dilestarikan. Maka dari itu, sebuah proses atau tindakan pelestarian mengenal strategi atapun teknik yang didasarkan pada kebutuhan dan kondisinya masing-masing.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pelestarian budaya tidak mungkin berdiri sendiri, senantiasa berpasangan dengan perkembangan budaya. <span> </span>Artinya, budaya yang dilestarikan memang masih ada dan diketahui, walaupun pada perkembangannya semakin terkisis atau dilupakan.</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pelestarian itu hanya bisa dilakukan secara efektif manakala budaya yang dilestarikan itu tetap digunakan dan tetap ada penyungsungnya. Kapan budaya itu tak lagi digunakan maka budaya itu akan hilang. Kapan alat-alat itu tak lagi digunakan oleh masyarakat, alat-alat itu dengan sendirinya akan hilang (I Gede Pitana, 2003).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengembangan adalah memperdalam dan memperluas pengetahuan yang telah ada. Pengembangan adalah kegiatan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang bertujuan memanfaatkan kaidah dan teori ilmu pengetahuan yang telah terbukti kebenarannya untuk meningkatkan fungsi, manfaat, dan aplikasi ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang telah ada, atau menghasilkan teknologi baru (Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2002).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Budaya atau kebudayaan dalam bahasa Inggris disebut <i>culture, </i>yang berasal dari kata<span> </span>latin <i>Colere, </i>yaitu mengolah atau mengerjakan. Bisa diartikan juga sebagai mengolah tanah atau bertani. Kata <i>culture </i>juga kadang diterjemahkan sebagai “kultur” dalam bahasa Indonesia. Budaya didefinisikan sebagai suatu cara hidup yang berkembang dan dimiliki bersama oleh sebuah kelompok orang dan diwariskan dari generasi ke generasi.<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berpikir adalah kemampuan seseorang menggunakan akalnya untuk menilai mana yang benar dan mana yang salah, mana yang baik dan mana yang tidak baik, mana yang menguntungkan dan mana yang merugikan, dan pertimbangan positif dan negatif lainnya (Rahman, 2003:156). Berpikir merupakan budaya Melayu, tetapi budaya berpikir orang Melayu tidak berkembang secara signifikan. Keadaan ini menyebabkan etos kerja orang Melayu menjadi lemah, sehingga kehidupan mereka terpuruk dan tertinggal dibandingkan dengan etnis-etnis lain di Asia Tenggara.<b> </b>Berpikir dahulu sebelum melakukan suatu perbuatan merupakan bagian dari kehidupan keseharian keluarga Melayu. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.7pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melayu merupakan sebuah nama yang diberikan kepada salah satu etnik (komunitas) yang berada di rantau tanah Melayu. Oleh karena itu, kita menemukan adanya bangsa Melayu Indonesia, Melayu Malaysia, Melayu Brunei Darussalam, Melayu Thailand, Melayu Kamboja, dan sebagainya.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.7pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Istilah Melayu ditakrifkan oleh UNESCO pada tahun 1972 sebagai suku bangsa Melayu di Semenanjung Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Filipina, dan Madagaskar. Bagaimanapun menurut Perlembagaan Malaysia, istilah Melayu hanya mengacu pada seseorang yang berketurunan Melayu yang menganut agama Islam. Dengan kata lain, bukan semua orang yang berasal dari keturunan Melayu atau orang yang nenek moyangnya Melayu adalah orang Melayu. (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu/22/10/2010">http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu/22/10/2010</a>)</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. <span class="fullpost">Terdapat dua teori mengenai asal-usul bangsa Melayu yaitu: berasal dari Yunnan (Teori Yunnan) dan berasal dari Nusantara (Teori Nusantara) (<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu/22/10/2010">http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu/22/10/2010</a>).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pelestarian dan pengembangan budaya berpikir Melayu merupakan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">upaya untuk menjadikan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">suatu cara hidup yang berkembang dan dimiliki bersama oleh <span class="fullpost">etnik (komunitas) yang berada di rantau tanah Melayu yang</span> diwariskan dari generasi ke generasi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tetap selama-lamanya dan tidak berubah serta </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">untuk ditingkatkan fungsinya, manfaatnya, dan aplikasinya berdasarkan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kemampuan suatu etnik Melayu itu menggunakan akalnya dalam menerima pengaruh positif dan pengaruh negatif bagi kehidupan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk menyelesaikan suatu masalah haruslah digunakan akal pikiran, bukan dengan menggunakan perasaan atau hati. Selain itu, untuk menyelesaikan suatu masalah yang yang harus diikuti adalah jalan pikiran atau akal yang sehat, bukan dengan mengikuti rasa atau hati. Kalau yang diikuti kata hati, maka pastilah akan mendapat kesulitan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pepatah-petitih yang menunjukkan bahwa Melayu mengutamakan berpikir dari pada mengikuti perasaan adalah adanya pantun nasihat sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 74.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bangsal di hulu kerapatan</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sayang durian gugur bunganya</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sesal dahulu pendapatan</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sesal kemudian tiada gunanya</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Artinya, Sebelum melakukan suatu perbuatan hendaklah dipikirkan terlebih dahulu tentang baik-buruknya, benar salahnya, dan untung ruginya supaya terhindar dari sesal dan duka cita. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pepatah Melayu lain berbunyi:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 74.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Setali membeli kemenyan</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sekupang membeli ketaya</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sekali lancung ke ujian</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Seumur hidup orang tak percaya</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Artinya, Sekali ketahuan perangai seseorang yang tidak baik, seumur hidup orang tidak akan percaya lagi. Oleh karena itu, sebelum melakukan suatu perbuatan hendaklah dipikirkan terlebih dahulu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Banyak orang Melayu kini tidak memahami dan mengamalkan budaya berpikir itu dalam kehidupan keseharian mereka, menyebabkan budaya berpikir di kalangan sebagian besar orang Melayu tidak berkembang, menyebabkan wawasan berpikir mereka menjadi amat sempit. Budaya Melayu sangat erat kaitannya dengan budaya Islam. Islam merupakan identitas utama Melayu. Etos Islam juga menjadi etos Melayu. Islam menempatkan berpikir pada posisi yang terhormat. Salah satu hadist Rasulullah berbunyi, “<i>Berpikir sesaat itu lebih baik dari pada beribadah setahun” </i>(Diriwayatkan oleh Ibnu Hibban).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
</div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemikir-pemikir Ulung Sejarah Melayu</span></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam sejarah-sejarah orang Melayu, tercatat paling tidak tiga orang pelaku sejarah yang menunjukkan bahwa berpikir menjadi etos di kalangan Melayu. Mereka adalah <b>Hang Nadim</b>, budak Melayu yang menyelamatkan Singapura dari serangan ikan todak. <b>Raja Kecil</b>, pendiri kerajaan Siak Sri Indrapura, orang yang dengan kemampuan berpikirnya futuristik telah menyelamatkan kerajaan Kubu dari perpecahan karena perebutan tahta. <b>Datuk Rubiah</b>, seorang wanita, kepala suku Bebiyah (Tuk Biyah) dari kerajaan Bangko yang terkenal dengan pernyataan-pernyataannya yang argumentatif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hang Nadim</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Singapura dilanggar Todak</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hatta, tiada berapa lama di antaranya (setelah Jana Khatib dibunuh atas perintah Raja Singapura (Paduka Sri Maharaja), maka segala orang yang tinggal di pantai itu banyak mati dilanggar oleh Todak tersebut. Paduka Sri Maharaja pun segera naik gajah, lalu beliau keluar diiringi oleh segala menteri, hulubalang, dan sida-sida bentara sekalian. Setelah datang ke pantai, baginda pun heranlah melihat perihal Todak itu: barang yang kena dilompatinya sama sekali mati!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Baginda pun menitahkan orang berkotakan betis, maka dilompati oleh Todak itu, terus berkancing ke sebelah. Adapun Todak itu seperti hujan, usahkan kurang, makin banyak orang mati. Syahdan, pada antara itu, datanglah seorang budak, Hang Nadim, kemudian ia berkata, “<i>Apa kerja kita berkotakan betis ini? Mendayakan diri kita. Jika berkotakan batang Pisang, alangkah baikya.”</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Segeralah dikerjakan orang berkotakan batang Pisang. Maka segala Todak yang melompat itu lekatlah jongornya, tercacak kepada batang pisang, dibunuh oranglah bertimbun-timbun di pantai itu, hingga tiadalah termakan lagi oleh segala rakyat. Maka Todak itu, tidaklah melompat lagi (<i>Sulalatussalatin, </i>hal.63 dalam Rahman, 2003: 159). Kisah <i>Singapura dilanggar Todak </i>itu melukiskan sikap orang Melayu menghadapi keadaan yang darurat yang tidak diduga sebelumnya. Kisah tersebut sekaligus memberikan contoh cara berpikirdan cara bertindak yang salah dan yang tepat dalam menghadapi keadaan darurat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Paduka Sri Maharaja hanya memikirkan tindakan, tanpa memikirkan kemungkinan hasil yang akan dicapai dari tindakan itu. Akibatnya ratusan prajurit dan rakyat tewas dilanggar Todak. Sebaliknya Hang Nadim memikirkan tindakan sekaligus tindakan yang patutdan kemungkinan hasil yang dicapai. Begitu pagar betis diganti dengan pagar batang pisang, semua kesulitan teratasi, sehingga keadaan darurat berakhir dengan baik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Edward de Bono, pakar teori berpikir Inggrs, maupun Doug Hooper, pakar teori Amerika, sama-sama berpendapat bahwa ketika menghadapi keadaan darurat, orang tidak hanya memikirkan tindakan yang patut, tapi harus pula memikirkan kemungkinan hasil yang akan dicapai dari tindakan itu. Ketika orang Barat baru memulai menyusun teorinya, orang Melayu sebenarnya telah mengamalkannya pada sekian ratus tahun yang lalu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Raja Kecil</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kerajaan Kubu (sekarang Kecamatan Kubu, Kabupaten Rokan Hilir, Riau) dahulunya hanya ada dua suku, yaitu suku Rawa dan suku Hambaraja. Generasi kedua petinggi negeri itu, yaitu raja Megat Mahkota, Raja Kubu dan sekaligus kepala suku Rawa berseteru dengan Bendahara Banda Jalal, kepala suku Hambaraja, karena berebut tahtaKubu. Padahal keduanya berkakak adik ipar. Kakak Banda Jalal bernama Tun Rinti menikah dengan Megat Mahkota.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menghindarkan pertumpahan darah, Megat Mahkota beserta pengikut-pengikutnya mengungsi ke siak. Ditinggal pergi rajanya, kerajaan Kubu kacau-balau. Banda Jalal sadar akan kesalahannya. Ia menyusul kakak iparnya ke Siak dan memintanya untuk pulang. Mula-mula Raja Megat Mahkota enggan, tetapi kemudian keduanya menghadap Sultn Siak I, yaitu Raja Kecil (1723-1746). Raja kecil menasihatkan, jika di sebuah negeri hanya ada dua suku, jika terjado perseteruan di antara mereka, tidak ada yang memisah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Raja kecil memberi contoh pemerintahan Rasulullah Saw. Menurut Raja Kecil, pemerintahan Rasulullah kuat lantaran didukung oleh empat sahabat. Oleh karenanya, jika Raja Kubu menginginkan suatu pemerintahan yang kuat, ia harus didukung oleh empat penasehat yang merupakan para kepala suku empat suku<span> </span>yang ada di negeri itu. Karena di Kubu baru ada dua suku, atas anjuran Raja Kecil dibentuklah dua suku baru, yaitu suku Haru dan suku Bebas. Kepala suku-kepala empat suku itu menjadi penasihat Raja yang disebut “Datuk Empat Suku.” Sejak itu, pemerintahan di Kerajaan Kecil menjadi stabil.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Datuk Rubiyah</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Datuk Rubiyah adalah perempuan sederhana dari Desa Bentayan. Beliau adalah pemimpin suku Bebiyah di kerajaan Bangko (sekarang Kecamatan Bangko, kabupaten Rokam Hilir, Riau). Salah satu hal yang menarik dari beliau adalah dasar pemikirannya. Untuk warga sukunya, Datuk Rubiyah menentukan hak ulayat (dusun) jatuh kepada anak perempuan. Jika tidak ada anak perempuan, maka hak itu jatuh kepada kemenakan perempuan. Yang laki-laki hanya “tumpang makan”, hanya boleh mengambil hasil tanah ulayat untuk dimakan sendiri. Tetapi bila anak laki-laki itu dihukum oleh hakim untuk membayar sejumlah denda atau utang, ia diperkenankan mengambil hasil bumi tanah ulayat itu untuk pembayarannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada masa pimpinan Datuk Rubiyah, harta-benda keluarga atau warisan bisa musnah di meja judi atau untuk berfoya-foya atau dijual guna pembayar utang atau denda akibat kejahatan atau pelanggaran adat yang dilakukan oleh anak laki-laki. Makanya, keputusan Datuk Rubiyah itu lahir dari suatu pemikiran berdasarkan fakta dan dibuat untuk kepentingan sukunya di masa depan. Dengan keputusan itu, Datuk Rubiyah mengharapkan agar adat dapat menjaga harta-benda milik suku, tetap utuh dengan jaminan moral yang tinggi dari kaum perempuan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><br />
</div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pandangan Barat tentang Berpikir</span></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Norman Vincent Peale seorang konsultan ternama Amerika, berpikir telah menjadi objek penelitian di Eropa sejak abad ke-19. Dari penelitian ini muncul teori-teori berpikir seperti berpikir positif, lateral, dan lain sebagainya. Di negara-negara Barat berpikir telah menjadi disiplin. Ilmu tersebut diajarkan di lembaga-lembaga penelitian tertentu. Di Malaysia misalnya, mereka mengulas teori-teori berpikir para pakar teori berpikir Barat, yaitu dengan cara menyajikan kolom-kolom tetap mengenai teori-teori pola berpikir modern dalam koran-koran Malaysia. Dengan mempelajari pola berpikir modern ini, konon amat berpengaruh pada pola berpikir generasi muda Malaysia kini (Norman Vincent Peale dalam Rahman, 2003: 162).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Di Jepang, buku-buku mengenai cara berpikir modern, terutama yang ditulis oleh penulis-penulis nonfiksi Barat, laku seperti “pisang goreng”. Keadaan ini sangat mempengaruhi cara berpikir generasi muda negeri matahari terbit itu. Begitu pula halnya di Indonesia. Di toko-toko buku amat banyak dijual buku-buku tentang cara berpikir, ditulis oleh penulis-penulis Barat maupun wiraswastawan Indonesia sendiri. Namun, koran-koran Indonesia, baik yang terbit di pusat maupun di Riau, tidak pernah secara khusus menyajikan kolom tetap mengenai pola berpikir, seperti yang terdapat dalam koran Malaysia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Menurut Norman Vincent Peale dalam<span> </span>Rahman (2003: 163), penemuan terpenting di abad 20 ini adalah, bahwa manusia bisa mengubah pola hidupnya dengan cara mengubah pola hidupnya dengan cara mengubah pola pikirnya. Orang Melayu bisa mengubah pola berpikirnya, semodern apapun, tentu saja kalau mau, karena Melayu memiliki etos berpikir yang kuat. Membentuk pola pikir itu amat penting karena menyangkut efisiensi dalam berpikir dan efektivitas dalam bertindak. Meskipun Melayu memiliki etos berpikir yang kuat, tetapi jika budaya berpikir itu tidak berkembang, maka yang terjadi adalah kekerdilan dalam menggunakan akal, sehingga sudut pandangnya sempit. Terjadi pula pemborosan potensi berpikir, yang ujungnya tindakan yang tidak efektif, sehingga berkesan tidak rasional. Pikir itu pelita hari, ikut hati mati, ikut rasa binasa (Rahman, 2003:163).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kebudayaan Melayu sebenarnya bisa menerima perubahan-perubahan, termasuk perubahan dalam pola berpikir. Seperti kata pepatah:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Akal tak sekali tiba,</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pikiran tak sekali datang</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Alah bisa tegal biasa</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Maknanya, suatu pekerjaan yang susah, kalau biasa dilakukan akan menjadi mudah. Memang susah mengubah kelakuan seseorang yang sudah menjadi kebiasaannya. Namun, hal yang susah itu jika dikerjakan secara terus menerus dengan tekun, lama-kelamaan akan menjadi mudah. Caranya, biasakan meninggalkan perangai yang negaatif dan biasakan menggantikannya dengan yang positif. Niscaya, tingkah laku buruk pun akan berubah ke arah yang baik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hambatan bagi generasi muda Melayu untuk mengembangkan budaya berpikir adalah mereka tidak suka membaca. Jangankan teori-teori berpikir Barat, budayanya sendiri yang merupakan tunjuk ajar Melayu pun tidak pernah mereka baca. Sehingga, jangankan mengamalkannya, tahu pun tidak. Oleh karena itu, budaya berpikir mereka tidak berkembang. Fenomena ini membuat mereka bersifat menunggu, kurang berinisiatif, tak dapat menciptakan sendiri kesempatan-kesempatan. Bahkan kesempatan emas di negeri sendiri direbut orang lain, kaarena orang Melayu tidak siap untuk bersaing. Inilah fenomena Melayu, yang menurut Mahathir Mohamad suatu “Dilema Melayu.”</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><br />
</div><ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pandangan Orang Melayu tentang Takdir</span></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sikap dan pandangan orang Melayu tentang takdir mempengaruhi kualitas etos kerja mereka. Sebagai orang Islam, orang Melayu tidak dapat melawan takdir illahi. Tetapi orang Melayu dapat melawan kesalahan pemahaman tentang takdir. Kesalahan pemahaman tentang takdir akan membuat orang Melayu terbelenggu dalam ketergantungan kepada pihak lain. Keadaan ini akan membuat wawasan berpikir mereka menjadi sempit, sehingga satu-satunya lapangan kerja yang tampak di dalam mata mereka adalah pegawai negeri dan karyawan perusahaan-perusahaan besar. Mereka tidak menyadari bahwa lapangan kerja dapat diciptakan sendiri. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Orang Melayu harus telebih dahulu mengembangkan budaya berpikirnya untuk sampai ke tahapan tersebut. Orang Melayu harus kembali ke jati dirinya sehingga memiliki rasa percaya diri yang besar, punya keyakinan yang besar, motivasi dan daya kreativitas yang unggul untuk mengembangkan kemampuan dirinya, siap menyusuri jalan menuju masa depan yang lebih gemilang. Generasi muda Melayu harus menyadari bahwa sumber keberhasilan seseorang bukan di tangan orang lain, melainkan di dalam kepala mereka sendiri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penutup</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Simpulan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan pembahasan yang telah penulis lakukan, maka penulis menyimpulkan bahwa orang Melayu harus menyadari bahwa keadaan mereka memang tertinggal dibandingkan dengan etnis-etnis lain di Asia Tenggara. Kesadaran ini hendaklah disambut dengan jiwa yang besar, sehingga tidak menimbulkan rasa iri dan dengki terhadap etnis-etnis lain yang lebih maju. Sebaliknya justru membangkitkan semangat bersaing yang kuat, sehingga membangkitkan hasrat untuk maju mengejar ketertinggalannya dari etnis-etnis lain yang sudah maju. Orang Melayu harus sadar bahwa mereka punya kesempatan untuk maju sama dengan etnis-etnis lain yang sudah maju. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Saran</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Harapan penulis ke depan agar budaya berpikir Melayu dilestarikan dan dikembangkan, agar orang Melayu dapat<b> </b>mengikuti perkembangan dunia modern, namun tetap dengan kepribadian Melayu. Kiranya makalah ini akan membantu usaha kita memecahkan masalah orang Melayu yang kini belum memahami dan mengamalkan budaya berpikir dalam kehidupan keseharian mereka, menyebabkan budaya berpikir di kalangan sebagian besar orang Melayu tidak berkembang, menyebabkan wawasan berpikir mereka menjadi amat sempit. <span> </span>Kesempatan ini memberi peluang kepada kita untuk evaluasi diri. Evaluasi itu akan menyadarkan kita tentang keberadaan dan kelemahan pola berpikir yang dimiliki orang Melayu untuk dicarikan solusi yang tepat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Daftar Pustaka</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Alwasilah, A. Chaedar. 2006. <i>Pokoknya Sunda : Interprestasi Untuk Aksi.</i> Bandung: Kiblat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Endarmoko, Eko. 2006. <i>Tesaurus Bahasa Indonesia. </i>Jakarta: Gramedia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu/22/10/2010">http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu/22/10/2010</a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu/22/10/2010">http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu/22/10/2010</a></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I Gede Pitana, Bali Post, edisi Minggu, 21 desember 2003</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rahman, Elmustian, dkk.2003.<i>Alam Melayu: Sejumlah Gagasan Menjemput Keagungan.</i>Pekanbaru:Unri Press</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ranjabar, Jacobus. 2006. <i>Sistem Sosial Budaya Indonesia.</i> Bogor :Ghalia Indonesia.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Soekanto, Soerjono. 2003. <i>Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar.</i> Jakarta : Rajawali Pers.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2002</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7Pc-9guff1zfUhs8IxtHVJFfcEHlAR4TwuKikDN7i7XtMYQxfVDQ91uUxK6NxtY_d_BW0YEgZzOltPMMNHBL62KjoHR_qOiKqYkcisyCzZedt6ipro3vDzmfc-Pki91L7kJAq_i1hwqDP/s1600/AAAAA-001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7Pc-9guff1zfUhs8IxtHVJFfcEHlAR4TwuKikDN7i7XtMYQxfVDQ91uUxK6NxtY_d_BW0YEgZzOltPMMNHBL62KjoHR_qOiKqYkcisyCzZedt6ipro3vDzmfc-Pki91L7kJAq_i1hwqDP/s320/AAAAA-001.jpg" width="240" /></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PANTUN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pantun Nasehat</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tiada guna berdayung sampan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kalau hendak menyeberang samudera</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tiada guna dendam disimpan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hanya merusak hati dalam dada</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika hendak mendaki gunung</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bawalah bekal tali-temali</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika hendak badan beruntung</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jagalah amal serta hati</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sungguh indah rumah melayu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rumah beratap daun rumbia</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sungguh ramah gadis melayu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Menjaga sikap dan santun bahasa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Indah pantai karena ombaknya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Menderu-deru hingga tepian</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Indah perangai karena adabnya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sifat<span> </span>pemalu yang ditanamkan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Burung Balam putih telurnya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Akan menetas jika dieram</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sungguh tentram patih rasanya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mendengar sekilas ucapan salam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Asal kelapa menjadi santan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Santan diolah menjadi minyak</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Amal dijaga memupuk iman </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rajin ibadah pahalapun banyak</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pergi berlayar ke pulau Jawa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hendak melepas beban kerjaan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Utang terbayar tentramlah jiwa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Seakan lepas dari siksaan </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Umbut kelapa manis rasanya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mumbang berderetan di tepi pucuk</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sambut puasa dengan gembira</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rasa persaudaraan mari dipupuk</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sungguh manis rasanya madu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Madu didapat dari Lebah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sungguh manis rasanya rindu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rindu mendapat rahmat Allah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika nenas tanam di ladang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sempatkan tuan memasang jerat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika malas kerjakan sembahyang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Alamat badan mendapat mudarat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>11.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika Anda tinggal di Pulau</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hendaklah rajin bercocok tanam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika Anda pergi merantau</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ingatlah akan kampung halaman</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>12.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bukit Gading banyak batunya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bukit terletak di Pulau Kundur</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika Anda rajin bekerja</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sudah pasti hidup akan makmur</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pantun Sukacita</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jalan-jalan ke Bukit Tinggi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Membeli baju harganya murah<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sungguh riang rasanya hati</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ulang tahunku banyak hadiah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pergi ke Mesjid hendak sembahyang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pergi sembahyang bersama saudara</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Melihat ayah sudah datang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hatiku senang tiada tara</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pergi ke toko membeli buku</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Buku dibeli untuk dibaca</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sangat senang rasa hatiku</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ayah membawa sepatu kaca</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jalan-jalan ke Pekanbaru</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Singgah sebentar ke Ramayana</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kakak membelikan baju baru</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Senang hatiku dibuatnya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sungguh indah bunga kamboja</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bunga dipetik dari taman</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tiada kusangka hati gembira</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ayah memberi uang jajan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sungguh tinggi pohon jati</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pohon menjulang ke angkasa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sungguh senang rasa hati</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Melihat ayah membawa boneka</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sungai Musi tenang airnya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sungai terletak di kota Palembang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sungguh hati senang rasanya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Melihat kakak membawa kembang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Anak dara rambutnya panjang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Diikat menjadi setinggi bahu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hati siapa tidakkan senang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ibu membelikan baju baru</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sungguh indah bunga sakura</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bunga untuk pengantin baru</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hari ini riang gembira</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ibu membelikan sepeda baru</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hendak mandi di pinggir kali</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jangankan kali muara pun tiada</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sepatu baru telah dimiliki</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Betapa hati dibuat gembira</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pantun Teka-Teki</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hang Tuah datang dari Melaka</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dari Melaka bersama sahabatnya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mohon Anda sila menerka</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pohon apa rindang daunnya?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jikalau petir datang menyambar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hendaklah ke rumah pergi menyingkir</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika Anda memang pintar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bunga apa tumbuh di air?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bunga mawar berwarna merah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika dicium harum baunya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika Anda tahu tentang sejarah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pendekar Melayu siapa namanya?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jalan-jalan ke Gunung Daik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gunung Daik bercabang dua</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika Anda orang yang cerdik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sahabat Hang Tuah siapa namanya?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sungguh ramah gadis Melayu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Selain santun juga cerdas</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika Anda cinta Melayu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Siapa pengarang Gurindam Dua Belas?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Raja Lingga duduk di singgasana</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hendak memanggil datuk hulubalang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika anda memang bijaksana</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Binatang apa tidak bertulang?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sungguh enak buah semangka</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Buah di beli dari kedai</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Saya silakan Anda menerka</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Buah apa tidak bertangkai?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ke pulau Jawa membeli kitab</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kitab dibeli untuk ibunda</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika Anda bisa menjawab</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pohon apa banyak durinya?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jalan-jalan ke Selat Malaka</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Singgah ke kedai membeli piyama</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika Anda dapat menerka?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Di manakah letak Gunung Fujiyama?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pergi ke toko membeli bedak</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bedak dibeli untuk nyonya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Silakan Anda coba menebak</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bunga berduri apa namanya?</span></div><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">SYAIR DEDAP DURHAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;"><span> </span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">berawal kisah di Pulau Bengkalis</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">kisah si Dedap yang amat sadis</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">anak durhaka yang amat bengis</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">bunda mengutuk sambil menangis<span> </span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">ibu si Dedap Urai namanya</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">sepanjang hari selalu bekerja</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">kayu dicari beserta suaminya</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">untuk penuhi kebutuhan hidupnya</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">Dedap awalnya bernama Tanggang</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">pergi merantau hanya seorang</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">mengikut kapal milik pedagang</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">hingga sukses di kampung orang</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">semakin hari semakin kaya</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">Dedap pun lupa akan kampungnya</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">lupalah pula akan orangtuanya</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">orang yang berkorban membesarkan dirinya</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">suatu hari Dedap pun datang</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">kembali ke kampung seakan pulang</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">ibunda menjadi teramat senang</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">rupanya kapal hanya bertandang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">Dedap berlabuh di Pulau Bengkalis</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">membuat ibu terisak menangis</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">tidak disangka diperlakukan sadis</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;">oleh si Dedap yang amat bengis</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">KARMINA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tupai melompat akhirnya jatuh</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kepada adat hendaklah patuh</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pohon kelapa tumbuh di Tanjung</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Budi bahasa hendaklah junjung</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gunung Daik bercabang dua</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Orang baik disayang semua</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Indah permata untuk hiasan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hendaklah cinta sesama Insan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Budaya tercipta karena bahasa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jadilah pemuda pembela bangsa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Daun pandan dibuat tikar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kami berpesan janganlah ingkar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kepala gatal karena kemumu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tanamlah amal untuk akhiratmu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Buah kunyit dibuat jamu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sembuh penyakit diobat selalu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kedelai sedap dibuat soya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jangan hidup befoya-foya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pohon beringin tumbuh di hutan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">mohon <span> </span>maaf atas kesalahan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></div>sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-62436160260329372252011-09-17T01:05:00.000-07:002011-09-17T01:05:10.211-07:00mengungkapkan pendapat terhadap puisi melalui diskusi<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpY2T7QhC3y1xh0lBXzgHmoBClzbwJTr8DLA07RSWm9D6drniK-Wqf-HEU5lMT_EjtWeVGG7fzI-9BuXlNv29yGMdhP1smbhtzawMpImYxfmxy_XSH2jon-xWUhmaLVx4korxccUUI94iw/s1600/26102010%2528002%2529-001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpY2T7QhC3y1xh0lBXzgHmoBClzbwJTr8DLA07RSWm9D6drniK-Wqf-HEU5lMT_EjtWeVGG7fzI-9BuXlNv29yGMdhP1smbhtzawMpImYxfmxy_XSH2jon-xWUhmaLVx4korxccUUI94iw/s320/26102010%2528002%2529-001.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;"><b> </b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;"><b>PELAJARAN 14</b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;"><b>MENGUNGKAPKAN PENDAPAT TERHADAP PUISI MELALUI DISKUSI</b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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<tr> <td> <div> <div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span lang="IN">Kompetensi Dasar</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;">14.2 Menghubungkan isi puisi dengan realitas alam, sosial budaya, </span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;">dan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;">masyarakat</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;">melalui<span> </span>diskusi<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span lang="IN">Indikator</span></i></b><b><span lang="IN"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Mampu m</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">enentukan konsep realitas alam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mampu </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">m</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">enentukan konsep sosial budaya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mampu menentukan konsep masyarakat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Mampu me</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">nentukan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"> isi/pesan yang terkandung dalam puisi<span></span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Mampu menghubungkan isi puisi dengan realitas alam<span></span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Mampu menghubungkan isi puisi dengan sosial budaya<span></span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Mampu menghubungkan isi puisi dengan masyarakat<span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span></span><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep Realitas Alam</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Realitas berasal dari bahasa Inggris <i>real </i>yang berarti nyata. Dalam KBBI (2008: 150), <i>realitas </i>didefinisikan sebagai kenyataan. Alam merupakan segala yang ada di langit dan di bumi (seperti bumi, bintang, kekuatan); sekeliling; lingkungan kehidupan; segala sesuatu yang termasuk satu lingkungan (golongan, dsb) dan dianggap sebagai satu keutuhan (KBBI, 2008:34). Jadi, realitas alam merupakan segala yang ada di lingkungan kehidupan manusia yang bersifat nyata.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep Sosial Budaya</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian yang sangat penting dalam struktur sosial adalah sistem kekerabatan (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya#Definisi_Budaya"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/budaya#definisi_budaya</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">). Sistem kekerabatan suatu </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyarakat" title="Masyarakat"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">masyarakat</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dapat dipergunakan untuk menggambarkan struktur sosial dari masyarakat yang bersangkutan. Kekerabatan adalah unit-unit </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosial" title="Sosial"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sosial</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang terdiri dari beberapa keluarga yang memiliki hubungan darah atau hubungan perkawinan. Anggota kekerabatan terdiri atas ayah, ibu, anak, menantu, cucu, kakak, adik, paman, bibi, kakek, nenek dan seterusnya.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kehidupan di lingkungan sosial berkenaan dengan masyarakat, dan perlu adanya komunikasi (KBBI, 2004:1331). Alat atau perwujudan budaya yang digunakan manusia untuk saling </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi" title="Komunikasi"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berkomunikasi</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau berhubungan, baik lewat tulisan, lisan, ataupun gerakan (bahasa isyarat), dengan tujuan menyampaikan maksud hati atau kemauan kepada lawan bicaranya atau orang lain adalah bahasa. Melalui bahasa, manusia dapat menyesuaikan diri dengan adat istiadat, tingkah laku, tata krama masyarakat, sekaligus mudah beradaptasi dengan lingkungan dan segala bentuk masyarakat.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Budaya</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau <span>kebudayaan</span> berasal dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskerta" title="Bahasa Sanskerta"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bahasa Sanskerta</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yaitu <i>buddhayah</i>, yang merupakan bentuk jamak dari <i>buddhi</i> (budi atau akal) diartikan sebagai hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan budi dan akal manusia Dalam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bahasa Inggris</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, kebudayaan disebut <i>culture</i>, yang berasal dari kata </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latin</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>Colere</i>, yaitu mengolah atau mengerjakan. Bisa diartikan juga sebagai mengolah tanah atau bertani (</span><a href="http://anaksastra.blogspot.com/2009/05/hubungan-bahasa-dengan-budaya.html"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://anaksastra.blogspot.com/2009/05/hubungan-bahasa-dengan-budaya.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">). Kata <i>culture</i> juga kadang diterjemahkan sebagai kultur dalam bahasa Indonesia. Dalam KBBI, budaya didefinisikan sebagai sesuatu mengenai kebudayaan yang sudah berkembang (beradab, maju); sesuatu yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan dan sukar diubah (KBBI, 2008:214).</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah kebudayaan besar biasanya memiliki </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-kebudayaan" title="Sub-kebudayaan"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">subkebudayaan</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (atau biasa disebut <i>subkultur</i>), yaitu sebuah kebudayaan yang memiliki sedikit perbedaan dalam hal perilaku dan kepercayaan dari kebudayaan induknya. Munculnya subkultur disebabkan oleh beberapa hal, di antaranya karena perbedaan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umur" title="Umur"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">umur</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras" title="Ras"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ras</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, etnik, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelas_sosial" title="Kelas sosial"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kelas</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama" title="Agama"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">agama</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekerjaan" title="Pekerjaan"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pekerjaan</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, pandangan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">politik</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_%28sosial%29" title="Gender (sosial)"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gender</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Secara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sosiologis</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, sebuah <span>subkultur</span> adalah sekelompok orang yang memiliki perilaku dan kepercayaan yang berbeda dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan" title="Kebudayaan"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kebudayaan induk</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> mereka. subkultur dapat terjadi karena perbedaan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usia" title="Usia"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">usia</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> anggotanya, ras, etnisitas, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelas_sosial" title="Kelas sosial"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kelas sosial</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, dan/atau gender (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subkultur"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subkultur</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">).</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hirschman dalam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perubahan_sosial_budaya"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/perubahan_sosial_budaya</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> mengatakan bahwa kebosanan manusia sebenarnya merupakan penyebab dari perubahan. Perubahan sosial budaya terjadi karena beberapa faktor. Di antaranya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi" title="Komunikasi"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">komunikasi</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">; cara dan pola pikir </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyarakat" title="Masyarakat"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">masyarakat</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">; faktor internal lain seperti perubahan jumlah penduduk, penemuan baru, terjadinya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflik" title="Konflik"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">konflik</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi" title="Revolusi"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">revolusi</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">; dan faktor eksternal seperti bencana alam dan perubahan iklim, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang" title="Perang"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">peperangan</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, dan pengaruh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan" title="Kebudayaan"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kebudayaan</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> masyarakat lain. Ada pula beberapa faktor yang menghambat terjadinya perubahan, misalnya kurang intensifnya hubungan komunikasi dengan masyarakat lain; perkembangan IPTEK yang lambat; sifat masyarakat yang sangat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradisional" title="Tradisional"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tradisional</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">; ada kepentingan-kepentingan yang tertanam dengan kuat dalam masyarakat; prasangka negatif terhadap hal-hal yang baru; rasa takut jika terjadi kegoyahan pada masyarakat bila terjadi perubahan; hambatan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologi" title="Ideologi"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ideologis</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">; dan pengaruh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adat" title="Adat"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">adat</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau kebiasaan.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep Masyarakat</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;">Masyarakat merupakan salah satu satuan sosial sistem sosial, atau kesatuan hidup manusia. Istilah inggrisnya adalah <i>society</i> , sedangkan masyarakat itu sendiri berasal dari bahasa Arab <i>Syakara</i> yang berarti ikut serta atau partisipasi, kata Arab masyarakat berarti saling bergaul yang istilah ilmiahnya berinteraksi (</span><a href="http://smileboys.blogspot.com/2008/08/pengertian-masyarakat.html"><span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;">http://smileboys.blogspot.com/2008/08/pengertian-masyarakat.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;">). </span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Masyarakat merupakan gejala (fenomena) sosial yang ada dalam kehidupan ini d iseluruh dunia. Oleh karena itu masyarakat oleh sosiologi dijadikan sebagai objek kajian atau suatu hal yang dipelajari terus-menerus. Karena sifat dari masyarakat itu sangat kompleks, banyak para akhli yang menjelaskan masyarakat dari sudut pandang yang berbeda-beda (</span><a href="http://id.shvoong.com/writing-and-speaking/2097394-pengertian-masyarakat/"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://id.shvoong.com/writing-and-speaking/2097394-pengertian-masyarakat/</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">M</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">enurut Soekanto dalam </span><a href="http://dimazmarham.blogspot.com/2009/12/faktor-faktor-unsur-unsur-masyarakat-m.html"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://dimazmarham.blogspot.com/2009/12/faktor-faktor-unsur-unsur-masyarakat-m.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> bahwa alam masyarakat setidaknya memuat unsur-unsur:</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anggotanya sadar sebagai satu kesatuan.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berhubungan dalam waktu yang cukup lama yang menghasilkan manusia baru yang saling berkomunikasi dan membuat aturan-aturan hubungan antar anggota masyarakat.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjadi sistem hidup bersama yang menimbulkan kebudayaan serta keterkaitan satu sama lain sebagai anggota masyarakat.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Marion Levy dalam<span> </span></span><a href="http://wartawarga.gunadarma.ac.id/2009/11/pengertian-masyarakat-3/"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://wartawarga.gunadarma.ac.id/2009/11/pengertian-masyarakat-3/</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> diperlukan empat kriteria yang harus dipenuhi agar sekumpulan manusia bisa dikatakan/disebut sebagai masyarakat, yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada sistem tindakan utama</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saling setia pada sistem tindakan utama</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mampu bertahan lebih dari masa hidup seorang anggota.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagian atau seluruh anggota baru didapat dari kelahiran/reproduksi manusia.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;">Menghubungkan Isi Puisi dengan </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Realitas Alam, Sosial Budaya, dan Masyarakat</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;">Menghubungkan Isi Puisi dengan </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Realitas Alam</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karya sastra mengacu pada nilai keindahan (estetika) yang berasal dari ekspresi hasrat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">manusia</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> akan keindahan yang dinikmati dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mata</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> ataupun </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telinga" title="Telinga"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">telinga</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Sebagai makhluk yang mempunyai cita rasa tinggi, manusia menghasilkan berbagai corak karya sastra mulai dari yang sederhana hingga perwujudan karya sastra yang kompleks. Salah satu karya sastra itu adalah puisi. Puisi bisa tercipta melalui pengalaman seseorang maupun dari lingkungan atau realitas alam. Perhatikan puisi yang berisi realitas alam berikut!</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">HUTAN</span></i></div><div align="center" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center;">Oleh: Sartini Dede Irawati</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan,</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempat bernaung hewan dan tumbuhan,</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Segar udara sang pepohonan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesejukan menghanyutkan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menanti fajar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dedaunan menutup</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> sinar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hutan, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ingin engkau daku kunjungi </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ke wilayah bidadari</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kini berdiri aku menghadap </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hutan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">anam bunga</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dari taman</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Semoga h</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">utan tak akan punah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meski kini </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gundul ditebang penjajah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Pada puisi <i>Hutan</i>, dapat kamu lihat bahwa pengarang menggunakan bahasa dan kata-kata yang berhubungan dengan alam dalam puisinya, seperti kata <i>hutan, hewan, segar, pepohonan, kesejukan, </i>yang biasa digunakan untuk mengungkapkan keindahan alam dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Dari kata-kata yang digunakan pengarang, kamu bisa mengetahui bahwa puisi ini berhubungan dengan alam, seperti pada larik<i> Hutan/Tempat bernaung hewan dan tumbuhan</i>. Dari larik tersebut, jelas bahwa puisi ini mendeskripsikan bahwa hutan merupakan tempat hidupnya berbagai jenis hewan, dan tempat tumbuhnya berbagai jenis tumbuhan. Hutan menyimpan banyak kekayaan alam berupa keindahan dan kesegaran. Oleh karena itu, hutan harus dilindungi karena sangat bermanfaaat bagi kehidupan menusia seperti pada bait ketiga, <i>Segar udara sang pepohonan/Kesejukan menghanyutkan</i>. Melalui kata-kata pada bait tersebut, pengarang berusaha meyakinkan pembaca bahwa betapa besar manfaat hutan bagi kehidupan manusia. Hutan memberikan kesegaran dan kesejukan di tengah pemanasan global yang terjadi di muka bumi pada saat ini. Pengarang juga menyampaikan harapannya supaya kita semua menjaga keindahan alam tersebut agar terus bisa memberikan manfaatnya kepada kita pada bait terakhir puisinya, <i>Semoga hutan tak akan punah</i>/<i>Meski kini gundul ditebang penjajah</i>. Larik yang dirangkai oleh pengarang tersebut berupa ajakan kepada pembaca agar mau melindungi hutan supaya tidak punah meskipun kini telah banyak hutan yang gundul dan rusak akibat perbuatan manusia. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Dalam puisinya, pengarang menggunakan kata-kata yang biasa digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari agar puisi ini lebih komunikatif. Untuk membuat bahasa alami yang hidup, pengarang menggunakan kata-kata yang mudah dipahami oleh semua kalangan. Hal ini dilakukan pengarang agar bahasa puisinya mudah dipahami dan dinikmati oleh pembaca. Supaya kelihatan modern, yaitu untuk mendapat efek suasana yang lebih universal, dipergunakan kata-kata yang universal pula yang tentu bisa dipahami dan dicerna semua kalangan. </div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="SV">Menghubungkan Isi Puisi dengan </span><span>Sosial Budaya</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i>Aroma Pusara</i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span>Oleh: Sartini Dede Irawati</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3in; text-align: justify;">Nisan tumbuh di pusara</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3in; text-align: justify;">Indah hiasi tanah sepi</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3in; text-align: justify;">Kembangnya berjatuhan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3in; text-align: justify;">Tebarkan aroma di atas pusara</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify;">Tetes kristal kubawa bersama</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify;">Di atas pusara kutaburkan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify;">Yaasin Al-fatihah kubacakan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in; text-align: justify;">Ringan doa kupersembahkan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify;">Penolong dan bekalmu berkekalan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify;">Isak tangis kutinggalkan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify;">Sebagai tanda kesedihan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify;">Seikat melati kutitipkan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify;">Sebagai aroma perpisahan</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Pada puisi <i>Aroma Pusara</i>, pengarang mendeskripsikan kegiatan yang telah lazim dilakukan seseorang ketika mengunjungi pusara. Pengarang mengungkapkan kegiatan religius yang dilakukan seseorang di pusara pada bait kedua puisi tersebut, <i>Tetes kristal kubawa bersama</i>/<i>Di atas pusara kutaburkan</i>/<i>Yaasin Al-fatihah kubacakan</i>/<i>Ringan doa kupersembahkan. </i>Dari larik puisi pada bait kedua tersebut merupakan suatu budaya bagi suatu masyarakat. Di lingkungan masyarakat tertentu, setiap orang yang mengunjungi pusara, maka harus membaca yaasin, Al-fatihah dan mendoakan orang yang telah meninggal tersebut supaya tenang di sisi Tuhannya. Pengarang mendeskripsikan budaya tersebut sesuai dengan budaya yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat di lingkungannya. Pengarang menggunakan sudut pandang orang pertama dalam menciptakan puisi tersebut. Artinya, pengarang sendiri yang langsung melakukan budaya tersebut, sehingga budaya mengunjungi pusara bagi pengarang dapat tergambar dengan baik.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Budaya yang dideskripasikan oleh pengarang merupakan budaya yang bersifat religius. Kata-kata yang digunakan pengarang pun sangat berhubungan dengan unsur keagamaan. Seperti pada kutipan <i>Yaasin Al-fatihah kubacakan</i>/<i>Ringan doa kupersembahkan. </i>Melalui kata <i>yaasin </i>dan<i> Al-Fatihah, </i>dapat diketahui bahwa pengarang adalah seorang muslim. Beliau membacakan surat-surat tersebut ketika mengunjungi pusara seseorang. Selain itu, belaiu juga mendoakan almarhum yang dikunjungi, serta menitipkan seikat melati sebagai tanda perpisahan setelah dikunjungi, seperti pada larik <i>Seikat melati kutitipkan</i>/<i>Sebagai aroma perpisahan</i>. Dengan demikian, melaui kata-kata yang digunakan pengarang dapat kita simpulkan bahwa puisi ini berisi tentang budaya orang yang beragama Islam dalam aktivitas mereka mengunjungi pusara seseorang yang telah meninggal dunia.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghubungkan Isi Puisi dengan </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Masyarakat </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><i>Rayuan Rupiah</i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span>Oleh: Sartini Dede Irawati</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bicaramu indah bagai melodi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suaramu merdu bak irama lagu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hati busuk tertutup wajah lugu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Namun di tangan membawa belati</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kau bekerja atas gelarmu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kau berkuasa atas jabatanmu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kau tertawa di atas derita</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kau bahagia di atas sengsara</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rupiah siapakah di sakumu?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Milikmu hanya seribu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tapi kau curi ratusan ribu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rupiah milik </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">masyarakatmu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Pada puisi <i>Rayuan Rupiah</i>, pengarang menggambarkan kejamnya kehidupan masyarakat pada zaman modern ini. Mereka yang pekerjaanya terhormat, namun malah membuat orang lain melarat. Mereka itulah para koruptor yang membuat menderita masyarakat, rakyat, dan negara. Pengarang mendeskripsikan kekejaman para koruptor pada puisi <i>Rayuan Rupiah. </i>Beliau berusaha menggambarkan para koruptor itu hanya pengubar janji, hanya indah di hati dan sangat busuk hatinya. Seperti pada larik berikut <i>Bicaramu indah bagai melodi</i>/<i>Suaramu merdu bak irama lagu</i>/<i>Hati busuk tertutup wajah lugu</i>/<i>Namun di tangan membawa belati. </i>Melalui larik-larik puisi tersebut, pengarang menggambarkan prilaku para pejabat yang ada di negeri ini. mereka hanya mengubar janji, tapi tanpa bukti. Utang Negara bukannya berkurang, melainkan makin bertambah.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Puisi <i>Rayuan Rupiah ini </i>mungkin hanya bisa membuat kamu geleng-geleng kepala, namun begitulah kejamnya kehidupan masyarakat saat ini, terutama di Ibu Kota Negara, di mana masyarakat kaya sama sekali tidak peduli dengan masyarakat miskin, tidak ada tolong-menolong. Mereka malah memasang pagar yang tinggi agar rumah masyarakat miskin yang kumuh tidak terlihat oleh mereka yang sepertinya akan mengganggu penglihatan mereka. Jangankan menolong, mereka seakan tidak melihat keadaan masyarakat yang membutuhkan pertolongan mereka. Sebenarnya, bukan mata mereka yang buta, melainkan hati yang di dalam dada. Memang menyakitkan jika kita yang mengalami hal seperti ini.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bacalah puisi <i>Nelayan </i>karya Sartini Dede Irawati berikut!</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">NELAYAN</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika mentari tenggelam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pergilah ia ke laut dalam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Di laut dapatkan nafkah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Demi hidup keluarga penuh berkah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>“rejeki apakah hari ini?”</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>“ikan tenggiri”, jawab suami</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;">Istri menumbuk berbagai rempah</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;">Ikan tenggiri dimasak sudah</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span> </span>Inilah hidup para nelayan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Ke laut untuk dapatkan ikan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span> </span>Bertamasya pun<span> </span>kadang tak sempat</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span> </span>Malam melaut pagi mendarat</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span> </span>Meski rejeki pas-pasan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span> </span>Namun halal kau dapatkan</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungkanlah isi puisi tersebut dengan:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Realitas alam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sosial budaya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Masyarakat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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<tr> <td> <div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">LATIHAN</div></div></td> </tr>
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<tr> <td> <div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>EVALUASI</div></div></td> </tr>
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Puisi<span> </span>berikut yang berisi tentang realitas alam adalah………</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">inilah melodi tiga belas</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">usia remaja mulai bebas</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">atur langkah agar tahu batas</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">terhindar dari musibah dan naas</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ketika malam berhias bintang</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ia melangkah mencari ketenangan</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">berbaring menatap indah sang bulan</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">berfikir untuk masa depan</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bicaramu indah bagai melodi</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">suaramu merdu bak irama lagu</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hati busuk tertutup wajah lugu</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">namun di tangan membawa belati</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tak ingin berpisah darimu bunda</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">meski hanya sejengkal saja</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kuingin nikmati hidup di sisimu</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bersama hangat belai kasihmu</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sampai berakhir waktu</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kau bekerja atas gelarmu</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kau berkuasa atas jabatanmu</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kau tertawa di atas derita</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kau bahagia di atas sengsar</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Puisi berikut berisi tentang……….</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">waktu makin berlalu</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">aku telah </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dilamar orang</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">calon mertua datang bertandang</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">diiringi debuk rebana</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">adat berpantun tak dimakan zaman</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">cincin emas pun disematkan</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>(Sartini)</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">realitas alam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sosial budaya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">adat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">religius</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">lingkungan hidup</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa sanksekerta yaitu </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">buddhi</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> diartikan sebagai</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">…………….</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan masyarakat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan budaya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan kehidupan sosial</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan akal budi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan realitas alam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Puisi berikut merupakan gambaran sosial budaya dari suku……………..</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">calon mertua datang bertandang</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">diiringi debuk rebana</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">adat berpantun tak dimakan zaman</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">cincin emas pun disematkan</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>(Sartini)<span> </span></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bugis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Minang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Batak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melayu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sunda </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;">Padanan kata <i>masyarakat </i>dalam bahasa Inggris adalah………..</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">syakara</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">society</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">massa</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">build</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">people</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Puisi berikut mendeskripsikan seorang……..</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">rupiah siapakah di sakumu?</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">milikmu hanya seribu</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tapi kau curi ratusan ribu<span> </span></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kau nikmati rupiah milik rakyatmu</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>(Sartini)</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">koruptor</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pembunuh</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">perampok</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">politikus</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">presiden</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Puisi berikut yang dapat dihubungkan dengan realitas alam adalah……..</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bintang berkedip di malam hari</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.25in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sona melangkah ke taman bakti</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.25in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ia taburkan mawar mekar</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.25in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">di pusara para pendekar</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.25in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berharap curahan hatinya di dengar</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berbuat baik tidaklah mudah</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">iringi ilmu serta ibadah</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>sucikan hati untuk ilahi</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">amal barbuah pahala di bawa mati</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">“anakku sayang putri remaja</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">jaga dirimu dari bencana<span> </span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hindari hati dari putus asa</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">agar tercapai segala cita-cita</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kembalilah raga yang kupuja</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sepi ini membuatku hampa</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">izinkan daku meneguk bahagia</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ucapmu nan meluluh</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">enyahkan segala keluh</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">cinta kau beri ke dalam hati</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Realitas berasal dari bahasa Inggris <i>real </i>yang berarti</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">…………..</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hidup</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">nyata</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">indah</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kekal</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sempurna</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Puisi berikut berisi tentang……..</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gubuk bahagia kuberi nama</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sebagai tempat </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kita</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> berkarya</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">meski </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kita</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> tak berpunya</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kita </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kan jadi manusia berguna</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">manusia berkarya untuk dunia</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">saling mencinta antar sesama</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>(sartini)</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">realitas alam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sosial budaya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sosial</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">masyarakat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">lingkungan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Budaya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau <span>kebudayaan</span> berasal dari </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskerta" title="Bahasa Sanskerta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bahasa Sanskerta</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">…………..</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">buddhiyah</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">buddayyah</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">budhayyah</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">budiyah</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">buddhiyah</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>DAFTAR PUSTAKA</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-indent: -63pt;">Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. 2008. <i>Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Edisi 4. </i>Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><a href="http://anaksastra.blogspot.com/2009/05/hubungan-bahasa-dengan-budaya.html">http://anaksastra.blogspot.com/2009/05/hubungan-bahasa-dengan-budaya.html</a> dikunjungi tanggal 15 Juni 2011 pukul 10.20 WIB.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><a href="http://dimazmarham.blogspot.com/2009/12/faktor-faktor-unsur-unsur-masyarakat-m.html">http://dimazmarham.blogspot.com/2009/12/faktor-faktor-unsur-unsur-masyarakat-m.html</a> dikunjungi tanggal 15 Juni 2011 pukul 10.50 WIB.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><a href="http://id.shvoong.com/writing-and-speaking/2097394-pengertian-masyarakat/">http://id.shvoong.com/writing-and-speaking/2097394-pengertian-masyarakat/</a>) dikunjungi tanggal 15 Juni 2011 pukul 10.43 WIB.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya#Definisi_Budaya">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/budaya#definisi_budaya</a> dikunjungi tanggal 15 Juni 2011 pukul 10.30 WIB.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perubahan_sosial_budaya">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/perubahan_sosial_budaya</a> <span> </span>dikunjungi tanggal 15 Juni 2011 pukul 10.38 WIB.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subkultur">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subkultur</a> dikunjungi tanggal 15 Juni 2011 pukul 10.50 WIB.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><a href="http://smileboys.blogspot.com/2008/08/pengertian-masyarakat.html"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">http://smileboys.blogspot.com/2008/08/pengertian-masyarakat.html</span></a> dikunjungi tanggal 15 Juni 2011 pukul 10.23 WIB.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;"><a href="http://wartawarga.gunadarma.ac.id/2009/11/pengertian-masyarakat-3/">http://wartawarga.gunadarma.ac.id/2009/11/pengertian-masyarakat-3/</a> dikunjungi tanggal 15 Juni 2011 pukul 10.33 WIB.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>PELAJARAN 15</b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>MEMAHAMI SASTRA MELAYU KLASIK</b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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<tr> <td> <div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><i><span lang="IN">Kompetensi Dasar</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="SV">15.1 M<span style="color: black;">engidentifikasi karakteristik dan</span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black;">struktur</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black;">unsur intrinsik </span><span lang="SV">Sastra Melayu Klasik<span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><i><span lang="IN">Indikator</span></i></b><b><span lang="IN"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menentukan hakikat sastra Melayu Klasik yang meliputi:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian sastra Melayu Klasik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri-ciri sastra Melayu Klasik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur intrinsik sastra Melayu Klasik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik sastra Melayu Klasik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur sastra Melayu Klasik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggolongan sastra Melayu Klasik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengidentifikasi karakteristik unsur intrinsik sastra Melayu Klasik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengidentifikasi struktur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> unsur</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> intrinsik sastra Melayu Klasik</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 6pt; 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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Sastra Melayu Klasik</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sastra Melayu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Klasik bermula pada abad ke-16 Masehi. Semenjak itu sampai sekarang gaya bahasanya tidak banyak berubah. Sastra Melayu Klasik adalah sastra yang hidup dan berkembang di daerah Melayu pada masa sebelum dan sesudah Islam hingga mendekati tahun 1920-an di masa Balai Pustaka. Masa sesudah Islam merupakan zaman di mana sastra Melayu berkembang begitu pesat karena pada masa itu banyak tokoh Islam yang mengembangkan sastra Melayu (</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://melayuonline.com/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://melayuonline.com</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sastra Melayu Klasik termasuk sastra Indonesia Klasik, artinya sastra Klasik yang ditulis dalam semua bahasa daerah yang terdapat di wilayah Indonesia, termasuk bahasa Melayu. Sastra Melayu Klasik juga diartikan sebagai sastra berkembang sebelum pertemuan dan pengaruh kebudayaan Barat. Dahulu, sastra Melayu Klasik beredar secara lisan dari mulut ke mulut di tengah masyarakat. Dalam perkembangannya, sastra lisan itu ditulis. (Isdriani, 2004:61). </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sastra Melayu Klasik memiliki persamaan dengan sastra rakyat Melayu.<span> </span>Sastra rakyat Melayu merupakan hasil sastra milik masyarakat Melayu yang disebarkan dan diturunkan dari generasi ke generasi secara lisan. Oleh sifatnya yang tradisional, sastra rakyat Melayu hidup dalam suatu kebudayaan dalam bentuk yang relatif tetap.<span> </span>Karena sifat kelisanannya, sastra rakyat Melayu wujud dalam berbagai versi. Proses penyebarannya yang melalui penuturan telah mengakibatkan berlakunya perubahan dan penyesuaian yang akhirnya melahirkan versi-versi yang berbeda (Rahman, 2004: 25).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah satu bentuk sastra Melayu Klasik tersebut adalah </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://islam-download.net/uncategorized/contoh-hikayat%E2%80%A6-melayu-klasik.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Hikayat</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Hikayat adalah salah satu bentuk sastra prosa yang berisikan tentang kisah, cerita, dongeng maupun sejarah. Umumnya mengisahkan tentang kehebatan maupun kepahlawanan seseorang lengkap dengan keanehan, kesaktian serta mukjizat tokoh utama (</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://islam-download.net/contoh-contoh/contoh-hikayat-sastra-melayu-klasik.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://islam-download.net/contoh-contoh/contoh-hikayat-sastra-melayu-klasik.html</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri-ciri Sastra Melayu Klasik</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbahasa Klise (Biasanya diawali: Syahdan, Hatta, Pada suatu hari, Alkisah)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ceritanya seperti gambaran masyarakat yang statis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Digunakan untuk mendidik<span> </span>masyarakat sekitar pada zaman itu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan sastra lisan </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak diketahui nama pengarangnya (Anonim)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cerita berkisar kehidupan kekerajaan atau kaum bangsawan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110315081329AADz8cg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://id.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110315081329AADz8cg</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur-unsur Intrinsik Sastra Melayu Klasik</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilihat dari unsur-unsurnya, naskah sastra Melayu Klasik juga memiliki tema, penokohan, sudut pandang, alur, amanat, dan nilai-nilai, seperti halnya cerpen dan novel (</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://islam-download.net/contoh-contoh/contoh-hikayat-sastra-melayu%20klasik.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://islam-download.net/contoh-contoh/contoh-hikayat-sastra-melayu klasik.html</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">). </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tema adalah ide pokok yang mendasari sebuah cerita. Pada umumnya naskah Melayu Klasik mempunyai tema perjuanganm percintaan, pendidikan, dan keagamaan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tokoh dan Penokohan. Ada tiga karakter tokoh, yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Protagonis (tokoh utama/berwatak baik)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Antagonis (tokoh dengan watak jahat)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trigonis tokoh penengah atau pelerai konflik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar (setting) adalah latar belakang cerita. Ada tiga macam latar: (1) latar tempat; (2) latar waktu; dan (3) latar suasana.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sudut pandang adalah posisi pengarang dalam cerita. Terdapat tiga jenis sudut pandang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengarang sebagai tokoh cerita, jika tokoh utamanya ’aku’, disebut sebagai sudut pandang orang pertama pelaku utama</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengarang sebagai tokoh sampingan, jika terdapat tokoh ’aku’ yang bukan sebagai tokoh utama, disebut sebagai sudut pandang orang pertama pelaku sampingan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengarang serba tahu, jika pengarang dapat memaparkan kehidupan tokoh utama dama berbagai hal, disebut sebagai sudut pandang orang ketiga serba tahu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alur adalah rangkaian peristiwa yang saling berhubungan membentuk suatu cerita. Ada tiga jenis alur cerita:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alur maju, apabila cerita dipaparkan dari awal hingga akhir secara berurutan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alur mundur (flash back), apabila cerita bermula dari masa kini menuju awal peristiwa secara berurutan;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alur campuran, apabila penceritaannya menggunakan gabungan antara alur maju dan alur mundur.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Amanat adalah pesan yang ingin disampaikan pengarang kepada pembacanya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gaya bahasa merupakan sarana sastra yang amat penting karena hal inilah yang akan membedakan antara pengarang yang satu dengan yang lain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik Sastra Melayu Klasik</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik sastra Melayu Klasik adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan kosakata yang pada saat ini tidak lazim dipergunakan dalam berbahasa Indonesia.<br />
Contoh: … akan menghibur hati yang masgul (sedih).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cerita selalu diawali dengan kata penghubung yang menyatakan bahwa cerita tersebut tidak diketahui tempat dan waktu secara pasti. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh: alkisah inilah cerita orang dahulu kala, hikayat namanya, terlalu indah-indah ceritanya…</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan kata penghubung maka dalam awal kalimat. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh: Maka titah sang Nata, ”Yayi Suri, telah sebenarnya seperti kata Adinda itu.” maka sang Nata pun membuat tempat memuja.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan dikisi atau pilihan kata yang kurang tepat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh: Maka dikarang oleh segala orang yang bijaksana prama kawi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan kalimat yang tidak efektif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh: Sebermula pada zaman dahulu ada raja di Tanah Jawa empat bersaudara, terlalu amat besar kerajaannya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cerita tidak ada pengarangnya atau anonim.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://islam-download.net/contoh-contoh/contoh-hikayat-sastra-melayu-klasik.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://islam-download.net/contoh-contoh/contoh-hikayat-sastra-melayu-klasik.html</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur Sastra Melayu Klasik</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur adalah tata hubungan antara bagian-bagian suatu karya sastra. Struktur merupakan rangkaian pokok masalah tertib penyajian. Menurut Isdriani (2004:63), struktur secara umum alur sebuah cerita rekaan atau fiksi terdiri atas:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian awal, meliputi paparan, rangsangan dan gawatan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Paparan → Bagian awal karya sastra yang berisi keterangan tentang tokoh dan latar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rangsangan → peristiwa yang terjadi segera setelah berakhirnya bagian paparan serta peristiwa yang memulai timbulnya gawatan. Peristiwa tersebut sering kali ditimbulkan oleh masuknya seorang tokoh baru.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gawatan → bagian alur yang mencakup rumitan, tikaian, serta menuju klimaks atau titik balik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian tengah, meliputi tikaian, rumitan, dan klimaks</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tikaian → ketegangan atau pertentangan antara dua kekuatan. Pertentangan ini dapat terjadi dalam diri satu tokoh, antara dua tokoh, antara tokoh dan masyarakat atau lingkungannya serta antara tokoh dan alam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumitan → bagian tengah dari alur yang mengembangkan tikaian</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Klimaks → bagian alur yang melukiskan puncak ketegangan, terutama dipandang dari segi tanggapan emosional pembaca</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian akhir, meliputi leraian dan penyelesaian.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Leraian → bagian struktur alur setelah tercapai klimaks yang menunjukkan perkembangan cerita ke arah selesaian</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selesaian → penyelesaian tikaian dramatik pada akhir suat karya sastra</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggolongan </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sastra Melayu Klasik<span></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sastra Melayu Klasik tidak dapat digolongkan berdasarkan jangka waktu tertentu karena hasil karyanya tidak memperlihatkan waktu (http://Kompas.blogspot.com). Semua karya berupa milik bersama. Oleh karena itu, penggolongan sastra Melayu Klasik biasanya berdasarkan pada bentuk, isi, dan pengaruh asing.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesusastraan Rakyat/kesusastraan Asli (Masa Purba)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesusastraan rakyat/Kesusastraan melayu asli, hidup ditengah-tengah masyarakat. Cerita itu diturunkan dari orang tua kapada anaknya, dari nenek moyang kepada cucunya, dari pencerita kepada pendengar. Penceritaan ini dikenal sebagai sastra lisan (oral literature). Kesusastraan yang tumbuh tidak terlepas dari kebudayaan yang ada pada waktu itu. Pada masa Purba (sebelum kedatangan agama Hindu, Budha dan Islam) kepercayan yang dianut masyarakat adalah animisme dan dinamisme. Karena itu, cerita mereka berhubungan dengan kepercayaan kepada roh-roh halus dan kekuatan gaib yang dimilikinya. Misalnya, Cerita asal-usul, Cerita binatang, Cerita Jenaka dan Cerita Pelipur lara (</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://mylov3-myenemy.blogspot.com/2010/01/sastra-melayu-klasik-sebagai-sastra.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://mylov3-myenemy.blogspot.com/2010/01/sastra-melayu-klasik-sebagai-sastra.html</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">)<b>.</b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh Hindu-Budha dalam Kesusastraan Melayu Klasik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh Hindu Budha di Nusantara sudah sejak lama. Menurut Yock Fang dalam </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://mylov3-myenemy.blogspot.com/2010/01/sastra-melayu-klasik-sebagai-sastra.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://mylov3-myenemy.blogspot.com/2010/01/sastra-melayu-klasik-sebagai-sastra.html</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, yang menyebarkan agama Hindu di Melayu adalah para Brahmana. Mereka diundang oleh raja untuk meresmikan yang menjadi ksatria. Kemudian dengan munculnya agama Budha di India maka pengaruh India terhadap bangsa Melayu semakin besar. Apalagi agama Budha tidak mengenal kasta, sehingga mudah beradaptasi dengan masyarakat Melayu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesusastraan Pada Masa Peralihan Hindu Budha ke Islam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sastra zaman Islam adalah sastra yang lahir dari pertemuan sastra yang berunsur Hindu dengan sastra yang berunsur Islam di dalamnya. Contoh karya-karya sastra yang masuk dalam masa ini adalah Hikayat Puspa Raja, Hikayat Parung Punting, Hikayat Lang-lang Buana, dan sebagainya. Sastra pengaruh Islam adalah karya sastra yang isinya tentang ajaran agama Islam yang harus dilakukan oleh penganut agama Islam. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan agama Islam yang pesat di Nusantara sebenarnya bertalian dengan perkembangan Islam di dunia. Pada tahun 1198 M. Gujarat ditaklukkan oleh Islam. Melalui Perdagangan oleh bangsa Gujarat, Islam berkembang jauh sampai ke wilayah Nusantara. Pada permulaan abad ke-13 Islam berkembang pesat di Nusantara (</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://mylov3-myenemy.blogspot.com/2010/01/sastra-melayu-klasik-sebagai-sastra.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://mylov3-myenemy.blogspot.com/2010/01/sastra-melayu-klasik-sebagai-sastra.html</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">). Pada abad ke-16 dan ke-17 kerajaan-kerajaan di Nusantara satu persatu menjadi wilayah jajahan bangsa-bangsa Eropa yang pada mulanya datang ke Nusantara karena mau memiliki rempah-rempah (</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://kompas.blogspot.com/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://Kompas.blogspot.com</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><b><span lang="IN">Bacalah Sastra Melayu Klasik berikut!</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: center;"><b>Raja Bintan</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span>Sekali peristiwa ada seorang raja keinderaan. Maka raja itu terlalu besar kerajaannya, pada segala raja indera seorang pun tiada menyamai dia; sekaliannya menurut titahnya baginda itu. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span>Syahdan apabila baginda keluar, dihadap oleh segala raja-raja dan menteri hulubalang, maka beberapa pedang yang sudah terhunus kepada kiri kanan baginda itu, dan beberapa puluh bentara yang memangku pedang yang berikatkan emas, bertahtakan ratna mutu manikam. Apabila baginda bertitah pada segala raja-raja dan menteri di kanan, maka bentara kanan menyampaikan titah baginda itu. Maka apabila baginda memandang ke<span> </span>kiri bertitah, maka bentara kirilah menyampaikan titah baginda itu. Maka apabila baginda memandang ke kanan, maka segala raja-raja dan menteri sekalian menyembah, apabila baginda berpaling ke kiri, maka sekalian raja-raja dan menteri di kiri semuanya menyembah baginda itu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span>Adapun nama baginda itu Sang Pertala Dewa. Adapun Sang Pertala Dewa itu tahu akan dirinya akan beroleh anak. Maka anaknya itulah akan menjadi raja di Bukit Seguntang. Maka daripada anak cucu baginda itu, akan menjadi raja besar-besar pada akhir zaman.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span>Maka tersebutlah pula perkataan seorang raja, terlalu besar kerajaannya; maka istri baginda itupun hamillah. Setelah genaplah bulannya, maka permaisuri beranaklah seorang perempuan, terlalu amat elok rupanya dan kelakuannya. Pada masa zaman itu, seorang pun tiada menyamai rupanya anak raja itu. Maka dinamai oleh ayahanda bunda baginda tuan puteri Kemala Ratna Pelinggam. Maka dipeliharalah oleh paduka ayahanda bunda baginda dengan sepertinya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span>Syahdan maka paduka ayahanda bundapun terlalu amat kasih akan anakanda baginda itu. Hatta berapa lamanya, maka beberapa anak raja-raja datanglah hendak meminang tuan puteri itu, akan tetapi tiada diberi oleh paduka bunda baginda, karena segala raja-raja yang hendak meminang itu tiada sama dengan bangsa baginda itu, karena bundanya itu raja keinderaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span>Maka bagindapun bertitah kepada perdana menteri, suruh memanggil segala ahlunnujum dan segala sasterawan. Maka sekaliannya pun datang menyembah baginda. Baginda bertitah untuk melihat akan untung bahagia puterinya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span>Maka segala ahlunnujum itupun menyembah baginda, lalu melihat di dalam nujumnya. Setelah dilihatnya, aka segala ahlunnujum itupun masing-masing menggerakkan kepalanya. Baginda pun menjadi heran melihat hal tersebut, maka baginda bertanya mengapa mereka menggerakkan kepalanya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span>Maka sembah segala ahlunnujum dan segala sasterawan kepada baginda. Seorang ahlunnujum mengatakan bahwa puteri akan bahagia dan beroleh suami anak raja jika puteri ditaruh pada suatu pulau yang bernama Biram Dewa dengan suatu mahligai dan dayang-dayang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span>Maka baginda mendengar segala sembah ahlunnujum dan sasterawan demikian itu, maka baginda pun bangkitlah berdiri hendak masuk mendapatkan permaisuri. Baginda pun menceritakan mengenai segala sembah ahlunnujum kepada permaisuri. Maka sembah permaisuri menjunjung titah baginda.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span>Setelah baginda mendengar sembah permaisuri itu, maka baginda pun menitahkan perdana menteri membuat mahligai di atas pulau Biram Dewa itu. Tiada berapa lamanya, mahligai itupun sudah; maka peda ketika itu juga baginda pun melengkapi anakanda baginda dengan inang pengasuhnya dan dayang-dayang dengan sepertinya. Maka tuan puteri Kemala Ratna Pelinggam pun dipeluk dicium dan ditangisinya oleh ayahanda bunda baginda.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span>Maka tuan puteri Kemala Ratna Pelinggam pun menyembah ayahanda bunda baginda. Maka tuan puteri pun dibawa oleh segala menteri ke pulau Biram Dewa itu. Setelah sampai maka segala orang yang mengantar itupun kembalilah berdatang sembah kepada baginda.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span>Sekali peristiwa maka baginda bertitah kepada segala menteri hulubalang bahwa esok hari hendak turun ke pulau Biran Dewa hendak pergi bermain-main dan berburu. Maka mangkubumi pun bermohonlah keluar, berlengkap gajah dan kuda dan rakyat sekalian. Keesokan harinya, maka raja pun berangkatlah dengan segala menteri hulubalang dan rakyat sekalian, lalu turun ke pualu itu berburu…………</span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: right;"><span lang="IN">Sumb</span>er: Hikayat Hang Tuah I oleh Bot Genot Schap (<span lang="IN">20</span>10<span lang="IN">:</span>3-5<span lang="IN">)</span><span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentukan karakteristik unsur-unsur intrinsik Hikayat <i>Raja Bintan </i>yang meliputi:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tema</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">latar (<i>setting</i>)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sudut pandang (<i>point of view)</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">penokohan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gaya bahasa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">amanat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Identifikasikan struktur unsur intrinsik Hikayat<b> </b><i>Raja Bintan!</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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<tr> <td> <div> <div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>EVALUASI</div></div></td> </tr>
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sastra yang berkembang di daerah Melayu sebelum pertemuan dan pengaruh kebudayaan Barat disebut……</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sastra tradisional</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sastra Melayu Klasik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sastra daerah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sastra primitif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sastra kontemporer</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar cerita sebagai titik tolak dalam penyusunan cerita disebut…………….</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tema</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">plot</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">setting </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">diksi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">point of vie</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah yang dimaksud dengan <i>tikaian </i>dalam alur?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bagian alur yang mencakup rumitan, tikaian, serta menuju klimaks atau titik balik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bagian awal karya sastra yang berisi keterangan tentang tokoh dan latar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ketegangan atau pertentangan antara dua kekuatan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">peristiwa yang terjadi segera setelah berakhirnya bagian paparan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bagian alur yang melukiskan puncak ketegangan, terutama dipandang dari segi tanggapan emosional pembaca</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur secara umum sastra Melayu Klasik terdiri atas………….</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkenalan, pertikaian, penyelesaian</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian awal, bagian tengah, bagian akhir</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkenalan, konflik, klimaks, antiklimaks</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian awa, bagian pendahuluan, bagian cerita, bagian penutup</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertemuan, permasalahan, pemecahan masalah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikut adalah contoh sastra Melayu Klasik, kecuali……..</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">fabel</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sage</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">puisi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hikayat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mitos</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah satu pahlawan Melayu yang sering diceritakan kisahnya dalam hikayat adalah………</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dang Merdu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hang Lekiu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hang Kasturi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Badang Perkasa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hang Tuah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Siapakah nama Raja Bintan dalam Hikayat <i>Raja Bintan</i>?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sang Pertala Dewa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sang Purba</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Puteri Kemala Ratna Pelinggam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Raja Indera</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Raja Keinderaan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik sastra Melayu Klasik adalah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> ………</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan kosakata yang lazim digunakan pada saat ini</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan kata penghubung <i>maka </i>di akhir kalimat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan kalimat yang efektif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengarang cerita jelas</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan diksi yang tidak tepat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri-ciri sastra Melayu Klasik sebagai berikut, kecuali………..</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berbahasa Klise</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ceritanya seperti gambaran masyarakat yang statis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">digunakan untuk mendidik<span> </span>masyarakat sekitar pada zaman itu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">diketahui nama pengarangnya </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">cerita berkisar kehidupan kekerajaan atau kaum bangsawan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggolongan sastra Mealyu Klasik biasanya berdasarkan pada………….</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">isi, budaya, dan amanat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bentuk, karakteristik, dan budaya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">budaya, bentuk, dan isi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">isi, bentuk, dan pengaruh asing</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pengaruh asing, isi, dan budaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b>DAFTAR PUSTAKA</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt;"><span lang="IN">Isdriani, pudji. 2004. <i>Kompetensi Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia</i>. Jakarta: Literatur Media Sukses</span>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">Rahman, Elmustian. 2004. <i>Sastra Rakyat. </i>Pekanbaru: Labor Bahasa, Sastra, dan Jurnalistik.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt;">Schap, Bot Genot. 2010. <i>Hikayat Hang Tuah I. </i>Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><a href="http://id.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110315081329AADz8cg">http://id.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110315081329AADz8cg</a> dikunjungi tanggal 15 Juni 2011 pukul 11.10.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><a href="http://islam-download.net/contoh-contoh/contoh-hikayat-sastra-melayu-klasik.html">http://islam-download.net/contoh-contoh/contoh-hikayat-sastra-melayu-klasik.html</a> dikunjungi tanggal 15 Juni 2011 pukul 11.30.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><a href="http://kompas.blogspot.com/">http://kompas.blogspot.com</a> dikunjungi tanggal 15 Juni 2011 pukul 11.25.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><a href="http://melayuonline.com/">http://melayuonline.com</a> dikunjungi tanggal 15 Juni 2011 pukul 11.15.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><a href="http://mylov3-myenemy.blogspot.com/2010/01/sastra-melayu-klasik-sebagai-sastra.html">http://mylov3-myenemy.blogspot.com/2010/01/sastra-melayu-klasik-sebagai-sastra.html</a> 11.12.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div></div>sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-23510860173288338732011-09-16T19:26:00.000-07:002011-09-16T19:26:18.134-07:00Gurindam Dua Belas karya Raja Ali Haji<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAYWoyI47bnTe9w4bFWIb4Me0H5lld3RoIAYsxHhFDBJn9VouL0LQy6NYw5l4M0X92cABQq_ze39wiasiYvG9Kef4DHN6Ar7l1yI4erl6Y2NhvSxvAjtHWe9fLJcPK7huoc-_X-Rt9VzoN/s1600/12042011%2528002%2529-001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAYWoyI47bnTe9w4bFWIb4Me0H5lld3RoIAYsxHhFDBJn9VouL0LQy6NYw5l4M0X92cABQq_ze39wiasiYvG9Kef4DHN6Ar7l1yI4erl6Y2NhvSxvAjtHWe9fLJcPK7huoc-_X-Rt9VzoN/s320/12042011%2528002%2529-001.jpg" width="243" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut saya,<i> Gurindam 12 </i>karya <i>Raja Ali Haji</i> telah memenuhi ketentuan penulisan gurindam yang baik dan benar. Gurindam yang baik dan benar itu (1) terdiri atas dua baris sebait, (2) baris pertama merupakan sebab, baris kedua merupakan akibat, (3) kedua barisnya adalah isi dan merupakan nasehat, (4) jumlah sukukata dan jumlah kata tidak tetap, dan (5) selalu bersajak a-a (tidak mutlak). <i>Gurindam 12</i> telah memenuhi 5 hal tersebut, dan tidak menyimpang dari ketentuan-ketentuan penulisan gurindam.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Amanat yang terkandung dalam <i>Gurindam 12</i> karya <i>Raja Ali Haji </i>sebagai berikut: </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pasal 1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">barang siapa tiada memegang agama</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">se</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">kali-kali</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> tiada boleh dibilangkan nama</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">barang siapa mengenal yang empat</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">maka yaitulah orang yang ma</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">k</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">rifat</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">barang siapa mengenal Allah</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">suruh dan tegah</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">n</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ya tiada ia menyalah</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">barang siapa mengenal diri</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">maka telah mengenal</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> akan</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> tuhan yang bahri</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">barang siapa mengenal dunia</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">tahulah ia barang yang terpedaya</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">barang siapa mengenal akhirat</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">tahulah ia dunia mud</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">h</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">arat</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada pasal pertama</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gurinda</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">m 12</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, klausa-klausa verba mengantarkan pada amanat bagi diri untuk berlandas pada agama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, yaitu agama Islam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan agama Islam harus dikenal, seperti mengenal <i>yang empat</i><span> </span>yang berarti empat orang sahabat Nabi Muhammad saw, yaitu Ali Bin Abhi Thalib, Usman Bin Affan, Abu Bakar Siddik, dan Umar Bin Khatab. Selain itu juga harus mengenal Allah, mengenal diri, mengenal dunia, dan mengenal akhirat. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal yang pertama adalah pembuka sekaligus induk tema yang mengingatkan keterjalinan sub-sub tema untuk pasal demi pasal berikutnya. Kata yang mengunci adalah <i>agama</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, <i>yang empat</i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Allah</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Inilah yang menjadi perwujudan dari rukun Islam yang pertama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, yaitu aku bersaksi bahwa tiada tuhan selain Allah dan Nabi Muhammad adalah utusan Allah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pasal 2</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<i>barang siapa mengenal yang tersebut<br />
tahulah ia makna takut<br />
<br />
barang siapa meninggalkan sembahyang<br />
seperti rumah tiada bertiang<br />
<br />
barang siapa meninggalkan puasa<br />
tidaklah mendapat dua termasa<br />
<br />
barang siapa meninggalkan zakat<br />
ti</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ada</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> hartanya beroleh berkat<br />
<br />
barang siapa meninggalkan haji<br />
tia</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">da</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">lah ia menyempurnakan janji</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sama halnya dengan pasal 1, pasal 2 juga mengandung nilai agama</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (religius)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Pada pasal 1 telah dikemukakan bahwa mengungkapkan tentang rukun Islam yang pertama. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2 mengungkapkan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> pesan rukun Islam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang kedua, ketiga, keempat dan kelima. Rukun Islam yang kedua adalah melaksanakan salat, rukun Islam yang ketiga adalah berpuasa, rukun Islam yang keempat adalah menunaikan zakat, dan rukun Islam yang terakhir adalah menunaikan haji bagi yang mampu. Rukun Islam tersebut tergambar jelas pada gurindam 12 pasal 2 ini. Pesan yang terkandung adalah tentang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> kewajiban</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> manusia</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> se</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bagai</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> ma</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">k</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hluk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> ciptaan Allah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang memasrahkan diri pada sang Khali</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">k untuk melaksanakan perintahNya dan menjauhi segala laranganNya agar menjadi seorang muslim yang sesungguhnya mencintai Allah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pasal 3</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<i>apabila terpelihara mata<br />
sedikitlah cita-cita<br />
<br />
apabila terpelihara kuping<br />
kabar yang jahat tiadalah damping<br />
<br />
</i></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">apabila terpelihara lidah<br />
niscaya dapat daripadanya </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">f</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">aedah<br />
<br />
bersungguh-sungguh engkau memeliharakan tangan<br />
daripada segala berat dan ringan<br />
<br />
apabila perut terlalu penuh<br />
keluarlah fi'il yang tiada senonoh<br />
<br />
anggota tengah hendaklah ingat<br />
di</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">situlah banyak orang yang hilang semangat<br />
<br />
hendaklah peliharakan kaki<br />
daripada berjalan yang membawa rugi</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal ketiga berisi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tentang budi pekerti, yaitu menahan kata-kata yang tidak perlu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tidak berlebihan dalam melakukan ataupun menikmati nikmat Allah. Sesuatu yang berlebihan itu sangat tidak senonoh dan membawa kepada keburukan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada pasal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 3 ini</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, klausa-klausa verba mengajak diri melakukan aktualisasi jasmani. Mahluk ciptaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Allah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> tentunya dikaruniai panca</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ind</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ra serta emosi. Setidaknya diri memfungsikan dahulu nikmat ind</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">rawi, dan di sinilah ditemukan amanat bagaimana membawa panca</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ind</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ra menunaikan fungsinya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dengan benar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pasal 4</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<i>hati itu kerajaan di</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">dalam tubuh<br />
jikalau zalim segala anggota</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">pun rubuh<br />
<br />
apabila dengki sudah bertanah<br />
datang daripadanya beberapa anak panah</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
mengumpat dan memuji hendaklah pikir<br />
di</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">stulah banyak orang yang tergelincir</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.55pt; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
pekerjaan marah jangan dibela<br />
nanti</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> hilang akal </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">di</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">kepala<br />
<br />
</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.55pt; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">jika sedikit</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">pun berbuat bohong<br />
boleh diumpamakan mulutnya itu pek</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">u</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ng<br />
<br />
tanda orang yang amat celaka<br />
aib dirinya tiada ia sangka<br />
<br />
bakhil jangan diberi singgah<br />
itulah perompak yang amat gagah<br />
<br />
</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.55pt; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
barang siapa yang sudah besar<br />
janganlah kelakuannya membuat kasar<br />
<br />
barang siapa perkataan kotor<br />
mulutnya itu umpama ketor<br />
<br />
di</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">mana tahu salah diri<br />
jika ti</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ada</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> orang lain yang berperi<br />
<br />
pekerjaan takabur jangan direpih<br />
sebelum mati didapat juga sepih</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal 4 berisi t</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">entang tabiat yang mulia, yang muncul dari hati (nurani) dan akal pikiran (budi).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hampir mirip dengan amanat pasal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang mengungkap keutuhan jasmaniah, selanjutnya klausa-klausa verba pada pasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">l 4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> mengajak diri melakukan aktualisasi perilaku. Berbuatlah sesuatu, dan di sinilah terbaca amanat berperilaku. Bila ditarik simpulan dari persamaan antara pasal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> pasal 4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, diri diingatkan untuk memfungsikan nikmat ind</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">rawi, emosi, serta menjalin hubungan dengan mahluk ciptaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Allah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> lainnya. Dengan kata lain, diri diberi kemerdekaan beraktualisasi. Nikmat yang tiada tara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> d</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">an yang menjadi penekanan bahwa dalam kemerdekaan juga dilengkapi dengan etika. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pasal 5</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
jika hendak mengenal orang berbangsa<br />
lihat kepada budi dan bahasa<br />
<br />
jika hendak mengenal orang yang berbahagia<br />
sangat memeliharakan yang sia-sia<br />
<br />
</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
jika hendak mengenal orang yang mulia<br />
lihatlah kepada kelakuan dia<br />
<br />
jika hendak mengenal orang yang berilmu<br />
bertanya dan belajar ti</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ada</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">lah jemu<br />
<br />
jika hendak mengenal orang yang berakal<br />
di</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">dalam dunia mengambil bekal<br />
<br />
jika hendak mengenal orang yang baik perangai<br />
lihat pada ketika bercampur dengan orang ramai</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari pasal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> hingga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> pasal 4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, amanat yang tersampaikan masih berada dalam lingkup seorang diri, mulai dari pemahaman mahluk ciptaan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Allah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span lang="IN">berpasrah diri pada Sang Khalik hingga nikmat sekaligus etika menjalankan kemerdekaan</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau kebebasan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> diri. Pada pasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">l 5</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, perjalanan diri adalah memetik apa yang telah dilalui dari pasal-pasal sebelumnya, memetik buah kemerdekaan sebagai diri dan bertemu dengan mahluk ciptaan lainnya yang juga serupa dengan diri, memiliki kemerdekaan beraktualisasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pada pasal ini berisi t</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">entang pentingnya pendidikan dan memperluas pergaulan dengan kaum terpelajar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Manusia berkumpul adalah fitrah, termasuk melahirkan buah pemikiran bersama. Ideologi pun tercipta, bahasa menjadi simbol perwakilannya. Pada pasal inilah, diri diingatkan dengan amanat tentang kinerja dan integritas. Dengan kata lain, diri dipacu untuk memberikan yang terbaik, bagi diri sendiri juga bagi umat di sekeliling</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">nya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pasal 6</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<i>ca</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">hari</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> olehmu akan sahabat<br />
yang boleh dijadikan obat</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
ca</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">hari</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> olehmu akan guru<br />
yang boleh tahukan setiap seteru<br />
<br />
ca</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">hari</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> olehmu akan istri<br />
yang boleh menyerahkan diri<br />
<br />
ca</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">hari</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> olehmu akan kawan<br />
pilih segala</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> orang</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> yang setiawan<br />
<br />
ca</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">hari</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> olehmu akan abdi<br />
yang ada baik sedikit budi</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada pasal </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, amanatnya adalah perjalanan menggapai pencapaian diri t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">id</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ak lepas dari pihak-pihak di luar yang melengkapi, yang sangup berperan mendorong, memacu semangat, serta mencerahkan diri. Pihak-pihak di luar diri t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">id</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ak lain adalah mahluk-mahluk ciptaan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuhan. Sungguh Tuhan memberikan nikmat yang tiada habisnya dan di sinilah amanat memilih siapa saja yang bisa melengkapi diri untuk menyempurnakan perjalanan hidup.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pasal 6 ini berisi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tentang pergaulan, yang menyarankan untuk mencari sahabat yang baik,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> mencari istri, mencari kawan, mencari abdi,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> demikian pula guru sejati yang dapat mengajarkan mana yang baik dan buruk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pasal 7</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
apabila banyak berkata-kata<br />
di</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">situlah jalan masuk dusta<br />
<br />
apabila banyak berlebih-lebihan suka<br />
itulah tanda hampirkan duka<br />
<br />
apabila kita kurang siasat<br />
itulah tanda pekerjaan hendak sesat<br />
<br />
apabila anak tidak dilatih<br />
jika besar bapanya letih<br />
<br />
apabila banyak mencacat orang<br />
itulah tanda dirinya kurang<br />
<br />
apabila orang yang banyak tidur<br />
sia-sia sa</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ha</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">jalah umur<br />
<br />
apabila mendengar akan k</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">h</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">abar<br />
menerima</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">nya</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> itu hendaklah sabar<br />
<br />
apabila mendengar kata aduan<br />
membicarakannya itu hendaklah cemburuan<br />
<br />
apabila perkataan yang lemah lembut<br />
lekaslah segala orang mengikut<br />
<br />
apabila perkataan yang amat kasar<br />
lekaslah orang sekalian gusar<br />
<br />
apabila pekerjaan yang amat benar<br />
tidak boleh orang berbuat </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">h</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">onar</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">asal 7</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> membuka tabir tentang bersiasat ke depan. Sungguh amanat yang tiada usang. Dari dahulu sampai kapanpun, bersiasat adalah kebutuhan untuk mempertahankan hidup, hidup yang dipenuhi kualitas diri dan lingkungan sekitar. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal ketujuh juga </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berisi nas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hat agar orang tua membangun akhlak dan budi pekerti anak-anaknya sejak kecil dengan sebaik mungkin. Jika tidak, kelak orang tua yang akan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">susah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> sendiri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pasal 8</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<i>barang siapa khianat akan dirinya<br />
apalagi kepada lainnya<br />
<br />
kepada dirinya ia aniaya<br />
orang itu jangan engkau percaya<br />
<br />
lidah suka membenarkan dirinya<br />
daripada yang lain dapat kesalahannya<br />
<br />
daripada memuji diri hendaklah sabar<br />
biar daripada orang datangnya k</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">h</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">abar<br />
<br />
orang yang suka menampakkan jasa<br />
setengah daripada s</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">y</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">irik mengaku kuasa<br />
<br />
kejahatan diri sembunyikan<br />
kebaikan diri diamkan<br />
<br />
keaiban orang jangan dibuka<br />
keaiban diri hendaklah sangka</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada pasal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 8</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> ini, ada amanah yang tidak kalah penting untuk menggapai pencapaian sekaligus mempertahankan sebuah intropeksi diri. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal 8 juga </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berisi nas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hat agar orang tidak percaya pada orang yang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pendusta</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan tidak berprasangka buruk terhadap seseorang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Klausa-klausa verba </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pada pasal ini</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> mengingatkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> untuk</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> membesarkan diri adalah hal yang sia-sia, termasuk menganiaya diri. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">terpenting adalah jujur pada diri sendiri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> sehingga bisa jujur pula kepada orang lain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pasal 9</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<i>tahu pekerjaan tak baik tapi dikerjakan<br />
bukannya manusia </i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ia </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">itulah syaitan<br />
<br />
kejahatan seorang perempuan tua<br />
itulah iblis punya penggawa</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">kepada segala hamba-hamba raja<br />
di</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">situlah syaitan tempatnya manja<br />
<br />
kebanyakan orang yang muda-muda<br />
di</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">situlah syaitan tempat bergoda<br />
<br />
perkumpulan laki</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-laki</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> dengan perempuan<br />
di</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">situlah syaitan punya jamuan<br />
<br />
adapun orang tua yang hemat<br />
syaitan tak suka membuat sahabat<br />
<br />
jika orang muda kuat berguru<br />
dengan syaitan </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">jadi</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> berseteru</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menerjemahkan amanah pasal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 9 sama saja dengan mer</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">enung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">siapa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gerangan s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">y</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">etan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> itu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">y</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">etan ada di sekeliling</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> manusia</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, terutama dalam hiruk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pikuk dan menyertai sifat alami manusia,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yaitu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> lalai. Godaan s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">y</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">etan berlaku di mana saja </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pada</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> segala zaman.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Oleh karena itu, manusia hendaklah waspada dan membentengi diri dengan iman. Pasal 9 ini </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berisi nas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hat tentang moral pergaulan pria wanita dan tentang pendidikan. Hendaknya dalam pergaulan antara pria wanita ada pengendalian diri dan setiap orang selalu rajin beribadah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk memperkokoh imannya agar terhindar dari godaan Syetan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pasal 10</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<i>dengan bapa jangan durhaka<br />
supaya Allah tidak murka<br />
<br />
dengan ibu hendaklah hormat<br />
supaya badan dapat selamat<br />
<br />
dengan anak janganlah lalai<br />
supaya boleh naik </i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ke </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">tengah balai</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">dengan isteri dan gundik janganlah alpa</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">supaya kemaluan jangan menerpa</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<br />
dengan kawan hendaklah adil<br />
supaya tangannya jadi kapil</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sal 10 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berisi nasihat keagamaan dan budi pekerti, yaitu kewajiban anak untuk menghormati orang tuanya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal ini </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sejenak mengingatkan perhatian kepada keluarga. Setidaknya, perjalanan awal, yang kiranya dimulai dari keluarga, tidak membuat diri alpa terlebih lagi durhaka. Semuanya adalah demi keberlanjutan langkah yang mesti terus di</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">jalani </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam kehidupan ini. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.55pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pasal 11</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
hendaklah berjasa<br />
kepada yang sebangsa<br />
<br />
hendaklah jadi kepala<br />
buang perangai yang cela<br />
<br />
hendak memegang amanat<br />
buanglah khianat<br />
<br />
hendak marah<br />
dahulukan hujjah<br />
<br />
hendak dimalui<br />
jangan memalui<br />
<br />
hendak ramai<br />
murahkan perangai</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gurindam 12</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> pasal 11 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berisi nasihat kepada para pemimpin agar menghindari tindakan yang tercela, berusaha melaksanakan amana</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">h</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dalam tugasnya, serta tidak berkhianat.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perjalanan diri tentu sempat menyinggahi puncak yang diidam-idamkan kebanyakan orang.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mungkin</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> saja perjalanan diri tengah mendaki dan hampir menyentuh puncak. Pasal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 11</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> inilah yang mengantarkan amanah yang membantu menenangkan diri serta mengatur irama langkah hingga pengendalian diri tetap terjaga meski telah sampai ke puncak. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagaimana yang telah dikemukakan sebelumnya, bahwa <i>Gurindam</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 12</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang diciptakan <i>Raja Ali Haji</i> sangat kental dengan nuansa keislamannya. Hal ini dimungkinkan karena interaksi yang sangat dekat antara budaya melayu dengan Islam. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun mengenai pemaknaan gurindam tersebut, bait pertama:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hendaklah berjasa kepada yang sebangsa</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Makna dari kalimat tersebut adalah himbauan kepada manusia untuk selalu bisa bermanfaat kepada sesama, sebab dalam Islam memang sangat dianjurkan sekali untuk saling memberikan manfaat, seperti misalnya dalam sebuah hadis, “<i>seorang muslim adalah saudara bagi orang islam yang lain, yang tidak akan menganiayanya, tidak akan membiarkannya (ataupun menyerahkannya kepada musuhnya). Barangsiapa menyampaikan hajat (kepentingan) saudaranya, maka Allah akan mengabulkan hajat orang itu. Barang siapa yang memberikan kemudahan bagi seorang muslim yang sedang kesulitan, maka Allah akan memberikan kemudahan padanya ketika kesulitan pada Hari Kiamat. Dan barangsiapa yang menutupi rahasia seorang muslim, maka Allah akan menutupi baginya rahasianya pada Hari Kiamat.</i>" (HR. Muslim)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk makna dari bait kedua gurindam pasal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 11</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hendaklah jadi kepala, buang perangai yang cela</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">s s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">angat erat kaitannya dengan kepemimpinan dalam Islam yang sangat mengutamakan akhlak yang mulia. Bukankah Rasulullah memiliki sifat-sifat terbaik dan jauh dari sifat yang tercela, yaitu Fathanah, Amanah, Shiddiq, dan Tabligh. Seorang pemimpin (kepala) hendaklah memiliki rasa tanggung jawab dan menjauhi akhlak yang tercela, “<i>Kamu semua dalah pemimpin, dan kamu semua akan ditanya (bertanggungjawab) atas pimpinannya. Maka imam adalah pemimpin yang bertanggungjawab terhadap rakyatnya. Dan seorang suami adalah pemimpin terhadap keluarganya dan akan ditanya tentang pimpinannya. Dan seorang isteri adalah pemimpin pada rumah tangga suaminya maupun anak anaknya dan bertanggungjawab terhadap pimpinannya. Seorang anak menjadi pemimpin terhadap ayahnya dan bertanggungjawab terhadap apa yang telah dipimpinnya.. Dan seorang pelayan adalah pemimpin terhadap harta tuannya dan bertanggungjawaab atas pimpinannya. Maka kamu semua adalah pemimpin dan kamu semua adalah bertanggungjawab terhadap rakyat (hasil pimpinannya, anak buahnya, pekerjaanya)</i>” (HR. Bukhari)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemudian bait yang ketiga:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hendaklah memegang amanat, buanglah khianat</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> d</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">apat direnungkan sebagai upaya agar menjadi orang yang terpercaya, sebagaimana dalam sebuah hadis, “<i>Laksanakanlah amanat</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(kewajiban) pada orang yang mempercayakan diri padamu, dan janganlah berkhianat (menipu) pada orang yang menipumu</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">” (HR. Turmudzi)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk bait yang keempat:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hendak marah dahulukan hajat</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam sebuah hadis, riwayat Abu Daud disebutkan, “<i>Barangsiapa yang menahan kemarahan, padahal dia sanggup untuk melepaskan kemarahan itu, maka Allah akan memenuhi hati orang itu berupa keamanan dan keimanan</i>” (HR. Abu Daud)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.<span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara sederhana berati ini sebuah nasehat bahwa marah itu adalah sesuatu yang tidak baik dan dianjurkan untuk melaksanakan hajat misalnya silaturrahim, bertadabur alam, rihlah ataupun yang sejenisnya untuk mengurangi rasa marah itu dan mensyukuri nikmat yang telah Allah berikan kepada manusia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bait yang kelima:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hendak dimulai jangan melalui</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Maksud dari bait ini adalah bahwa sebagala sesuatu perlu awal untuk dimulai</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bait keenam:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hendak ramai, muliakan perangai</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bait ini sangat berkaitan dengan akhlak yang baik. Artinya jika seseorang ingin mendapatkan sesuatu ataupun silaturrahimnya semakin dipermudah oleh Allah, maka salah satu jalannya adalah dengan memperbaiki perangai (tingkah laku/akhlak), “<i>Tidak ada sesuatu yang lebih memperberat timbangan pahala kebaikan (pada Hari Kiamat) kecuali budi pekerti (akhlak) yang baik</i>” (HR. Abu Daud)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pasal 12</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
raja mufakat dengan menteri<br />
seperti kebun berpagar duri<br />
<br />
betul hati kepada raja<br />
t</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">an</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">da jadi sebarang kerja<br />
<br />
hukum adil atas rakyat<br />
t</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">an</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">da raja boleh inayat<br />
<br />
kasihkan orang yang berilmu<br />
tanda rahmat atas dirimu<br />
<br />
hormat akan orang yang pandai<br />
tanda mengenal kasa dan cindai<br />
<br />
ingatkan dirinya mati<br />
itulah asal berbuat bakti<br />
<br />
akhirat itu terlalu nyata<br />
kepada hati yang tidak buta</span></i><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">12</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah pasal terakhir</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berisi nasihat keagamaan agar manusia selalu ingat hari kematian dan kehidupan di akhirat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Di sinilah ditemukan beberapa kosakata berupa kata benda abstrak, seperti yang telah tertulis pada beberapa paragraf sebelum ini. Kata-kata benda tersebut adalah <i>raja, hukum,</i> <i>ilmu, hormat, mati, </i>dan <i>akhirat. </i> Secara satu persatu, kosakata tersebut sesungguhnya mengamanahkan banyak kata kerja. Perjalanan diri diingatkan akan banyak hal yang sesungguhnya memegang kuasa untuk mengatur. Sebagai sebab dari akibat, diri pun perlu berhati-hati untuk memperlakukan hal yang berkaitan dengan <i>raja, hukum,</i> <i>ilmu, hormat, mati, </i>dan <i>akhirat</i> dengan perhatian yang lebih khusus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></div>sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-1208872374263940232011-09-15T19:25:00.001-07:002011-09-15T19:25:34.000-07:00drama<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br />
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</tbody></table><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNS1gCO7Gigx9Sqsdwa8_MkKMd6J95F23T2dJYJnjx2un0egHlHXMNrCpOce9OLKaHxOncalSwJuhX27GiXn4lQ0lUJDZZcCLO4TARZ_mMnpfFXO9AcpZeCSl_CIPq4oXLo_VoIE_qP8_F/s1600/kebun.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNS1gCO7Gigx9Sqsdwa8_MkKMd6J95F23T2dJYJnjx2un0egHlHXMNrCpOce9OLKaHxOncalSwJuhX27GiXn4lQ0lUJDZZcCLO4TARZ_mMnpfFXO9AcpZeCSl_CIPq4oXLo_VoIE_qP8_F/s320/kebun.jpg" width="233" /></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DRAMA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1 Asal Mula Istilah Drama</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wiyanto (2005) mengatakan bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">k</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ata drama berasal dari bahasa Yunani <i>dram</i> yang berarti gerak. Drama sering disebut sandiwara atau teater. Kata sandiwara berasal dari bahasa Jawa <i>sandi </i>yang berarti rahasia dan <i>warah </i>yang berarti ajaran. Sandiwara berarti ajaran yang disampaikan secara rahasia atau tidak terang-terangan maksudnya lakon drama sebenarnya mengandung pesan/ajaran (terutama ajaran moral) bagi penontonnya. Penonton menemukan ajaran itu secara tersirat dalam lakon drama</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Saini dalam Al Mubary (2005), </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">istilah drama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> secara etimologis</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berasal dari kata <i>dramoi </i>(bahasa Yunani) yang berarti menirukan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2 Pengertian Drama</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu yang mempelajari bangunan sandiwara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau drama</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> disebut dramaturgi atau pengantar kata</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Rendra, 1993). <span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama merupakan seni yang menampilkan laku jasmani manusia dan ucapan kata-kata yang puitis untuk mengungkapkan perasaan dan pikiran melalui teknik-teknik bermain yang menarik serta unik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Teknik-teknik bermain tersebut dikuasai oleh pemain berdasarkan kemampuan masing-masing pemain, baik itu teknik yang diperoleh secara alami melalui teknik yang diperoleh dari proses belajar. <span>Menurut Rendra (1993) “drama atau sandiwara adalah seni yang mengungkapkan pikiran atau perasaan orang dengan mempergunakan laku jasmani dan ucapan kata-kata</span>.”</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasry Al Mubary (2005) mengatakan bahwa drama merupakan pertunjukan yang teatrikal. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertunjukkan yang teatrikal adalah suatu pertunjukkan yang dapat melibatkan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hubungan antar pelaku dan penontonnya, artinya pertunjukkan yang komunikatif dalam arti kesatuan dari bagian-bagian pendukungnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pertunjukan yang komunikatif mampu menyampaikan isi/pesan yang ingin disampaikan pemain kepada penonton dengan baik. Penonton memahami dan mengaplikasikan isi/pesan tersebut dalam kehidupannya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komunikatif artinya, pertunjukkan mampu memberi “sesuatu” makanan kepada penontonnya, baik makanan yang bersifat rohaniah maupun memberikan kepuasan refleksi jasmaniah. Dalam pengertian yang lebih sederhana, pertunjukkan yang teatrikal itu terjadi jalinan “pertemuan” yang mesra antara penonton dengan yang ditonton (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasri Al Mubary. 2005</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">).</span> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wiyanto (2002) mengatakan bahwa seni drama boleh dikatakan unik dibanding seni yang lain karena melibatkan banyak keterampilan. Seni drama merupakan perpaduan seni sastra, seni musik, seni tari, seni suara, seni gerak, dan seni-seni lain. Oleh karena itu, panggung drama adalah tempat berkumpulnya banyak seniman.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hassanudin (1996) berpendapat bahwa pementasan drama dianggap sebagai suatu karya dalam dua dimensi. Artinya, meskipun beberapa orang sutradara menggarap drama dengan tema yang sama namun pasti akan menampilkan pertunjukan yang berbeda, baik dari segi bahasa naskah, kostum, dan sebagainya. Oleh karena itu, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pementasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dianggap</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> sebagai suatu dimensi lain dari drama, memberikan kekuatan sekaligus kelemahan bagi penikmat untuk menangkap makna yang terdapat pada teks. Kekuatannya terletak pada visualisasi langsung dan kongkret, kelemahannya tidak ada pementasan yang sama untuk suat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">u</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> teks drama meskipun oleh sutradara yang sama dan sutradara itu pengarang drama itu sendiri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3 Jenis-jenis Drama</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Liturgi </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumardjo<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(1986) dalam bukunya <i>Ikhtisar Teater Barat </i>mengungkapkan<i> </i>bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Liturgi merupakan drama singkat agamawi yang dipentaskan di dalam gereja dan dimainkan oleh pastor, anggota misa, beserta koor anak-anak dalam upacara ibadat (misa). Drama liturgi menceritakan kisah-kisah agamawi seperti </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">cerita-cerita Natal, lantas cerita-cerita lain dari Bible. Para pastor, anggota misa, menyampaikan cerita dengan bahasa latin. Drama ini mulai berkembang sekitar tahun 900 SM. Pada tahun 900 SM tersebut, drama Liturgi hanya dilakukan di dalam gereja. Namun, pada tahun 1200 SM, drama Liturgi sudah dilakukan di luar gereja, misalnya didepan gereja, lapangan serta ditangga masuk gereja. Lama kelamaan pada tahun 1300 M drama-drama agamawi ini diambil oleh organisasi non gereja<span> </span>yaitu organisasi GILDA (organisasi spesialis. Misalnya organisasi pedagang). Bahasa yang digunakannya bukan lagi bahasa Latin, bahasa kaum terpelajar pada waktu itu melainkan bahasa rakyat setempat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Cycle </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumardjo<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(1986) mengatakan bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Cycle merupakan drama yang bersifat religius dan masih berdasarkan cerita-cerita Bible yang mencampurkan cerita-cerita kitab suci dengan kejadian-kejadian actual. Drama Cycle dilakukan di atas kereta kuda dari kota ke kota, sedangkan di Eropa dilakukan di atas panggung memanjang yang disebut mansion. Drama cycle meskipun bersifat religious tetapi sudah dimasuki unsure humor. Naskahnya pun ditulis dalam bentuk puisi, perwatakannya </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hanya menggambarkan garis besar watak dengan setting yang tak banyak.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Miracle </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumardjo<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(1986), “</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Miracle merupakan drama yang dilakukan di jalan-jalan dan lapangan ddan ditampilkan pada acara-acara pesta. Drama Miracle juga dikenal dengan istilah Rombongan Drama Kelana. Drama ini merupakan bagian dari ibadat gereja dan menceritakan kisah para orang suci (santo-santo). Meskipun begitu, drama ini tidak diperbolehkan dilakukan di dalam gereja karena memiliki persamaan sifat dengan drama misteri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">”</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Moral </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumardjo<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(1986) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama moral merupakan drama yang menunjukkan adanya pertarungan antara manusia dengan dirinya, antara kejahatan dengan kebaikan dalam hati manusia. Tema drama ini menekankan pada kebajikan, kemiskinan, pengetahuan, kebodohan dan sebagainya. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Farce </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumardjo<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(1986) berpendapat bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Farce merupakan drama yang dilakukan dan berkembang di luar gereja (sekuler). Drama Farce bersifat komikal dan berdasarkan cerita-cerita rakyat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <br />
</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Drama Interlude</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumardjo<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(1986) mengungkapkan bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Interlude merupakan drama yang dilakukan pada suatu pesta atau peringatan-peringatan yang berupa selingan-selingan untuk mengisi waktu kosong ketika suatu drama telah ditampilkan. Drama interlude sangat menarik karena diisi oleh actor-aktor professional yang memiliki improvisasi yang kreatif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Wiyanto (2002) dalam bukunya <i>Terampil Bermain Drama </i>jenis drama berdasarkan lakon dibedakan atas:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tragedi → drama yang berisi kesedihan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komedi → drama yang berisi lelucon dan sindiran</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tragekomedi → penuh kesedihan diselingi dengan lelucon</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Opera → dialog dinyanyikan diiringi musik dan lagu (seriosa) dikombinasikan dengan balet, lakon sebagai sarana,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melodrama → dialognya diiringi musik melankolis, drama musikal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Farce → berhubungan dengan komedi, kata, dan kekuatan, serius tetapi lucu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tablo → mengutamakan gerak, drama yang minim dialognya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sendratari→ perpaduan drama dan tari, dari penari-penari berbakat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Wiyanto (2002) dalam bukunya <i>Terampil Bermain Drama </i>jenis drama berdasarkan sarana dibedakan atas:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama panggung </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ drama ditampilkan di atas panggung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama radio </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ drama yang hanya bisa didengar melalui radio </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama televisi </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ drama yang dapat didengar dan dilihat melalui televisi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama film </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ drama yang ditonton melalui layar lebar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama wayang </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ misalnya drama wayang golek di Sunda, boneka kecil oleh dalang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama boneka </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ drama yang tokohnya boneka dan dimainkan beberapa orang. Misalnya unyil.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Arena → drama yang ditmapilkan di lapangan. Misalnya lenong</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.4<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi Drama</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Hassanudin (1996), fungsi drama atau teater adalah:<b> </b></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai alat pendidikan bagi anggota masyarakat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai alat penebal kesetiakawanan sosial atau alat penebal kesadaran kolektif.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sarana untuk menyampaikan kritik sosial.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai alat melarikan diri sementara dari kehidupan nyata yang membosankan ke dunia khayal yang menyenangkan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai wadah pengembangan ajaran agama.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</tbody></table><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TEATER</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1 Asal Mula Istilah Teater</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tjokroatmodjo (2985) dalam bukunya <i>Pendidikan Seni Drama (Suatu Pengantar) </i>mengatakan bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">istilah <i>teater </i>berasal dari kata <i>teatron </i>yang berarti pusat upacara persembahan yang terletak di tengah-tengah arena. Pada zaman penjajahan Belanda di Indonesia istilah drama diganti dengan tonil (bahasa Belanda: toneel (pertunjukan). Pada Zaman Jepang diganti menjadi <i>sandiwara </i>yang merupakan bahasa sansekerta. Akhirnya pada zaman modern sejak proklamasi kemerdekaan Negara kita dipopulerkan kembali dengan istilah <i>drama.</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2 Pengertian Teater</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tjokroatmodjo (1985) mengatakan bahwa pada zaman Yunani teater adalah pusat upacara persembahan untuk dewa-dewa bangsa Yunani. Teater ini berupa podium tanah yang dibentuk semacam ruangan. Di sinilah orang-orang yang berkumpul tapi mempersembahkan sesajen untuk para dewa. Dewa-dewa tersebut adalah Dewa Zeus, beserta dua orang putranya Dewa Dyonesos, dan Dewa Apollo. Dewa Dyonesos dikenal sebagai dewa penghancur, sehingga amat ditakuti. Sebaliknya, Dewa Apollo adalah Dewa yang menberikan kesuburan, kemakmuran, dalam bentuk musim hujan dan panen yang melimpah. Pada zaman Romawi, teater merupakan Arena persembahan </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> gelanggang pertunjukan (arena/ gelanggang pertarungan). Tradisi persembahan ini diadakan berbeda dari zaman Yunani, dan telah mengalami perubahan. Teater tidak lagi digunakan untuk persembahan kepada para dewa, melainkan digunakan untuk pertarungan para tawanan dengan singa atau binatang buas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span> <br clear="ALL" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SEJARAH DRAMA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1 Di Barat </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasry Al Mubary (2005) mengatakan bahwa drama yang berkembang sekarang berasal dari zaman Yunani kuno. Tahun 600 SM dalam upacara-upacara keagamaan dilaksankan festival tari untuk menghormati dewa Dionysius yang dilaksanakan di Athena. Drama Yunani mencapai puncaknya pada tahun 400 SM. Masa itu drama masih dipertunjukkan dalam bagian upacara keagamaan, teutama dalam bentuk tragedi. Bentuk awal drama dikenal sebagai tragedi karena timbulnya upacara-upacara agama. Pertunjukkan ini merupakan pertunjukkan serius, khitmat, puistik, dan filosofis. Istilah drama kemudian diartikan “drama duka cita”; melukiskan perjuangan manusia melawan nasib. Penulis naskah drama Yunani yang terkenal antara lain Aeskilos (525-456<span> </span>SM), Sophokles (496-406 SM), dan Euripides (484-406 SM). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumardjo (1986 ) dalam buku <i>Ikhtisar Sejarah Teater Barat </i>menyatakan bahwa:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama berasal dari upacara agama primitif</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Saat melakukan upacara keagamaan, masyarakat primitif biasanya berkostum hitam yang melambangkan perasaan duka. Mereka berdialog dengan tuhannya dengan ucapan-ucapan keagamaan mereka. Dari situlah inspirasi untuk menciptakan drama pada zaman dahulu. Mereka melakukan pertunjukan dengan berdialog dan berkostum hitam.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama berasal dari nyayian untuk menghormati seseorang pahlawan di kuburanny</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Dari kegiatan nyanyian keagamaan ini mereka menciptakan drama yang diiringi seni suara, yaitu sudah mulai berkembang dari drama sebelumnya yang hanya terdapat dialog meskipun dari segi kostum mereka tetap menggunakan kostum berwarna hitam karena masih bersifat drama yang religius.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama berasal dari kegemaran manusia mendengarkan cerita</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Dengan cerita yang didengar secara lisan tersebut mereka mendapatkan inspirasi untuk mementaskan cerita tersebut agar lebih diketahui masyarakat luas dan pesan/isi drama tidak hanya bias disampaikan begitu saja namun bias dinikamti sebagai hiburan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama berasal dari permainan anak-anak. Anak-anak sangat suka berperan ketika sedang bermain. Terkadang mereka seakan-akan memerankan diri mereka bak seorang pangeran, seorang putrid raja, dan sebagainya. Dari permainan anak-anak itulah mereka berinspirasi untuk memerankan dirinya menjadi orang lain atau menjadi tokoh yang mereka senangi. Selain bermanfaat untuk menghibur orang banyak, tentu saja mereka bias menyalurkan hobi yang bias memberikan kebahagiaan tersendiri bagi pelakunya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumardjo (1986 )</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menyatakan bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">drama yang berkembang pada saat ini merupakan drama yang berasal dari drama Yunani purba. Drama Yunani purba merupakan drama tertua di dunia, yaitu sekitar tahun 400 SM sehingga drama Yunani purba ini sangat mempengaruhi perkembangan drama-drama di seluruh dunia pula. Misalnya, dari bentuk panggung yang terkenal pada zaman Yunani purba (teater Dionysius) yang mampu memuat 14.000 penonton dikembangkan di negara lain dengan bentuk yang sama meskipun ada sedikit perbedaan pada ukuran.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah adanya Drama Yunani Purba, maka muncullah drama Roma atau teater Romawi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada masa Drama Roma ini, ada terjadi perubahan sistim pemerintahan di Romawi yang tentu saja sangat mempengaruhi perkembangan drama Roma. Akibat perubahan sist</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">m pemerintahan itu, terjadi kemerosotan drama Roma. Drama Roma lenyap karena terjadi penyerangan bangsa bar-bar dan munculnya kekuasaan gereja. Terakhir drama Roma ditampilkan yaitu pada tahun 533 SM.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2 Di Indonesia</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasry Al Mubary (2005) menjelaskan bahwa drama di Indonesia pada taraf awalnya merupakan kegiatan untuk ritual keagamaan. Upacara-upacara ritual keagamaan ini sifatnya lebih puitis jika dibandingkan dengan upacara-upacara ritual keagamaan di Barat yang juga merupakan bentuk awal drama dan teater di Barat. Ini dikarenakan bentuk kegiatan ritual keagamaan di Indonesia di lakukan dengan cara mengucapkan atau melafalkan mantera-mantera. Mantera-mantera yang pada dasarnya puisi inilah yang memberikan warna kepuitisan tersebut. Di barat, kegiatan ritual keagamaan lebih sering bersiat paparan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasri Al Mubary (2005) menjelaskan bahwa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">seni drama di Indonesia adalah semua bentuk seni drama yang tumbuh dan berkembang di Indonesia. Bentuk lain dari seni drama Indonesia dikenal dengan seni pertunjukkan rakyat. Seni pertunjukkan rakyat lahir dan berkembang di tengah masyarakat.seni pertunjukkan rakyat mengutamakan kemampuan personal pemainnya dan pimpinan dari kelompok seni pertunjukkan rakyat tersebut. Kini seni pertunjukkan rakyat sering disebut sebagai teater tradisional. Seni drama di Indonesia tumbuh setelah tradisi tulis naskah drama di Indonesia.pertumbuhan awal yang dikembangkan oleh Rustam Effendi awal abad 20, merupakan mulainya tradisi naskah drama di Indonesia.”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasri Al Mubary (2005) mengatakan bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk lain dari seni drama Indonesia dikenal dengan seni pertunjukkan rakyat. Seni pertunjukkan rakyat lahir dan berkembang di tengah masyarakat.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Seni pertunjukkan rakyat mengutamakan kemampuan personal pemainnya dan pimpinan dari kelompok seni pertunjukkan rakyat tersebut. Kini seni pertunjukkan rakyat sering disebut sebagai teater tradisional. Seni drama di Indonesia tumbuh setelah tradisi tulis naskah drama di Indonesia.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertumbuhan awal yang dikembangkan oleh Rustam Effendi awal abad 20, merupakan mulainya tradisi naskah drama di Indonesia. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saini (1988) menyatakan bahwa t</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">eater Indonesia tidak lepas dari teater Barat. Seiring perkembangannya, Teater Indonesia masih dipengaruhi oleh teater Barat.<span> </span>A. Kasim Ahmad menyatakan bahwa teater baru (Indonesia) adalah teater yang pada awalnya datang dari Barat dan dalam perkembangannya makin dipengaruhi oleh teater daerah. Teater Daerah: Teatrikalisme adalah praktek berteater yang bertolak dari anggapan bahwa teater adalah teater, suatu dunia dengan kaidah-kaidah tersendiri yang berbeda yang berbeda dengan kaidah-kaidah kehidupan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span>Teater barat: Realisme</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berbeda dengan teatrikalisme yang seakan-akan menyatakan bahwa teater adalah teater, realisme beranggapan bahwa teater harus merupakan ilusi atau cermin kehidupan nyata (realitas).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Saini (1988), “</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teater masa kini Indonesia terdiri atas tiga jenis kesenian, yaitu kesenian rakyat atau kesenian etnik, kesenian massa atau kista dan kesenian serius.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">”</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kesenian rakyat atau kesenian etnik adalah kesenian yang berlaku dan terdapat dalam suatu etnik saja. Misalnya kesenian masyarakat di Kampar. Kesenian massa atau kesenian kista adalah kesenian yang terdapat dalam suatu kelompok masyarakat pada suatu daerah. Misalnya kesenian masyarakat Jawa Tengah. Sedangkan kesenian serius merupakan kesenian modern yang mengandung nilai-nilai atau pesan-pesan yang ingin disampaikan kepada pembaca yang berhubungan erat dengan kehidupan manusia, seperti masalah politik, ekonomi, budaya, dan sebagainya. Meskipun kesenian serius ditampilkan berupa seni pertunjukan yang mengandung humor yang sifatnya lelucon dan untuk menghibur, kesenian ini tetap dianggap sebagai kesenian serius karena keseriusan kesenian ini terletak pada pesan atau nilai-nilai yang disampaikan pemain/actor melalui kesenian tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saini (1988) dalam buku <i>Teater Modern Indonesia </i>menyatakan bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">teater masa kini memiliki beberapa ciri-ciri khusus. Pertama, teater masa kini adalah kesenian kota, terutama kota besar, yang menjadi pusat-pusat akulturasi. <span><span> </span></span>Kedua, para pendukungnya umumnya berangkapan, bahwa teater masa kini merupakan kesenian yang menangani dan mengungkapkan konfrontasi seniman dengan masalah-masalah nyata. Ketiga, teater masa kini merupakan salah satu bentuk kesenian yang menimbulkan kecurigaan pihak penguasa.<span> </span>Keempat, para pendukung teater masa kini bukan saja menghargai kesenian etnik, akan tetapi banyak secara sadar mengambil nilai-nilainya yang berguna. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teater masa kini ada karena pengaruh teater tradisional. Teater tradisional adalah suatu jenis teater yang diwariskan dari angkatan ke angkatan dalam jangka waktu yang panjang.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span>Teater tradisional menyimpan kekayaan berupa idiom-idiom teatrikal. Teater tradisional berawal dari teater Barat. Teater Barat yang dimaksud adalah realisme, karena realisme lahir dari dinamika sejarah masyarakat barat dan berhasil mencapai konvesionalisasi yang mapan dan mantap </span>Realisme menggambarkan realitas objektif, mempergunakan bahasa yang analisis prosaik. Analisis prosaic maksudnya analisis yang berbentuk prosa dan lebih mudah dipahami karena dianalisis secara lebih rinci. Realisme menonjolkan individualisme sebagai entitas psikososial serta memandang konflik sebagai hakikat drama.<span> </span><span>Teater realisme sering disebut sebagai teater illusion, yaitu teater yang mencoba “menipu”<span> </span>penonton agar mereka mengira bahwa realitas pentas adalah realitas kehidupan.kata <i>illusion </i>berarti khayalan, tidak nyata, sehingga teater dikatakan sebagai sesuatu yang “menipu”.<span> </span>Jenis teater tradisonal tidak pernah berusaha illusionalistis atau realistis. Bagi mereka teater adalah teater, suatu realitas yang tidak perlu ditundukkan kepada kaidah-kaidah realitas yang biasa. Oleh karena itu, teater tradisional merupakan karya murni yang bekualitas tinggi. Para pemainnya berakting secara alami, tidak ada editan, ditampilkan secara langsung. Di sinilah letak keunggulan dan nilai budaya yang tinggi pada teater.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teater di Indonesia<span> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Menurut Tambayong (1982), teater di Indonesia terdiri atas:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teater Tradisional, teater tradisional banyak terdapat di Indonesia, baik yang dipengaruhi oleh kebudayaan Hindu maupun tidak, teater ini dipertunjukkan untuk tontonan para bangsawan dan rakyat jelata.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teater Modern →<span> </span>abad ke-19</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Angkatan permulaan → abad 20– 30, sifatnya menghibur</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Angkatan pertumbuhan → awal abad 40 – 60 </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Angkatan penalaran → sekitar tahun 60 – sekarang yaitu pada masa pergantian orde lama ke orde baru</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.3<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di Riau<span> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasry Al Mubary (2005) menyatakan bahwa salah satu jenis teater di Riau adalah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teater Mula</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Ciri yang paling menonjol darikonsep ini adalah adanya cerita dan cerita itu disampaikan untuk orang banyak. Penyampaiannya dapat dalam bentuk berkelompok dan dapat pula perorangan. Bentuk asli dari teater mula yang terdapat di Riau, dengan menggunakan cerita mitos, legenda, dan nyayian rakyat. Teater mula yang dapat ditemukan di daerah Riau antara lain:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Basijobang atau Basijabang </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertunjukkan rakyat (Teater rakyat)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Bangsawan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</tbody></table><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB IV</span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">UNSUR-UNSUR DRAMA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1 Naskah</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hassanudin (1996) mengatakan bahwa naskah atau dialog sebagai sarana primer drama</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika fungsi dialog sebagai sarana primer di dalam drama dijabarkan ke dalam satuan-satuan pikiran, maka akan didapatkan rumusan-rumusan sederhana sebagaimana yang diuraikan pada bagian berikut ini, yaitu :</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara universal, dialog sebagai sarana primer di dalam drama berfungsi sebagai wadah bagi pengarang untuk menyampaikan informasi, menjelaskan fakta atau ide-ide utama.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alur adalah rentetan peristiwa yang satu dengan peristiwa yang lain dalam hubungan sebab akibat.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dialog memberikan kejelasan watak dan perasaan tokoh atau pelaku.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menciptakan serta melukiskan suasana merupakan fungsi lainnya dari dialog didalam drama.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>4.2 Pemain/Aktor</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wiyanto (2002) mengatakan bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">aktor adalah orang yang memperagakan cerita. Apa yang diperagakan oleh aktor, itulah yang dinikmati penonton. Seorang aktor memiliki hasil karya yang berbeda dengan para seni lainnya. Peragaan dalam suatu panggunga itulah hasil karya dari seorang aktor. <span> </span>Jadi dapat dikatan, hasil karya yang sesungguhnya dari aktor ialah akting. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rendra (1982) mengatakan, “Pemain dalam drama terdiri atas dua jenis, yaitu pemain alam dan pemain bukan alam.” </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemain alam mengetahui teknik bermain tersebut tidak melalui pelajaran maupun pelatihan khusus dari seseorang dan tidak pula melalui buku penuntun. Mereka mengetahui teknik bermain memang alami berasal dari kemampuan mereka sendiri. Hal ini terjadi karena bakat/minat yang mereka tanamkan dalam diri mereka dan bakat itu memang sudah ada dan dibawa sejak lahir. Melalui bakat tersebut, pemain/aktor alam akan mudah mengetahui teknik bermain tanpa harus belajar secara mendalam. Berbeda dengan pemain/aktor yang bukan pemain/aktor alam. Untuk mengetahui teknik bermain, mereka harus mendapat pelajaran dan pelatihan khusus dari seorang guru. Guru tersebut adalah seseorang yang sudah berpengalaman dalam bermain drama dan mengetahui seluk beluk bermain drama. Selain itu, guru tersebut berupa buku penuntun yang mengandung isi mengenai teknik bermain drama. Sehingga, pemain/aktor bukan alam mempelajarinya melalui membaca.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rendra (2002) dalam buku <i>Rendra Tentang Bermain Drama </i>mengatakan bahwa seorang pemain yang kaya akan teknik bermain adalah seorang pemain yang demikian menguasai peralatan dirinya, sehingga ia bisa mempergunakan dengan berbagai gabungan dan keragaman. Peralatan pemain sebenarnya tidak banyak diantaranya suara, tangan, lengan,kaki, leher, tubuh,dan kepalanya. Tetapi gabungan yang penuh dengan keragaman antara kecakapan ekspresi dan anggota-anggota badan itu pasti akan bisa menjadi sumber pertujukan yang tak ada habis-habisnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktor (pemain) yang baik:</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tjokroatmodjo (1985)<b> </b>mengatakan bahwa aktor (pemain) yang baik itu adalah aktor yang memenuhi beberapa kriteria, yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berakting wajar, relax, fleksibel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> → Sikap/gerak atau perbuatan sesuai dengan kadarnya, artinya sikap/gerak yang dilakukan tidak <i>overacting</i>, tidak kaku, tidak canggung, tidak dibuat-buat, serta tidak pula downacting.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjiwai/menghayati perannya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> → Seorang aktor yang baik adalah seorang aktor yang mampu menjiwai karakternya dengan baik. Apabila aktor tersebut berperan sebagai seseorang yang berkarakter lemah-lembut, maka actor tersebut akan menjadi karakter seperti yang diperankannya. Selain itu, aktor tersebut juga mampu menghayati perannya ketika ia harus menangis maka ia benar-benar menangis. Begitu pula jika ia harus tertawa, maka ia akan benar-benar tertawa sehingga dengan penghayataanya tersebut penonton akan benar-benar merasa terhibur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trampil dan kreatif</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> → Seorang aktor haruslah trampil dan kreatif. Kedua hal ini akan membuat seorang actor berbeda dari aktor-aktor yang lain. Actor yang trampil akan mampu mendeskripsikan wataknya dengan tepat. Pendeskripsian tersebut dilakukan dengan ketermpilan yang dimilikinya, tidak hanya bergantung pada apa yang tertulis dalam naskah. Begitu pula halnya dengan actor yang kreatif. Aktor yang kreatif pasti mampu menciptakan hal-hal baru, baik itu dari kata-katanya, sikap dan gerakannya, serta cara ia mengucapkan dialog dalam naskah. Hal ini tentu akan membuat aktor tersebut menarik untuk dilihat dan tidak membosankan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengesankan (dapat meyakinkan penonton)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> → Aktor yang baik adalah aktor yang bisa meniggalkan kesan yang baik bagi penontonnya. Kesan ini dapat diberikan seorang aktor melalui ekspresi wajah yang meyakinkian. Dengan begitu, penonton akan selalu mengingat ekspresi aktor yang dilihatnya tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak merasa kalau sedang disorot publik/penonton</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> → Aktor yang baik adalah aktor yang dapat memanfaatkan segala property dan situasi pentas dengan baik. Hal itu merupakan salah satu cara aktor untuk menghindari nervous ketika berada di pentas. Hal ini juga merupakan salah satu tak-tik aktor agar tidak merasa kalau sedang disorot public/penonton.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebelum menjadi aktor, seseorang sebaiknya mempelajari beberapa hal yang berhubungan dengan keaktoran sehingga ketika menjadi aktor, orang tersebut memiliki wawasan keaktoran meskipun hanya sedikit. Hal itulah yang bisa dijadikan bekal baginya ketika berakting. Seseorang yang biasa beracting inilah yang<span> </span>di sebut aktor. Saptaria (2006) dalam bukunya <i>Acting </i>menjelaskan bahwa<i> </i>kemampuan seorang aktor dalam berakting<span> </span>juga diasah oleh beberapa hal antara lain:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Psikologi → Ilmu kejiwaan sangat penting untuk diketahui oleh actor. Dengan adanya ilmu kejiwaan ini maka seorang aktor bisa memahami seluruh karakter actor-actor lain. Ilmu kejiwaan inilah yang disebut dengan psikologi. Akting yang dimiliki seorang aktor tidak akan terkesan<span> </span>baik atau menjiwai jika seorang aktor tersebut tidak memahami ilmu kejiwaan. Apalagi untuk memahami peran atau watak tokoh cerita, seorang aktor tidak akan berekspesi dengan baik tanpa ilmu jiwa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dramaturgi → Dramaturgi tatkala disebut juga sebagai suatu ilmu yang mempelajari drama. Istilah dramaturgi mengacu pada sebuah teori yang mempelajari seluk beluk cerita di dalam naskah yang didalamnya terdapat studi tentang struktur dramatik, yaitu sseperti plot,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> setting,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> penokohan,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> bahasa, warna,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dll. Dengan memahami teori dari naskah drama yang akan diperankannya sang aktor akan mudah dalam beracting. Acting yang dilakukan pun akan teratur, menarik dan terkonsep.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Olah Tubuh</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Olah tubuh sangat penting dilakukan oeh seorang aktor. Hal ini selain bertujuan untuk membuat tubuh lebih santai juga menghindari gerakan yang kaku dalam penampilan ketika berakting. Dalam beracting seorang aktor tentu akan melakukan latihan olah tubuh.<span> </span>Seorang aktor mampu berekspesi sebab ia terlebih dahulu melatih dirinya sebelum berakting. Saptaria (2006) dalam bukunya <i>Acting </i>menjelaskan bahwa olah tubuh dibagi menjadi 3 yakni:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Relaksasi→Relaksasi dilakukan agar actor lebih santai dalam berakting. Gerakan yang dilakukanpun tidak akan kaku jika actor melakukan relaksasi. Relaksasi adalah langkah pertama sebelum memasuki latihan akting sebenarnya. Latihan ini biasanya dilakukan untuk mencapai kesiapan secara fisik. Kemudian setelah anggota tubuh releks aktor akan mengacu pada tahap latihan berikutnya. Jika tahap awalnya telah dilakukan dengan baik, maka tehap berikutnya pun akan memberikan hasi aktingl yang memuaskan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekspresi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekspresi tidak datang dengan sendirinya. Perlu ada usaha untuk memunculkan ekspresi tersebut. Salah satunya adalah dengan penghayatan. Dengan penghayatan yang baik, maka ekspresi akan terdorong keluar. Ekspresi artinya mendorong keluar. Secara alamiah baik berupa perasaan atau ide. Aktivitas ekspresi merupakan bagian dari perasaan, aksi, dan reaksi yang kita miliki dan meluap dalam bentuk kata-kata, bunyi, dll. Selain penghayatan, ekspresi juga akan mencul jika adanya aksi dan reaksi yang dilakuakn tokoh. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gestur</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gestur merupakan bahasa tubuh yang dilakukan oleh actor. Actor tersebut tidak mengeluarkan kata-kata, melainkan hanya menggerakkan anggota tubuhnya. Gerakan tersebut mengandung makna tertentu. Gestur adalah kelanjutan secara fisik perasaan, aksi, dan reaksi.<span> </span>Gestur mengacu pada bahasa tubuh.<span> </span>Gestur juga sering dikenal dengan komunikasi tubuh. Gestur terbagi dua yakni gestur fisik dan gestur vokal. Gestur vocal misalnya seorang actor memerankan seseorang yang memiliki karakter suara yang unik, seperti suara lantang, suara sengau, dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Olah Vokal</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saptaria (2006) menyatakan bahwa olah vokal merupakan hal yang penting untuk dilakukan oleh aktor. Vocal seorang actor sangat penting, karena melalui vokal yang jelaslah pesan yang ingin disampaikan melalui cerita tesebut dapat tersampaikan. Kita mengetahui bersama bahwa kemampuan vokal yang baik seorang aktor sangat penting untuk memainkan peran . Untuk itu seorang aktor juga memerlukan latihan vokal. Dalam melatih bunyi atau vokal, seorang actor perlu diperhatikan artikulasi dan pembentukan suara. Artikulasi<span> </span>mengacu pada proses bertutur dengan baik agar dialog yang diucapkan dapat dipahami dengan baik. Sedangkan pembentukan suara mendukung pengekspresiaan peran suatu tokoh dalam cerita. Intinya, vocal merupakan hal pokok yang harus diperhatikan seorang actor.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal-Hal yang Perlu Diperhatikan dalam Berakting</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Saptaria (2006), ada beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam berakting, yaitu:<b> </b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -81pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Penjiwaan <span> </span>→ penjiwaan merupakan hal pertama yang harus dilakukan oleh seorang actor untuk mendapatkan ekspresi yang sesuai dengan karakter yang sedang diperankan. Tanpa penjiwaan, seorang actor akan sulit mendalami karakter yang sedang dilakoninya layaknya nyata.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Konsentrasi → seorang actor hendaklah konsentrasi ketika berakting agar memerankan karakter dengan maksimal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 76.5pt; text-indent: -76.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Observasi <span> </span>→ seorang actor pe1 rlu melakukan observasi sebelum memerankan suatu karakter yang dilakoninya. Hal ini perlu agar penjiwaan actor tersebut benar-benar pas dan <i>perfect. </i>Untuk mendapat kesempurnaan dalam penjiwaan, seorang actor memang perlu terjun langsung dalam kehidupan yang sedang dilakoninya. Setidaknya, ia mencari pengalaman untuk memerankannya secara maksimal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Emosi <span> </span>→ seorang actor harus mampu mengendalikan emosi ketika sedang berakting. Emosi yang terkontrol tersebut akan ada masanya untuk diluapkan, yaitu pada bagian konflik ataupun bagian klimaks.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Motivasi <span> </span>→ seorang actor harus memiliki motivasi ketika sedang berakting agar actor tersebut tetap giat untuk menjiwai dan mengeluarkan ide kreatifnya dalam berakting.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -81pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Imajinasi <span> </span>→ seoarang actor harus mampu berimajinasi ketika berakting. Ia harus mampu membayangkan karakter yang sadang dilakoninya layaknya dalam kehidupan nyata.</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 76.5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -76.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7. Improvisasi <span> </span>→ seorang actor harus mampu menciptakan sesuatu yang baru dan menarik. Bahkan hal itu tanpa dipersiapkan terlebih dahulu. Kekereatifan tersebut muncul ketika seorang actor tersebut sedang berakting.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rendra (1982) mengatakan bahwa berdeklamasi, berkisah, dan berpidato, secara teknis ada tiga hal yang penting untuk diingat, teknik suara, sikap jasmani (seluruh tubuh dan anggota-anggota badan), dan cara penyampaian. Maksud berdeklamasi, berkisah dan berpidato itu pada hakikatnya adalah cara menyampaikan isi perasaan, buah pikiran, atau sebuah cerita, kepada hadirin secara lisan dan hadir dihadapan hadirin itu. Sehingga menjadi penting bahwa cara menghadirkan diri dan cara bersuara itu menjadi menarik, disamping itu juga penting untuk diusahakan agar cara penyampaiannya itu mengandung siasat yang memikat pula.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah pertunjukan sandiwara adalah sebuah karya bersama. Maka apabila kita berbicara tentang gaya, hanya boleh ada satu gaya yang paling menonjol. Gaya-gaya kecil yang terpisah-pisah boleh ada, tetapi harus ada satu gaya pokok yang menguasai. Para pemain harus menyadari hal ini, dan tidak boleh terlalu kaku berpegang kepada gaya yang telah ditetapkannya sendiri-sendiri. Bahkan, sebagaimana halnya ia harus bisa menguasai berbagai perwatakan , maka ia pun harus pula menguasai berbagai keragaman gaya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedudukan “mendengarkan’’ didalam seni main adalah<span> </span>sangat penting, sehingga dari caranya seorang pemain mendengarkan saja akan sudah bisa dibedakan apakah ia seorang pemain sambilan ataukah orang pemain profesional. Tanggapan yang wajar dan terasa tepat adalah tanggapan yang ‘spontan” keluar dari penghayatan akan peran dan cerita.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penciptaan peran yang dimainkan oleh pemain drama dilakukan dengan dua macam pendekatan yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan imajinatif adalah pendekatan yang spontan dan otomatis. Seakan-akan dengan sekali baca pemain sudah bisa menangkap peran itu di dalam imajinasinya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan terperinci adalah pendekatan yang dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan keterangan-keterangan mengenai peran itu, lalu meneliti dan menguraikan keterangan-keterangan itu, kemudian menyimpulkannya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelatihan Aktor</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Wiyanto (2002), pelatihan aktor meliputi:<b> </b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latihan Dasar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> → <span>Seorang aktor yang baik adalah seorang seniman yang mampu memanfaatkan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> potensinya sendiri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Potensi tersebut meliputi potensi vocal, potensi jiwa, akal, imajinasi, dan tubuh.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah menguasai latihan dasar, maka seorang aktor harus melakuka pelatihan lain, dengan cara: <b><span> </span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Membaca puisi </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ telah melewati latihan dasar, melatih suara, ekspresi wajah, penghayatan drama yang diperankan akan bagus jika rajin berlatih</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menirukan binatang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ tidak grogi lagi ketika penonton tertawa akibat mendengar suara binatang yang ditirukan, melatih mental. Guru yang berhasil adalah guru yang berhasil mengajar binatang. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menirukan orang </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ agar bisa menggambarkan karakter dengan baik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tertawa dan menangis </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ melatih kemampuan menghayati dalam berakting</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdialog </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ seolah-olah sedang memerankan tokoh di depan cermin kita akan melihat ekspresi sendiri melalui cermin itu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 139.5pt; text-indent: -139.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Gerak kerja panggung </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ jika penjahit menghasilkan baju, maka seorang aktor menghasilkan gerakan di atas penggung. Setelah berakting di panggung tidak bisa diulang lagi. Oleh karena itu<span> </span>pemain harus serius dan hati-hati.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7. Bermain drama</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ menjadi aktor dalam pementasan drama.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.3 Sutradara</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tambajong (1981) mengatakan bahwa sutradara adalah pemimpin yang sungguh memimpin. Sutradara adalah pemimpin sebuah teater<span> </span>yang bertanggung jawab atas isi dan tujuan teater sebagai seni. Seorang sutradara yang baik haruslah seorang aktor yang baik. Seorang sutradara harus memiliki rasa, percaya diri yang kuat, karena sutradara akan sukses jika ia berpikir sukses. </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sutradara sering menyebut diri mereka sebagai wakil pengarang. Mereka berpendapat bahwa kaum realis telah merusak gagasan kesenian sandiwara pengarang klasik karena mareka telah menitik beratkan pada gambaran lingkungan cerita.<span> </span>Melihat kesempatan ini, maka orang-orang mempunyai gagasan seni sandiwara tetapi bukan pengarang sehingga mereka mulai tertarik menjadi sutradara.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di dalam teknik penyutradaraan ada dua tehnik yang pada perkembangannya nanti akan banyak merubah haluan riwayat penyutradaraan yaitu teknik penempatan pemain dan pengaturan. Teknik penempatan pemain ialah cara mengatur perpindahan posisi para pemain dari tempat satu ketempat yang lain (pentas). Sedangkan teknik pengaturan ialah cara mengatur gerakan-gerakan pemain yang penting, namun tidak menyangkut perpindahan tempat. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Tjokroatmodjo (1985) “</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sutradara berperan sebagai </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">koordinator, organisator, konseptor, guru (dalam arti “mengajar” para anggota teater)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">”</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memilih dan menentukan naskah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> merupakan tugas seorang sutradara jika hal ini tidak ditentukan oleh produser atau sponsor.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempelajari naskah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, meliputi latar belajar budaya naskah dan peninjauan tema, segi sastra, dan segi teternya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memilih pemain atau casting</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> jika hal ini tidak dilakukan oleh produser. Casting perlu dilakukan oleh sutradara demi menghindari kecemburuan social antar pemain. Casting ini dilakukan untuk menentukan siapa pemain yang layak menjadi pemain utama, pemain sampingan, dan figuran. Hal ini tentu saja dengan berbagai pertimbangan yang dilakukan oleh sutradara. Sutradara memilih jumlah pemain yang diperlukan selama casting. Selain itu, pemilihan peran yang cocok berdasarkan pertimbangan tubuh, suara, karakterisasi, dan sebagainya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menetapkan hari-hari berlatih</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> meliputi latihan membaca naskah, acting, dan blocking.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengadakan kerja sama dengan “stage manager”, “designer”, serta para “aktor/aktris”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> untuk menentukan corak atau warna drama serta pentas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Dasry Al Mubary (2005) Merencanakan, menyiapkan perangkat pendukung, menggarap, melatih, sampai mementaskan merupakan pekerjaan dan tanggung jawab sutradara dalam penyutradaraan. Pekerjaan penyutradaraan merupakan pekerjaan seorang arsitek yang di dukung oleh para pekerja dalam mewujudkan hasil yang dirancang. Hasil rancangan itu disebut sebagai hasil penyutradaraan ia merupakan karya sang sutradara.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menutut Tambajong (1981) tanggung jawab sutradara meliputi dua hal, yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanggung jawab teknis </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Memilih naskah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menentukan pokok penafsiran </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memilih pemain </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bekerja dengan staf </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melatih pemain </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengkoordinasi setiap bagian </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanggung jawab moral</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanggung jawab estetik </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanggung jawab etik </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.4 Pentas/Panggung Drama</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wiyanto (2002) menjelaskan bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">panggung adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tempat para aktor memeragakan lakon drama. Biasanya panggung dibuat sedikit lebih tinggi dari pada lantai, agar penonton yang dari kejauhan masih dapat menikmatinya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Model Panggung</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Wiyanto (2002), ada beberapa model panggung, yaitu:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">model lingkaran beroda </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ berganti latar saat panggung berbalik arah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">model setengah lingkaran </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ disebut juga sepatu kud, terdapat di tempat wisata, terbuat dari batu bata yang awet dan tahan lama. Penonton mengelilingi panggung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">model segi empat </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ kelompok drama tradisional, wayang orang, panggung bersifat permanen berupa gedung pertunjukan yang terbuat dari batu bata. Penonton berada di depan panggung.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">model panggung terbuka</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ tanpa atap, kokoh, permanen, luas, digunakan untuk pertunjukan massal di tempat wisata dan hiburan.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Denah Panggung</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Wiyanto (2002) “Denah panggung digunakan untuk mempermudah pemain bergerak ke arah mana sesuai dengan aba-aba sutradara.” Denah panggung meliputi depan kiri, tengah depan, tengah kanan, kiri belakang, kanan belakang, panggung di beri skat agar pemain lebih mudah bergerak. Panggung ini hanya digunakan pada drama tradisional saja. Drama klasik tidak menggunakan panggung ini lagi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.5 Tata dan Perlengkapan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tata Pentas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Tjokroatmodjo (1985), tata pentas meliputi:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tata pentas (stage picture), unsur-unsur stage picture, propertice, pembagian acting areas, dan blocking harus artistik dan meaningfull.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Artistik artinya enak ditonton/sedap dipandang, sedangkan meaningfull artinya sesuai dengan intent (tujuan) permainan, tiap-tiap perubahan penggambaran harus ada alsannya, tiap-tiap gerak harus ada artinya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua gerak harus satu dengan dialog. Dialog yang diucapkan harus serasi dengan gerakan yang dilakukan, sehingga gerak yang dilakukan tersebut menjadi bermakna.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tata Rias</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Tjokroatmodjo (1985) bahan-bahan tata rias, alat-alat dan fungsinya meliputi:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sabun cuci wajah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> → Sabun cuci wajah digunakan untuk menghilangkan minyak-minyak yang terpadat pada kulit wajah. Sabun cuci wajah yang digunakan adalah sabun yang biasa digunakan oleh actor/pemain agar tidak terjadi iritasi atau alergi akibat ketidakcocokan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cleansing cream</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> → Penggunaan Cleansing cream yaitu diratakan di kulit wajah, lalu diratakan dengan kapas. Pastinya kapas yang mulanya putih akan berubah menjadi hitam, karena cleansing cream memiliki daya serap yang baik untuk membersihkan wajah dari segala kotoran. Cleansing cream ini digunakan untuk membersihkan kotoran atau daki yang melekat pada wajah, terutama kotoran yang berasal dari pori-pori kulit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Foundation</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> → Sebelum menggunakan bedak, seorang pemain harus terlebih dahulu menggunakan foundation yang merupakan dasar dari keseluruhan tata rias. Foundation digunakan sebagai pengikat bahan make-up tersebut pada komposisi rias sesuai dengan yang kita kehendaki. Selain itu, foundation juga sebagai perintang bahan make-up masuk ke pori-pori kulit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pan cake → sebagai dasar seluruh warna rias</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rought (pemerah pipi) → untuk mempertegas tonjolan-tonjolan pada muka</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Eyebrow pencil → mengubah raut muka, membuat kerut-kerut kulit muka.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Eye shadow → untuk membuat bayangan pada mata</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bedak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> → Bedak yang digunakan dalam drama adalah jenis bedak natural. Bedak ini tidak hanya digunakan pada wajah, namun digunakan juga pada leher dan telinga.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lipstik</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> pewarna bibir</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Eyelash make-up → untuk melengkungkan bulu mata sebelah atas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>11.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Qutex</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> pewarna kuku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>12.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Blender atau hair oil</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> mengatur rambut agar tidak berantakan dan rusak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>13.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bedak tradisional → sebagai lulur badan pemain </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.6 Petugas (Crew)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Staf Produksi </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Tjokroatmodjo (1985), staf produksi terdiri atas:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Produ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">er</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Produser adalah orang yang mengurus produksi secara keseluruhan, menetpakan karyawan, petugas, anggaran biaya, program kerja, serta memilih naskah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Direktor (sutradara)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sutradara sebagai coordinator pelaksanaan tugas-tugas teater/drama serta mengkoordinasikan tugas-tugas orang teater/drama.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stage manager</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stage manager adalah orang yang memimpin pertunjukan/pementasan (pemimpin panggung), membantu sutradara dalam mengkoordinasikan seluruh tugas persiapan orang teater</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Designer</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Designer adalah orang yang bertanggung jawab menyiapkan segala property yang digunakan dalam pementasan drama. Baik itu kostum, make-up, lighting, sound, serta dekkorasi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Crew (petugas)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Crew adalah orang-orang yang bekerja di bagian pentas, bagian perlengkapan, bagian tata lampu, bagian tata suara serta music.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pembisik →</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembisik adalah orang yang bertugas membantu para actor yang lupa akan dialog dalam naskah. Ia mengingatkan actor tersebut melalui bisikan dari belakang layar.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan (management)</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Tjokroatmodjo (1985), penatalaksanaan terdiri atas:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stage manager → memimpin pertunjukan/pementasan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Business manager → mengurus masalah-masalah pembukuan (pengeluaran dan pemasukan), transaksi, fasilitas, dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">House manager → menyiapkan gedung pertunjukan, melayani penonton, mengatur penerimaan undangan/tamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Publicity manager → mengurus segala urusan publikasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Box-office manager → mengurus pemasaran/penjualan/pendistribusian karcis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.7 Penonton</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut tambajong (1981), ada tiga motivasi yang menyebabkan masyarakat<span> </span>cendrung jadi penonton teater, yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penonton peminat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">benar-benar mengerti seni dan menyukai drama</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penonton Iseng</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">diajak atau ikut-ikut teman</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penonton Penasaran </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">datang karena ingin tahu siapa pemainnya dan bagaimana aktingnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Tambajong (1981), ada tiga </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">cara mempesona penonton</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pesona adalah guna-guna, jampi, mantra. Cara-cara mempesona penonton<span> yaitu: </span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengasingkan penonton</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengejutkan penonton</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyerang penonton</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</tbody></table><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB V</span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TEKNIK-TEKNIK BERMAIN DRAMA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.1 Teknik Muncul</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Rendra (1982) Teknik muncul </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yakni</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sutau </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">teknik </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dimana </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">seorang pemain untuk pertama kalinya tampil di atas pentas dalam satu sandiwara, satu babak, atau satu adegan. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadang-kadang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ia muncul </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">diwaktu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>pemain-pemain yang lain sudah berada di pentas dalam satu adegan, ia muncul tepat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">waktu layar dibuka<span> </span>dan ia sudah ada di</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> atas </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>pentas, atau</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pun </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>ia muncul seorang diri di atas pentas sebagai pembuka </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">suatu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">adegan pertama, bisa juga ia muncul setelah babak kedua,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana ia mulai kelihatan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">atau berada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">di atas pentas, itulah yang disebut muncul.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Rendra (1993) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hal yang harus dicapai oleh aktor/aktris dalam pemunculannya yang pertama, jangan sampai ia merusak suasana dan sedapat mungkin sudah bisa mencerminkan garis besar peran yang ia mainkan. Pada waktu ia akan keluar dari panggung perlu juga ia dengan kreatif meninggalkan kesan kecil, jangan terlalu berlebihan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.2 Teknik Memberi Isi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rendra (1982) menjelaskan bahwa naskah sandiwara yang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berisi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dialog-dialog </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bagus sekalipun apabila dimainkan oleh pemain yang tak tahu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau tidak mengerti akan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">teknik memberi isi, akan menjadi suatu pertunjukan yang tidak memikat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">atau tidak bagus </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">karena datarnya, dan tidak mengandung hidup maka sebenarnyalah, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dimana t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">eknik memberi isi itu sama dengan teknik memberi hidup pada kalimat-kalimat dan perbuatan di dalam sandiwara</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> agar sandiwara yang dimainkan akan memikat para penontonnya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teater yang hidup adalah teater yang bisa menyampaikan pesan kepada penonton dengan baik. Pesan-pesan tersebut tidak hanya didengar oleh penonton, tetapi diaplikasikan dalam kehidupannya. Namun, untuk menarik minat penonton bukanlah hal yang mudah. Penikmat teater saat ini sangat sedikit. Hal ini tentu saja karena pengaruh teknologi. Mereka lebih suka menonton film melalui televisi ataupun di bioskop. Padahal, yang mereka tonton itu telah mengalami beberpa kali editan, berbeda dengsn teater yang memang pertunjukan murni yang disampaikan secara langsung tanpa proses editan. Oleh karena itu, untuk menarik penonton, pemain harus mampu menciptakan teater yang hidup tersebut. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Saini (1988) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">teater yang hidup adalah teater yang di satu pihak tidak kehilangan kemandiriannya sebagai seni kreatif,<span> </span>di pihak lain tidak memalingkan diri dari kehidupan.<span> </span>Ia tetap mempertahankan nilai instrinsiknya sebagai seni dengan setia tunduk kepada kaidah-kaidah kesenian yang mewujudkan dirinya. Dengan demikian ia tetap menjadi lembaga masyarakat yang khas dan mandiri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Rendra (1982) Teknik menonjolkan perasaan dan pikiran dibalik kalimat-kalimat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang terdapat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">di dalam sandiwara yaitu: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknik pengucapan yaitu: </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tekanan dinamika ialah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">suatu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tekanan keras dalam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> suatu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pengucapan. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimana adanya tekanan didalam pengucapan seseorang. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tekanan nada adalah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">suatu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tekanan tinggi rendahnya nada dalam pengucapan satu kata dalam sebuah kalimat.</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tekanan tempo ialah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">suatu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tekanan lambat dan cepatnya kita mengucapkan sebuah kata dalam kalimat. </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.3 Teknik Pengembangan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menutur Rendra (1982), teknik pengembangan dengan pengucapan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dapat kita </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">capai dengan empat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">cara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menaikkan volume suara </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menaikkan tinggi nada suara </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menaikkan kecepatan tempo suara </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggurangi volume tinggi nada dan kecepatan tempo suara </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknik pengembangan dengan jasmani bisa dicapai dengan 5 cara yaitu: </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan cara menaikkan tingkatan posisi jasmani. Dengan cara berpaling, ini termasuk memalingkan kepala, tubuh,dan selurruh badan </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan cara berpindah tempat, yaitu berpindah tempat dari kiri ke kanan, atau dari belakang ke depan atau dari depan ke belakang, atau dari mana kemana asal berpindah tempat dengan alasan yang tepat, menciptakan keragaman penempatan pemain </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan cara melakukan gerakan angota-<span> </span>angota badan, yaitu tanpa berubah tempat, sang pemain melambaikan tangannya, mengembangkan jari-jarinya atau menghentikan kakinya </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan air muka, seperti halnya dengan gerakan anggota badan, perubahan-perubahan pada air muka mencerminkan pula perkembangan emosi.</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.4 Teknik Membina Puncak-puncak</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Rendra (1982) Teknik membina puncak-puncak </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ini dapat juga disebut dengan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>klimaks dari suatu cerita, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dimana </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tanpa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">adanya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">puncak-puncak ini sandiwara akan menjadi membosankan. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>lima macam teknik menahan yaitu sebagai berikut: </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan menahan intensitas emosi. Emosi baru dicapai pada tingkat puncak </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan menahan reaksi terhadap perkembangan alur.</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan teknik gabungan </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan teknik permainan bersama </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan teknik penepatan pemain yaitu dengan memindah-mindahkan tempat pemain didalam panggung </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.3 Timing<span> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rendra (1993) mengatakan “Timing adalah ketepatan hubungan waktu antara aksi dan keadaan. Rendra (1982) menjelaskan bahwa Teknik Timing berarti ketetapan hubungan antara gerakan jasmani yang berlangsung sekejap dua kejap dengan kata atau kalimat yang diucapkan. Ada tiga macam hubungan waktu antara grakan jasmani dan dialog yang diucapkan: </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerakan dilakukan sebelum kata-kata itu diucapkan </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gerakan dilakukan sambil kata-kata diucapkan </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gerakan dilakukan setelah kata-kata diucapkan </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.4 Teknik Menonjolkan dan Teknik Penonjolan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknik Menonjolkan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rendra (1982) menyatakan bahwa teknik menonjolkan adalah pelaksanaan pemiihan terhadap isi-isi tersebut yang dianggap paling penting. Dalam hubungan itu teknik pengucapan meskipun memang bisa dipakai kurang manjur sebagai teknik menonjolkan. Sebab ia hanya dalam keadaan-keadaan istimewa ia bisa dipakai tanpa mengesankan takaran emosi yang berlebih-lebihan.teknik yang lebih manjur dalam hal ini ialah teknik jasmani, yaitu teknik dengan air muka, gerakan anggota badan, dan gerakan badan. Belajar mempercayai kata-kata dalam naskah-naskah, dan juga menghormatinya, itulah hal yamg harus dikerjakan oleh calon pemain.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknik Penonjolan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Rendra (1982) “Teknik penonjolan adalah pelaksanaan dari pemilihan terhadap isi-isi tersebut yang dianggap paling penting. sebagai seniman penafsir, puncak dari tugas seorang pemain dalam peranan ialah menafsirkan, dalam hai ini kerja sama dengan sutradara sangat diperlukan. Pemain harus memberikan penafsiran pada peranannya, sedangkan sutradara harus<span> </span>mengontrol penafsiran keseluruhan sandiwara. Di dalam proses penafsiran sangat perlu bagi sang penafsir untuk memilih, bagian-bagian yang mana yang perlu ditonjolkan agar gambaran penafsirannya menjadi jelas.”</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</tbody></table><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB VI</span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDEKATAN ANALISIS DRAMA</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.1 Pendekatan Objektif</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut M. H. Abrams dalam Hassanudin (1996) Pendekatan objektif merupakan penyelidikan karya sastra berdasarkan kenyataan teks sastra itu sendiri. Kenyataan teks sastra maksudnya unsur-unsur yang trdapat dalam teks sastra, baik unsur intrinsi maupun unsur ekstrinsik. Melalui pendekatan objektif, kita mengapresiasi sastra berdasarkan struktur pembangunnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip Umum Pendekatan Objektif</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Hassanudin (1996), prinsip umum pendekatan objektif meliputi:<b> </b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penganalisisan hanya bertumpu pada teks drama semata dan lepas dari unsur-unsur luar yang mempunyai andil penciptaan sebelumnya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karya fiksi dibangun oleh beberapa unsur, seperti gaya bahasa, sudut pandang, alur, penokohan dan latar. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penganalisisan drama sebagai genre sastra adalah dengan membongkar unsur ke subunsur yang sekecil-kecilnya untuk disusun kembali dengan logika rasional.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keseluruhan dan kebutuhan drama dipreteli menjadi unsur-unsur tetapi tidak dibiarkan terpisah dan terlepas. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Antara unsur utama makna bahasa dengan unsur penunjang struktur bahasa, tidak dapat dilihat sebagai unsur-unsur yang berdiri sendiri. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penginterpretasian dilakukan bertahap-tahap sesuai dengan hubungan unsur-unsur yang sederajat atau setingkat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.2 Pendekatan Mimesis</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut M. H. Abrams dalam Hassanudin (1996) Pendekatan mimesis adalah pendekatan penganalisisan karya sastra yang bertolak dari anggapan perlunya penelusuran kenyataan realitas objektif. Karya sastra dianggap sebagai pencerminan dari realitas kehidupan manusia dan alam. Melalui pendekatan mimesis, dapat kita ketahui apakah sebuah karya sastra yang dianalisis tersebut merupakan pencerminan dari kenyataan atau bahkan hanya imajinasi pengarang saja.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip Umum Pendekatan Mimesis</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Hassanudin (1996), prinsip umum pendekatan mimesis meliputi:<b> </b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karya sebagi sesuatu yang otonom tidaklah berarti tidak boleh dihubungkan dengan realitas objektif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan rekaan dengan kenyataan tidaklah berlangsung secara keseluruhan, tetapi berhubungan antara bagian rekaan dengan bagian kenyataan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi kehidupan sosial budaya seperti dalam kenyataan realitas objektif tidaklah terpilah-pilah sebagai kondisi ekonomi semata, atau kondisi agama, kondisi politik, kondisi hankam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Besar atau kecil hubungan antara kenyataan drama dengan realitas objektif tidaklah dapat dijadikan tolok ukur berhasilnya atau gagalnya sebuah karya drama.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur drama<span> </span>yang berhubungan dan penting ditelusuri hanyalah unsur isi drama, yaitu penokohan, alur, peristiwa dan motif, latar dan ruang serta konflik. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara garis besar ada dua metode yang dikembangkan dalam meninjau hubungan kenyataan drama dengan kenyataan realitas objektif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.2 Pendekatan Ekspresif</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut M. H. Abrams dalam Hassanudin (1996) Pendekatan ekspresif berpandangan bahwa pengarang adalah faktor yang paling penting dalam proses penciptaan drama. Perasaan pengarang, latar belakang kehidupan pengarang turut mempengaruhi terciptanya drama tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip Umum Pendekatan Ekspresif </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Hassanudin (1996), prinsip umum pendekatan ekspresif meliputi:<b> </b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama sebagai sesuatu yang otonom tetap dihargai sebagai sesuatu yang terlepas dari pengarang yang menciptakannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada keterkaitan logis sebagai salah satu faktor yang mendorong proses penciptaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah karya drama tidaklah dapat dipandang sepenuhnya mewakili pemikiran dan visi pengarang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kepribadian pengarang dapat berhubungan dengan kepribadian tokoh drama ciptaannya, tetapi tidak dengan keseluruhan tokoh-tokoh drama.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Besar atau kecilnya hubungan antara niat pengarang dengan makna muatan drama tidaklah dpt dijadikan tolak ukur berhasil atau gagalnya sebuah karya drama.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur drama yang berhubungan dengan pengarang dapat berupa isi maupun struktur drama.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan ekspresif dalam terapannya cenderung memanfaatkan psikologi, seperti psikoanalisisdari Sigmund Freud, psikologi analitis dari Carl Gustav Jung.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.3 Pendekatan pragmatis</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut M. H. Abrams dalam Hassanudin (1996) Pendekatan pragmatis </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berpandangan bahwa unsur penentu dalam pemberian sebuah makna sebuah karya sastra adalah pembaca</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Pembaca mampu mendapat pelajaran setelah menikmati sebuah karya sastra, dan amanat yang terdapat dalam karya sastra itu tersampaikan dengan baik kepada pembaca.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip Umum Pendekatan Pragmatis</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Hassanudin (1996), prinsip umum pendekatan ekspresif meliputi:<b> </b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembaca pada dasarnya dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga klasifikasi yaitu pembaca biasa yang membaca teks drama dengan pemberian makna sebagaimana tetulis, pembaca pandai yang membaca teks drama dengan pemberian makna berdasarkan interpretasi tanda-tanda dalam teks drama, dan pembaca ideal yang membaca teks drama dengan interpretasi dan pengolahan maknanya bagi kehidupan manusia dalam proyeksi masa lalu, kini, dan mendatang.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan pembaca disebabkan adanya perbedaan horison pembaca terhadap drama berdasarkan pembacanya yang terdahulu dan pengalaman budayanya.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyelidikan secara objektif tetap dipelukan karena efek sastra terhadap pembaca ditentukan oleh hubungan antar unsur intrinsik drama dengan horison harapan pembaca.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orientasi pendekatan pragmatis tidaklah untuk menentukan kualitas estetik suatu teks drama, tetapi menyelidiki penerimaan dan reaksi pembaca dan masyarakat terhadap suatu karya drama.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembaca di dalam proses pembacaan berkecendrungan mengidentifikasikan dirinya dengan tokoh drama tertentu, sebaliknya ia akan mengontradiksi dirinya dengan tokoh drama tertentu.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
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</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span> <br clear="ALL" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB VI</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ISTILAH-ISTILAH DALAM DRAMA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam pementasan drama dikenal dengan beberapa istilah (Rendra, 1982) yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ham-acting ialah permainan yang terlalu banyak memberi bumbu-bumbu tambahan atau efek-efek tekhnis yang sifatnya menghias, hiasan-hiasan yang berlebihan akan melemahkan isi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obvious-acting ialah permainan yang terlalu jelas yaitu permainan yang penuh dengan pengulangan-pengulangan yang tujuannya untuk lebih menjelaskan, jadi bukan dimaksud sebagai pengulangan-pengulangan yang berirama.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">k</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ting</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Tjokroatmodjo (1985) akting yaitu<b> </b></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">segala gerak/perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh para pelaku (mimik, pantomimik, dialog) dan segala kejadian yang menggambarkan situasi, termasuk ilustrasi suara. Mimik adalah ekspresi wajah (perubahan raut muka atau wajah). Pantomimik adalah gerakan-gerakan tubuh (badan). Sedangkan dialog adalah pembicaraan dengan lawan mainnya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">k</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ting bertujuan untuk menjadi peran/mengekspresikan suatu perwatakan. Dengan berakting, seorang aktor akan menggambarkan wataknya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakon<b>. </b>Menurut Wiyanto (2002) “</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakon disesuaikan dengan kejadian (peristiwa) : (1) kelahiran atau kematian, (2) perkawinan dan perceraian, (3) perbuatan sosial atau kejahatan, dan (4) perdamaian atau peperangan. Lakon harus dibuat menarik supaya banyak orang menjadi penasaran dan ingin menonton peristiwa apa yang ada dalam cerita itu. Lakon drama bersumber pada kehidupan manusia. Karena itu, drama sebenarnya merupakan penyajian ulang kisah yang<span> </span>dialami manusia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">”</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Action</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Menurut Tjokroatmodjo (1985) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Action tentunya berbeda dengan acting. Action adalah segala kegiatan/perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh para pelaku; segala kejadian yang menggambarkan situasi termasuk ilustrasi suara (= akting serta <span>urutan peristiwa</span>). Pada bagian action, pemain itu berindak dan melakukan perbuatan. Salah satu bagian action adalah bloking. Di mana bloking ini adalah perubahan posisi pemain.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Action tidak hanya meliputi blocking, namun juga meliputi urutan peristiwa. Urutan peristiwa dalam action adalah sesuatu yang digambarkan/dibawakan oleh para pelaku sesuai dengan isi naskah (ide pengarang) dan cita-rasa sutradara.</span> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span> <br clear="ALL" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Abdullah, Imran T, dkk. 1985. <i>Memahami Drama Putu Wijaya: ADUH. </i>Jakarta: Pusat Pendidikan dan Pengembangan Bahasa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Al Mubarry, Dasri. 2005<i>. Panggung Drama</i>. Pekanbaru</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasanuddin, WS. 1996. <i>Drama Karya dalam Dua Dimensi</i>. Bandung: Angkasa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">K.M, Saini. 1988. <i>Teater Moderen Indonesia. </i>Bandung: Bina Cipta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rendra. 1982. <i>Rendra Tentang Bermain Drama. </i>Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">----------. 1993. <i>Seni Drama untuk Remaja. </i>Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tambajong, Japi. 1981. <i>Dasar-dasar Dramaturgi. </i>Bandung: Pustaka Prima</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saptaria<i>, </i>El<i> </i>Ririk<i>.</i>2006<i>. <span>Acting</span>. </i>Bandung<i>:</i>Rekayasa<i> </i>Sains<i>.</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumardjo, Jakob. 1986. <i>Ikhtisar Sejarah Teater Barat</i>. Bandung: Angkasa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tjokroatmojo. 1985. <i>Pendidikan Seni Drama (Suatu Pengantar). </i>Surabaya: Usaha Nasional</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wiyanto, Asul. 2002. <i>Terampil Bermain Drama. </i>Jakarta: Grasindo</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">34</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span> </div>sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-24834129940589908012011-09-15T19:24:00.000-07:002011-09-15T19:24:06.266-07:00drama<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</tbody></table><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNS1gCO7Gigx9Sqsdwa8_MkKMd6J95F23T2dJYJnjx2un0egHlHXMNrCpOce9OLKaHxOncalSwJuhX27GiXn4lQ0lUJDZZcCLO4TARZ_mMnpfFXO9AcpZeCSl_CIPq4oXLo_VoIE_qP8_F/s1600/kebun.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNS1gCO7Gigx9Sqsdwa8_MkKMd6J95F23T2dJYJnjx2un0egHlHXMNrCpOce9OLKaHxOncalSwJuhX27GiXn4lQ0lUJDZZcCLO4TARZ_mMnpfFXO9AcpZeCSl_CIPq4oXLo_VoIE_qP8_F/s320/kebun.jpg" width="233" /></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DRAMA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1 Asal Mula Istilah Drama</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wiyanto (2005) mengatakan bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">k</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ata drama berasal dari bahasa Yunani <i>dram</i> yang berarti gerak. Drama sering disebut sandiwara atau teater. Kata sandiwara berasal dari bahasa Jawa <i>sandi </i>yang berarti rahasia dan <i>warah </i>yang berarti ajaran. Sandiwara berarti ajaran yang disampaikan secara rahasia atau tidak terang-terangan maksudnya lakon drama sebenarnya mengandung pesan/ajaran (terutama ajaran moral) bagi penontonnya. Penonton menemukan ajaran itu secara tersirat dalam lakon drama</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Saini dalam Al Mubary (2005), </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">istilah drama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> secara etimologis</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berasal dari kata <i>dramoi </i>(bahasa Yunani) yang berarti menirukan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2 Pengertian Drama</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu yang mempelajari bangunan sandiwara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau drama</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> disebut dramaturgi atau pengantar kata</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Rendra, 1993). <span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama merupakan seni yang menampilkan laku jasmani manusia dan ucapan kata-kata yang puitis untuk mengungkapkan perasaan dan pikiran melalui teknik-teknik bermain yang menarik serta unik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Teknik-teknik bermain tersebut dikuasai oleh pemain berdasarkan kemampuan masing-masing pemain, baik itu teknik yang diperoleh secara alami melalui teknik yang diperoleh dari proses belajar. <span>Menurut Rendra (1993) “drama atau sandiwara adalah seni yang mengungkapkan pikiran atau perasaan orang dengan mempergunakan laku jasmani dan ucapan kata-kata</span>.”</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasry Al Mubary (2005) mengatakan bahwa drama merupakan pertunjukan yang teatrikal. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertunjukkan yang teatrikal adalah suatu pertunjukkan yang dapat melibatkan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hubungan antar pelaku dan penontonnya, artinya pertunjukkan yang komunikatif dalam arti kesatuan dari bagian-bagian pendukungnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pertunjukan yang komunikatif mampu menyampaikan isi/pesan yang ingin disampaikan pemain kepada penonton dengan baik. Penonton memahami dan mengaplikasikan isi/pesan tersebut dalam kehidupannya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komunikatif artinya, pertunjukkan mampu memberi “sesuatu” makanan kepada penontonnya, baik makanan yang bersifat rohaniah maupun memberikan kepuasan refleksi jasmaniah. Dalam pengertian yang lebih sederhana, pertunjukkan yang teatrikal itu terjadi jalinan “pertemuan” yang mesra antara penonton dengan yang ditonton (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasri Al Mubary. 2005</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">).</span> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wiyanto (2002) mengatakan bahwa seni drama boleh dikatakan unik dibanding seni yang lain karena melibatkan banyak keterampilan. Seni drama merupakan perpaduan seni sastra, seni musik, seni tari, seni suara, seni gerak, dan seni-seni lain. Oleh karena itu, panggung drama adalah tempat berkumpulnya banyak seniman.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hassanudin (1996) berpendapat bahwa pementasan drama dianggap sebagai suatu karya dalam dua dimensi. Artinya, meskipun beberapa orang sutradara menggarap drama dengan tema yang sama namun pasti akan menampilkan pertunjukan yang berbeda, baik dari segi bahasa naskah, kostum, dan sebagainya. Oleh karena itu, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pementasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dianggap</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> sebagai suatu dimensi lain dari drama, memberikan kekuatan sekaligus kelemahan bagi penikmat untuk menangkap makna yang terdapat pada teks. Kekuatannya terletak pada visualisasi langsung dan kongkret, kelemahannya tidak ada pementasan yang sama untuk suat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">u</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> teks drama meskipun oleh sutradara yang sama dan sutradara itu pengarang drama itu sendiri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3 Jenis-jenis Drama</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Liturgi </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumardjo<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(1986) dalam bukunya <i>Ikhtisar Teater Barat </i>mengungkapkan<i> </i>bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Liturgi merupakan drama singkat agamawi yang dipentaskan di dalam gereja dan dimainkan oleh pastor, anggota misa, beserta koor anak-anak dalam upacara ibadat (misa). Drama liturgi menceritakan kisah-kisah agamawi seperti </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">cerita-cerita Natal, lantas cerita-cerita lain dari Bible. Para pastor, anggota misa, menyampaikan cerita dengan bahasa latin. Drama ini mulai berkembang sekitar tahun 900 SM. Pada tahun 900 SM tersebut, drama Liturgi hanya dilakukan di dalam gereja. Namun, pada tahun 1200 SM, drama Liturgi sudah dilakukan di luar gereja, misalnya didepan gereja, lapangan serta ditangga masuk gereja. Lama kelamaan pada tahun 1300 M drama-drama agamawi ini diambil oleh organisasi non gereja<span> </span>yaitu organisasi GILDA (organisasi spesialis. Misalnya organisasi pedagang). Bahasa yang digunakannya bukan lagi bahasa Latin, bahasa kaum terpelajar pada waktu itu melainkan bahasa rakyat setempat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Cycle </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumardjo<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(1986) mengatakan bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Cycle merupakan drama yang bersifat religius dan masih berdasarkan cerita-cerita Bible yang mencampurkan cerita-cerita kitab suci dengan kejadian-kejadian actual. Drama Cycle dilakukan di atas kereta kuda dari kota ke kota, sedangkan di Eropa dilakukan di atas panggung memanjang yang disebut mansion. Drama cycle meskipun bersifat religious tetapi sudah dimasuki unsure humor. Naskahnya pun ditulis dalam bentuk puisi, perwatakannya </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hanya menggambarkan garis besar watak dengan setting yang tak banyak.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Miracle </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumardjo<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(1986), “</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Miracle merupakan drama yang dilakukan di jalan-jalan dan lapangan ddan ditampilkan pada acara-acara pesta. Drama Miracle juga dikenal dengan istilah Rombongan Drama Kelana. Drama ini merupakan bagian dari ibadat gereja dan menceritakan kisah para orang suci (santo-santo). Meskipun begitu, drama ini tidak diperbolehkan dilakukan di dalam gereja karena memiliki persamaan sifat dengan drama misteri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">”</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Moral </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumardjo<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(1986) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama moral merupakan drama yang menunjukkan adanya pertarungan antara manusia dengan dirinya, antara kejahatan dengan kebaikan dalam hati manusia. Tema drama ini menekankan pada kebajikan, kemiskinan, pengetahuan, kebodohan dan sebagainya. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Farce </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumardjo<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(1986) berpendapat bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Farce merupakan drama yang dilakukan dan berkembang di luar gereja (sekuler). Drama Farce bersifat komikal dan berdasarkan cerita-cerita rakyat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Drama Interlude</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumardjo<span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(1986) mengungkapkan bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Interlude merupakan drama yang dilakukan pada suatu pesta atau peringatan-peringatan yang berupa selingan-selingan untuk mengisi waktu kosong ketika suatu drama telah ditampilkan. Drama interlude sangat menarik karena diisi oleh actor-aktor professional yang memiliki improvisasi yang kreatif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Wiyanto (2002) dalam bukunya <i>Terampil Bermain Drama </i>jenis drama berdasarkan lakon dibedakan atas:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tragedi → drama yang berisi kesedihan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komedi → drama yang berisi lelucon dan sindiran</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tragekomedi → penuh kesedihan diselingi dengan lelucon</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Opera → dialog dinyanyikan diiringi musik dan lagu (seriosa) dikombinasikan dengan balet, lakon sebagai sarana,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melodrama → dialognya diiringi musik melankolis, drama musikal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Farce → berhubungan dengan komedi, kata, dan kekuatan, serius tetapi lucu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tablo → mengutamakan gerak, drama yang minim dialognya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sendratari→ perpaduan drama dan tari, dari penari-penari berbakat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Wiyanto (2002) dalam bukunya <i>Terampil Bermain Drama </i>jenis drama berdasarkan sarana dibedakan atas:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama panggung </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ drama ditampilkan di atas panggung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama radio </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ drama yang hanya bisa didengar melalui radio </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama televisi </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ drama yang dapat didengar dan dilihat melalui televisi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama film </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ drama yang ditonton melalui layar lebar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama wayang </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ misalnya drama wayang golek di Sunda, boneka kecil oleh dalang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama boneka </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ drama yang tokohnya boneka dan dimainkan beberapa orang. Misalnya unyil.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Arena → drama yang ditmapilkan di lapangan. Misalnya lenong</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.4<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi Drama</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Hassanudin (1996), fungsi drama atau teater adalah:<b> </b></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai alat pendidikan bagi anggota masyarakat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai alat penebal kesetiakawanan sosial atau alat penebal kesadaran kolektif.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sarana untuk menyampaikan kritik sosial.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai alat melarikan diri sementara dari kehidupan nyata yang membosankan ke dunia khayal yang menyenangkan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai wadah pengembangan ajaran agama.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</tbody></table><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TEATER</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1 Asal Mula Istilah Teater</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tjokroatmodjo (2985) dalam bukunya <i>Pendidikan Seni Drama (Suatu Pengantar) </i>mengatakan bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">istilah <i>teater </i>berasal dari kata <i>teatron </i>yang berarti pusat upacara persembahan yang terletak di tengah-tengah arena. Pada zaman penjajahan Belanda di Indonesia istilah drama diganti dengan tonil (bahasa Belanda: toneel (pertunjukan). Pada Zaman Jepang diganti menjadi <i>sandiwara </i>yang merupakan bahasa sansekerta. Akhirnya pada zaman modern sejak proklamasi kemerdekaan Negara kita dipopulerkan kembali dengan istilah <i>drama.</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2 Pengertian Teater</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tjokroatmodjo (1985) mengatakan bahwa pada zaman Yunani teater adalah pusat upacara persembahan untuk dewa-dewa bangsa Yunani. Teater ini berupa podium tanah yang dibentuk semacam ruangan. Di sinilah orang-orang yang berkumpul tapi mempersembahkan sesajen untuk para dewa. Dewa-dewa tersebut adalah Dewa Zeus, beserta dua orang putranya Dewa Dyonesos, dan Dewa Apollo. Dewa Dyonesos dikenal sebagai dewa penghancur, sehingga amat ditakuti. Sebaliknya, Dewa Apollo adalah Dewa yang menberikan kesuburan, kemakmuran, dalam bentuk musim hujan dan panen yang melimpah. Pada zaman Romawi, teater merupakan Arena persembahan </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> gelanggang pertunjukan (arena/ gelanggang pertarungan). Tradisi persembahan ini diadakan berbeda dari zaman Yunani, dan telah mengalami perubahan. Teater tidak lagi digunakan untuk persembahan kepada para dewa, melainkan digunakan untuk pertarungan para tawanan dengan singa atau binatang buas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span> <br clear="ALL" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SEJARAH DRAMA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1 Di Barat </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasry Al Mubary (2005) mengatakan bahwa drama yang berkembang sekarang berasal dari zaman Yunani kuno. Tahun 600 SM dalam upacara-upacara keagamaan dilaksankan festival tari untuk menghormati dewa Dionysius yang dilaksanakan di Athena. Drama Yunani mencapai puncaknya pada tahun 400 SM. Masa itu drama masih dipertunjukkan dalam bagian upacara keagamaan, teutama dalam bentuk tragedi. Bentuk awal drama dikenal sebagai tragedi karena timbulnya upacara-upacara agama. Pertunjukkan ini merupakan pertunjukkan serius, khitmat, puistik, dan filosofis. Istilah drama kemudian diartikan “drama duka cita”; melukiskan perjuangan manusia melawan nasib. Penulis naskah drama Yunani yang terkenal antara lain Aeskilos (525-456<span> </span>SM), Sophokles (496-406 SM), dan Euripides (484-406 SM). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumardjo (1986 ) dalam buku <i>Ikhtisar Sejarah Teater Barat </i>menyatakan bahwa:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama berasal dari upacara agama primitif</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Saat melakukan upacara keagamaan, masyarakat primitif biasanya berkostum hitam yang melambangkan perasaan duka. Mereka berdialog dengan tuhannya dengan ucapan-ucapan keagamaan mereka. Dari situlah inspirasi untuk menciptakan drama pada zaman dahulu. Mereka melakukan pertunjukan dengan berdialog dan berkostum hitam.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama berasal dari nyayian untuk menghormati seseorang pahlawan di kuburanny</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Dari kegiatan nyanyian keagamaan ini mereka menciptakan drama yang diiringi seni suara, yaitu sudah mulai berkembang dari drama sebelumnya yang hanya terdapat dialog meskipun dari segi kostum mereka tetap menggunakan kostum berwarna hitam karena masih bersifat drama yang religius.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama berasal dari kegemaran manusia mendengarkan cerita</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Dengan cerita yang didengar secara lisan tersebut mereka mendapatkan inspirasi untuk mementaskan cerita tersebut agar lebih diketahui masyarakat luas dan pesan/isi drama tidak hanya bias disampaikan begitu saja namun bias dinikamti sebagai hiburan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama berasal dari permainan anak-anak. Anak-anak sangat suka berperan ketika sedang bermain. Terkadang mereka seakan-akan memerankan diri mereka bak seorang pangeran, seorang putrid raja, dan sebagainya. Dari permainan anak-anak itulah mereka berinspirasi untuk memerankan dirinya menjadi orang lain atau menjadi tokoh yang mereka senangi. Selain bermanfaat untuk menghibur orang banyak, tentu saja mereka bias menyalurkan hobi yang bias memberikan kebahagiaan tersendiri bagi pelakunya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumardjo (1986 )</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menyatakan bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">drama yang berkembang pada saat ini merupakan drama yang berasal dari drama Yunani purba. Drama Yunani purba merupakan drama tertua di dunia, yaitu sekitar tahun 400 SM sehingga drama Yunani purba ini sangat mempengaruhi perkembangan drama-drama di seluruh dunia pula. Misalnya, dari bentuk panggung yang terkenal pada zaman Yunani purba (teater Dionysius) yang mampu memuat 14.000 penonton dikembangkan di negara lain dengan bentuk yang sama meskipun ada sedikit perbedaan pada ukuran.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah adanya Drama Yunani Purba, maka muncullah drama Roma atau teater Romawi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada masa Drama Roma ini, ada terjadi perubahan sistim pemerintahan di Romawi yang tentu saja sangat mempengaruhi perkembangan drama Roma. Akibat perubahan sist</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">m pemerintahan itu, terjadi kemerosotan drama Roma. Drama Roma lenyap karena terjadi penyerangan bangsa bar-bar dan munculnya kekuasaan gereja. Terakhir drama Roma ditampilkan yaitu pada tahun 533 SM.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2 Di Indonesia</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasry Al Mubary (2005) menjelaskan bahwa drama di Indonesia pada taraf awalnya merupakan kegiatan untuk ritual keagamaan. Upacara-upacara ritual keagamaan ini sifatnya lebih puitis jika dibandingkan dengan upacara-upacara ritual keagamaan di Barat yang juga merupakan bentuk awal drama dan teater di Barat. Ini dikarenakan bentuk kegiatan ritual keagamaan di Indonesia di lakukan dengan cara mengucapkan atau melafalkan mantera-mantera. Mantera-mantera yang pada dasarnya puisi inilah yang memberikan warna kepuitisan tersebut. Di barat, kegiatan ritual keagamaan lebih sering bersiat paparan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasri Al Mubary (2005) menjelaskan bahwa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">seni drama di Indonesia adalah semua bentuk seni drama yang tumbuh dan berkembang di Indonesia. Bentuk lain dari seni drama Indonesia dikenal dengan seni pertunjukkan rakyat. Seni pertunjukkan rakyat lahir dan berkembang di tengah masyarakat.seni pertunjukkan rakyat mengutamakan kemampuan personal pemainnya dan pimpinan dari kelompok seni pertunjukkan rakyat tersebut. Kini seni pertunjukkan rakyat sering disebut sebagai teater tradisional. Seni drama di Indonesia tumbuh setelah tradisi tulis naskah drama di Indonesia.pertumbuhan awal yang dikembangkan oleh Rustam Effendi awal abad 20, merupakan mulainya tradisi naskah drama di Indonesia.”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasri Al Mubary (2005) mengatakan bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk lain dari seni drama Indonesia dikenal dengan seni pertunjukkan rakyat. Seni pertunjukkan rakyat lahir dan berkembang di tengah masyarakat.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Seni pertunjukkan rakyat mengutamakan kemampuan personal pemainnya dan pimpinan dari kelompok seni pertunjukkan rakyat tersebut. Kini seni pertunjukkan rakyat sering disebut sebagai teater tradisional. Seni drama di Indonesia tumbuh setelah tradisi tulis naskah drama di Indonesia.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertumbuhan awal yang dikembangkan oleh Rustam Effendi awal abad 20, merupakan mulainya tradisi naskah drama di Indonesia. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saini (1988) menyatakan bahwa t</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">eater Indonesia tidak lepas dari teater Barat. Seiring perkembangannya, Teater Indonesia masih dipengaruhi oleh teater Barat.<span> </span>A. Kasim Ahmad menyatakan bahwa teater baru (Indonesia) adalah teater yang pada awalnya datang dari Barat dan dalam perkembangannya makin dipengaruhi oleh teater daerah. Teater Daerah: Teatrikalisme adalah praktek berteater yang bertolak dari anggapan bahwa teater adalah teater, suatu dunia dengan kaidah-kaidah tersendiri yang berbeda yang berbeda dengan kaidah-kaidah kehidupan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span>Teater barat: Realisme</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berbeda dengan teatrikalisme yang seakan-akan menyatakan bahwa teater adalah teater, realisme beranggapan bahwa teater harus merupakan ilusi atau cermin kehidupan nyata (realitas).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Saini (1988), “</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teater masa kini Indonesia terdiri atas tiga jenis kesenian, yaitu kesenian rakyat atau kesenian etnik, kesenian massa atau kista dan kesenian serius.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">”</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kesenian rakyat atau kesenian etnik adalah kesenian yang berlaku dan terdapat dalam suatu etnik saja. Misalnya kesenian masyarakat di Kampar. Kesenian massa atau kesenian kista adalah kesenian yang terdapat dalam suatu kelompok masyarakat pada suatu daerah. Misalnya kesenian masyarakat Jawa Tengah. Sedangkan kesenian serius merupakan kesenian modern yang mengandung nilai-nilai atau pesan-pesan yang ingin disampaikan kepada pembaca yang berhubungan erat dengan kehidupan manusia, seperti masalah politik, ekonomi, budaya, dan sebagainya. Meskipun kesenian serius ditampilkan berupa seni pertunjukan yang mengandung humor yang sifatnya lelucon dan untuk menghibur, kesenian ini tetap dianggap sebagai kesenian serius karena keseriusan kesenian ini terletak pada pesan atau nilai-nilai yang disampaikan pemain/actor melalui kesenian tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saini (1988) dalam buku <i>Teater Modern Indonesia </i>menyatakan bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">teater masa kini memiliki beberapa ciri-ciri khusus. Pertama, teater masa kini adalah kesenian kota, terutama kota besar, yang menjadi pusat-pusat akulturasi. <span><span> </span></span>Kedua, para pendukungnya umumnya berangkapan, bahwa teater masa kini merupakan kesenian yang menangani dan mengungkapkan konfrontasi seniman dengan masalah-masalah nyata. Ketiga, teater masa kini merupakan salah satu bentuk kesenian yang menimbulkan kecurigaan pihak penguasa.<span> </span>Keempat, para pendukung teater masa kini bukan saja menghargai kesenian etnik, akan tetapi banyak secara sadar mengambil nilai-nilainya yang berguna. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teater masa kini ada karena pengaruh teater tradisional. Teater tradisional adalah suatu jenis teater yang diwariskan dari angkatan ke angkatan dalam jangka waktu yang panjang.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span>Teater tradisional menyimpan kekayaan berupa idiom-idiom teatrikal. Teater tradisional berawal dari teater Barat. Teater Barat yang dimaksud adalah realisme, karena realisme lahir dari dinamika sejarah masyarakat barat dan berhasil mencapai konvesionalisasi yang mapan dan mantap </span>Realisme menggambarkan realitas objektif, mempergunakan bahasa yang analisis prosaik. Analisis prosaic maksudnya analisis yang berbentuk prosa dan lebih mudah dipahami karena dianalisis secara lebih rinci. Realisme menonjolkan individualisme sebagai entitas psikososial serta memandang konflik sebagai hakikat drama.<span> </span><span>Teater realisme sering disebut sebagai teater illusion, yaitu teater yang mencoba “menipu”<span> </span>penonton agar mereka mengira bahwa realitas pentas adalah realitas kehidupan.kata <i>illusion </i>berarti khayalan, tidak nyata, sehingga teater dikatakan sebagai sesuatu yang “menipu”.<span> </span>Jenis teater tradisonal tidak pernah berusaha illusionalistis atau realistis. Bagi mereka teater adalah teater, suatu realitas yang tidak perlu ditundukkan kepada kaidah-kaidah realitas yang biasa. Oleh karena itu, teater tradisional merupakan karya murni yang bekualitas tinggi. Para pemainnya berakting secara alami, tidak ada editan, ditampilkan secara langsung. Di sinilah letak keunggulan dan nilai budaya yang tinggi pada teater.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teater di Indonesia<span> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Menurut Tambayong (1982), teater di Indonesia terdiri atas:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teater Tradisional, teater tradisional banyak terdapat di Indonesia, baik yang dipengaruhi oleh kebudayaan Hindu maupun tidak, teater ini dipertunjukkan untuk tontonan para bangsawan dan rakyat jelata.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teater Modern →<span> </span>abad ke-19</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Angkatan permulaan → abad 20– 30, sifatnya menghibur</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Angkatan pertumbuhan → awal abad 40 – 60 </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Angkatan penalaran → sekitar tahun 60 – sekarang yaitu pada masa pergantian orde lama ke orde baru</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.3<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di Riau<span> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasry Al Mubary (2005) menyatakan bahwa salah satu jenis teater di Riau adalah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teater Mula</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Ciri yang paling menonjol darikonsep ini adalah adanya cerita dan cerita itu disampaikan untuk orang banyak. Penyampaiannya dapat dalam bentuk berkelompok dan dapat pula perorangan. Bentuk asli dari teater mula yang terdapat di Riau, dengan menggunakan cerita mitos, legenda, dan nyayian rakyat. Teater mula yang dapat ditemukan di daerah Riau antara lain:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Basijobang atau Basijabang </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertunjukkan rakyat (Teater rakyat)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama Bangsawan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</tbody></table><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB IV</span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">UNSUR-UNSUR DRAMA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1 Naskah</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hassanudin (1996) mengatakan bahwa naskah atau dialog sebagai sarana primer drama</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika fungsi dialog sebagai sarana primer di dalam drama dijabarkan ke dalam satuan-satuan pikiran, maka akan didapatkan rumusan-rumusan sederhana sebagaimana yang diuraikan pada bagian berikut ini, yaitu :</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara universal, dialog sebagai sarana primer di dalam drama berfungsi sebagai wadah bagi pengarang untuk menyampaikan informasi, menjelaskan fakta atau ide-ide utama.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alur adalah rentetan peristiwa yang satu dengan peristiwa yang lain dalam hubungan sebab akibat.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dialog memberikan kejelasan watak dan perasaan tokoh atau pelaku.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menciptakan serta melukiskan suasana merupakan fungsi lainnya dari dialog didalam drama.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>4.2 Pemain/Aktor</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wiyanto (2002) mengatakan bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">aktor adalah orang yang memperagakan cerita. Apa yang diperagakan oleh aktor, itulah yang dinikmati penonton. Seorang aktor memiliki hasil karya yang berbeda dengan para seni lainnya. Peragaan dalam suatu panggunga itulah hasil karya dari seorang aktor. <span> </span>Jadi dapat dikatan, hasil karya yang sesungguhnya dari aktor ialah akting. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rendra (1982) mengatakan, “Pemain dalam drama terdiri atas dua jenis, yaitu pemain alam dan pemain bukan alam.” </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemain alam mengetahui teknik bermain tersebut tidak melalui pelajaran maupun pelatihan khusus dari seseorang dan tidak pula melalui buku penuntun. Mereka mengetahui teknik bermain memang alami berasal dari kemampuan mereka sendiri. Hal ini terjadi karena bakat/minat yang mereka tanamkan dalam diri mereka dan bakat itu memang sudah ada dan dibawa sejak lahir. Melalui bakat tersebut, pemain/aktor alam akan mudah mengetahui teknik bermain tanpa harus belajar secara mendalam. Berbeda dengan pemain/aktor yang bukan pemain/aktor alam. Untuk mengetahui teknik bermain, mereka harus mendapat pelajaran dan pelatihan khusus dari seorang guru. Guru tersebut adalah seseorang yang sudah berpengalaman dalam bermain drama dan mengetahui seluk beluk bermain drama. Selain itu, guru tersebut berupa buku penuntun yang mengandung isi mengenai teknik bermain drama. Sehingga, pemain/aktor bukan alam mempelajarinya melalui membaca.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rendra (2002) dalam buku <i>Rendra Tentang Bermain Drama </i>mengatakan bahwa seorang pemain yang kaya akan teknik bermain adalah seorang pemain yang demikian menguasai peralatan dirinya, sehingga ia bisa mempergunakan dengan berbagai gabungan dan keragaman. Peralatan pemain sebenarnya tidak banyak diantaranya suara, tangan, lengan,kaki, leher, tubuh,dan kepalanya. Tetapi gabungan yang penuh dengan keragaman antara kecakapan ekspresi dan anggota-anggota badan itu pasti akan bisa menjadi sumber pertujukan yang tak ada habis-habisnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktor (pemain) yang baik:</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tjokroatmodjo (1985)<b> </b>mengatakan bahwa aktor (pemain) yang baik itu adalah aktor yang memenuhi beberapa kriteria, yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berakting wajar, relax, fleksibel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> → Sikap/gerak atau perbuatan sesuai dengan kadarnya, artinya sikap/gerak yang dilakukan tidak <i>overacting</i>, tidak kaku, tidak canggung, tidak dibuat-buat, serta tidak pula downacting.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjiwai/menghayati perannya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> → Seorang aktor yang baik adalah seorang aktor yang mampu menjiwai karakternya dengan baik. Apabila aktor tersebut berperan sebagai seseorang yang berkarakter lemah-lembut, maka actor tersebut akan menjadi karakter seperti yang diperankannya. Selain itu, aktor tersebut juga mampu menghayati perannya ketika ia harus menangis maka ia benar-benar menangis. Begitu pula jika ia harus tertawa, maka ia akan benar-benar tertawa sehingga dengan penghayataanya tersebut penonton akan benar-benar merasa terhibur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trampil dan kreatif</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> → Seorang aktor haruslah trampil dan kreatif. Kedua hal ini akan membuat seorang actor berbeda dari aktor-aktor yang lain. Actor yang trampil akan mampu mendeskripsikan wataknya dengan tepat. Pendeskripsian tersebut dilakukan dengan ketermpilan yang dimilikinya, tidak hanya bergantung pada apa yang tertulis dalam naskah. Begitu pula halnya dengan actor yang kreatif. Aktor yang kreatif pasti mampu menciptakan hal-hal baru, baik itu dari kata-katanya, sikap dan gerakannya, serta cara ia mengucapkan dialog dalam naskah. Hal ini tentu akan membuat aktor tersebut menarik untuk dilihat dan tidak membosankan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengesankan (dapat meyakinkan penonton)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> → Aktor yang baik adalah aktor yang bisa meniggalkan kesan yang baik bagi penontonnya. Kesan ini dapat diberikan seorang aktor melalui ekspresi wajah yang meyakinkian. Dengan begitu, penonton akan selalu mengingat ekspresi aktor yang dilihatnya tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak merasa kalau sedang disorot publik/penonton</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> → Aktor yang baik adalah aktor yang dapat memanfaatkan segala property dan situasi pentas dengan baik. Hal itu merupakan salah satu cara aktor untuk menghindari nervous ketika berada di pentas. Hal ini juga merupakan salah satu tak-tik aktor agar tidak merasa kalau sedang disorot public/penonton.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebelum menjadi aktor, seseorang sebaiknya mempelajari beberapa hal yang berhubungan dengan keaktoran sehingga ketika menjadi aktor, orang tersebut memiliki wawasan keaktoran meskipun hanya sedikit. Hal itulah yang bisa dijadikan bekal baginya ketika berakting. Seseorang yang biasa beracting inilah yang<span> </span>di sebut aktor. Saptaria (2006) dalam bukunya <i>Acting </i>menjelaskan bahwa<i> </i>kemampuan seorang aktor dalam berakting<span> </span>juga diasah oleh beberapa hal antara lain:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Psikologi → Ilmu kejiwaan sangat penting untuk diketahui oleh actor. Dengan adanya ilmu kejiwaan ini maka seorang aktor bisa memahami seluruh karakter actor-actor lain. Ilmu kejiwaan inilah yang disebut dengan psikologi. Akting yang dimiliki seorang aktor tidak akan terkesan<span> </span>baik atau menjiwai jika seorang aktor tersebut tidak memahami ilmu kejiwaan. Apalagi untuk memahami peran atau watak tokoh cerita, seorang aktor tidak akan berekspesi dengan baik tanpa ilmu jiwa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dramaturgi → Dramaturgi tatkala disebut juga sebagai suatu ilmu yang mempelajari drama. Istilah dramaturgi mengacu pada sebuah teori yang mempelajari seluk beluk cerita di dalam naskah yang didalamnya terdapat studi tentang struktur dramatik, yaitu sseperti plot,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> setting,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> penokohan,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> bahasa, warna,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dll. Dengan memahami teori dari naskah drama yang akan diperankannya sang aktor akan mudah dalam beracting. Acting yang dilakukan pun akan teratur, menarik dan terkonsep.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Olah Tubuh</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Olah tubuh sangat penting dilakukan oeh seorang aktor. Hal ini selain bertujuan untuk membuat tubuh lebih santai juga menghindari gerakan yang kaku dalam penampilan ketika berakting. Dalam beracting seorang aktor tentu akan melakukan latihan olah tubuh.<span> </span>Seorang aktor mampu berekspesi sebab ia terlebih dahulu melatih dirinya sebelum berakting. Saptaria (2006) dalam bukunya <i>Acting </i>menjelaskan bahwa olah tubuh dibagi menjadi 3 yakni:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Relaksasi→Relaksasi dilakukan agar actor lebih santai dalam berakting. Gerakan yang dilakukanpun tidak akan kaku jika actor melakukan relaksasi. Relaksasi adalah langkah pertama sebelum memasuki latihan akting sebenarnya. Latihan ini biasanya dilakukan untuk mencapai kesiapan secara fisik. Kemudian setelah anggota tubuh releks aktor akan mengacu pada tahap latihan berikutnya. Jika tahap awalnya telah dilakukan dengan baik, maka tehap berikutnya pun akan memberikan hasi aktingl yang memuaskan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekspresi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekspresi tidak datang dengan sendirinya. Perlu ada usaha untuk memunculkan ekspresi tersebut. Salah satunya adalah dengan penghayatan. Dengan penghayatan yang baik, maka ekspresi akan terdorong keluar. Ekspresi artinya mendorong keluar. Secara alamiah baik berupa perasaan atau ide. Aktivitas ekspresi merupakan bagian dari perasaan, aksi, dan reaksi yang kita miliki dan meluap dalam bentuk kata-kata, bunyi, dll. Selain penghayatan, ekspresi juga akan mencul jika adanya aksi dan reaksi yang dilakuakn tokoh. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gestur</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gestur merupakan bahasa tubuh yang dilakukan oleh actor. Actor tersebut tidak mengeluarkan kata-kata, melainkan hanya menggerakkan anggota tubuhnya. Gerakan tersebut mengandung makna tertentu. Gestur adalah kelanjutan secara fisik perasaan, aksi, dan reaksi.<span> </span>Gestur mengacu pada bahasa tubuh.<span> </span>Gestur juga sering dikenal dengan komunikasi tubuh. Gestur terbagi dua yakni gestur fisik dan gestur vokal. Gestur vocal misalnya seorang actor memerankan seseorang yang memiliki karakter suara yang unik, seperti suara lantang, suara sengau, dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Olah Vokal</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saptaria (2006) menyatakan bahwa olah vokal merupakan hal yang penting untuk dilakukan oleh aktor. Vocal seorang actor sangat penting, karena melalui vokal yang jelaslah pesan yang ingin disampaikan melalui cerita tesebut dapat tersampaikan. Kita mengetahui bersama bahwa kemampuan vokal yang baik seorang aktor sangat penting untuk memainkan peran . Untuk itu seorang aktor juga memerlukan latihan vokal. Dalam melatih bunyi atau vokal, seorang actor perlu diperhatikan artikulasi dan pembentukan suara. Artikulasi<span> </span>mengacu pada proses bertutur dengan baik agar dialog yang diucapkan dapat dipahami dengan baik. Sedangkan pembentukan suara mendukung pengekspresiaan peran suatu tokoh dalam cerita. Intinya, vocal merupakan hal pokok yang harus diperhatikan seorang actor.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal-Hal yang Perlu Diperhatikan dalam Berakting</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Saptaria (2006), ada beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam berakting, yaitu:<b> </b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -81pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Penjiwaan <span> </span>→ penjiwaan merupakan hal pertama yang harus dilakukan oleh seorang actor untuk mendapatkan ekspresi yang sesuai dengan karakter yang sedang diperankan. Tanpa penjiwaan, seorang actor akan sulit mendalami karakter yang sedang dilakoninya layaknya nyata.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Konsentrasi → seorang actor hendaklah konsentrasi ketika berakting agar memerankan karakter dengan maksimal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 76.5pt; text-indent: -76.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Observasi <span> </span>→ seorang actor pe1 rlu melakukan observasi sebelum memerankan suatu karakter yang dilakoninya. Hal ini perlu agar penjiwaan actor tersebut benar-benar pas dan <i>perfect. </i>Untuk mendapat kesempurnaan dalam penjiwaan, seorang actor memang perlu terjun langsung dalam kehidupan yang sedang dilakoninya. Setidaknya, ia mencari pengalaman untuk memerankannya secara maksimal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-indent: -58.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Emosi <span> </span>→ seorang actor harus mampu mengendalikan emosi ketika sedang berakting. Emosi yang terkontrol tersebut akan ada masanya untuk diluapkan, yaitu pada bagian konflik ataupun bagian klimaks.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Motivasi <span> </span>→ seorang actor harus memiliki motivasi ketika sedang berakting agar actor tersebut tetap giat untuk menjiwai dan mengeluarkan ide kreatifnya dalam berakting.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -81pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Imajinasi <span> </span>→ seoarang actor harus mampu berimajinasi ketika berakting. Ia harus mampu membayangkan karakter yang sadang dilakoninya layaknya dalam kehidupan nyata.</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 76.5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -76.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7. Improvisasi <span> </span>→ seorang actor harus mampu menciptakan sesuatu yang baru dan menarik. Bahkan hal itu tanpa dipersiapkan terlebih dahulu. Kekereatifan tersebut muncul ketika seorang actor tersebut sedang berakting.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rendra (1982) mengatakan bahwa berdeklamasi, berkisah, dan berpidato, secara teknis ada tiga hal yang penting untuk diingat, teknik suara, sikap jasmani (seluruh tubuh dan anggota-anggota badan), dan cara penyampaian. Maksud berdeklamasi, berkisah dan berpidato itu pada hakikatnya adalah cara menyampaikan isi perasaan, buah pikiran, atau sebuah cerita, kepada hadirin secara lisan dan hadir dihadapan hadirin itu. Sehingga menjadi penting bahwa cara menghadirkan diri dan cara bersuara itu menjadi menarik, disamping itu juga penting untuk diusahakan agar cara penyampaiannya itu mengandung siasat yang memikat pula.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah pertunjukan sandiwara adalah sebuah karya bersama. Maka apabila kita berbicara tentang gaya, hanya boleh ada satu gaya yang paling menonjol. Gaya-gaya kecil yang terpisah-pisah boleh ada, tetapi harus ada satu gaya pokok yang menguasai. Para pemain harus menyadari hal ini, dan tidak boleh terlalu kaku berpegang kepada gaya yang telah ditetapkannya sendiri-sendiri. Bahkan, sebagaimana halnya ia harus bisa menguasai berbagai perwatakan , maka ia pun harus pula menguasai berbagai keragaman gaya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedudukan “mendengarkan’’ didalam seni main adalah<span> </span>sangat penting, sehingga dari caranya seorang pemain mendengarkan saja akan sudah bisa dibedakan apakah ia seorang pemain sambilan ataukah orang pemain profesional. Tanggapan yang wajar dan terasa tepat adalah tanggapan yang ‘spontan” keluar dari penghayatan akan peran dan cerita.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penciptaan peran yang dimainkan oleh pemain drama dilakukan dengan dua macam pendekatan yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan imajinatif adalah pendekatan yang spontan dan otomatis. Seakan-akan dengan sekali baca pemain sudah bisa menangkap peran itu di dalam imajinasinya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan terperinci adalah pendekatan yang dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan keterangan-keterangan mengenai peran itu, lalu meneliti dan menguraikan keterangan-keterangan itu, kemudian menyimpulkannya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelatihan Aktor</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Wiyanto (2002), pelatihan aktor meliputi:<b> </b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latihan Dasar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> → <span>Seorang aktor yang baik adalah seorang seniman yang mampu memanfaatkan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> potensinya sendiri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Potensi tersebut meliputi potensi vocal, potensi jiwa, akal, imajinasi, dan tubuh.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah menguasai latihan dasar, maka seorang aktor harus melakuka pelatihan lain, dengan cara: <b><span> </span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Membaca puisi </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ telah melewati latihan dasar, melatih suara, ekspresi wajah, penghayatan drama yang diperankan akan bagus jika rajin berlatih</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -2in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menirukan binatang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ tidak grogi lagi ketika penonton tertawa akibat mendengar suara binatang yang ditirukan, melatih mental. Guru yang berhasil adalah guru yang berhasil mengajar binatang. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menirukan orang </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ agar bisa menggambarkan karakter dengan baik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tertawa dan menangis </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ melatih kemampuan menghayati dalam berakting</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdialog </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ seolah-olah sedang memerankan tokoh di depan cermin kita akan melihat ekspresi sendiri melalui cermin itu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 139.5pt; text-indent: -139.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Gerak kerja panggung </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ jika penjahit menghasilkan baju, maka seorang aktor menghasilkan gerakan di atas penggung. Setelah berakting di panggung tidak bisa diulang lagi. Oleh karena itu<span> </span>pemain harus serius dan hati-hati.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7. Bermain drama</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ menjadi aktor dalam pementasan drama.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.3 Sutradara</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tambajong (1981) mengatakan bahwa sutradara adalah pemimpin yang sungguh memimpin. Sutradara adalah pemimpin sebuah teater<span> </span>yang bertanggung jawab atas isi dan tujuan teater sebagai seni. Seorang sutradara yang baik haruslah seorang aktor yang baik. Seorang sutradara harus memiliki rasa, percaya diri yang kuat, karena sutradara akan sukses jika ia berpikir sukses. </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sutradara sering menyebut diri mereka sebagai wakil pengarang. Mereka berpendapat bahwa kaum realis telah merusak gagasan kesenian sandiwara pengarang klasik karena mareka telah menitik beratkan pada gambaran lingkungan cerita.<span> </span>Melihat kesempatan ini, maka orang-orang mempunyai gagasan seni sandiwara tetapi bukan pengarang sehingga mereka mulai tertarik menjadi sutradara.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di dalam teknik penyutradaraan ada dua tehnik yang pada perkembangannya nanti akan banyak merubah haluan riwayat penyutradaraan yaitu teknik penempatan pemain dan pengaturan. Teknik penempatan pemain ialah cara mengatur perpindahan posisi para pemain dari tempat satu ketempat yang lain (pentas). Sedangkan teknik pengaturan ialah cara mengatur gerakan-gerakan pemain yang penting, namun tidak menyangkut perpindahan tempat. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Tjokroatmodjo (1985) “</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sutradara berperan sebagai </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">koordinator, organisator, konseptor, guru (dalam arti “mengajar” para anggota teater)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">”</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memilih dan menentukan naskah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> merupakan tugas seorang sutradara jika hal ini tidak ditentukan oleh produser atau sponsor.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempelajari naskah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, meliputi latar belajar budaya naskah dan peninjauan tema, segi sastra, dan segi teternya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memilih pemain atau casting</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> jika hal ini tidak dilakukan oleh produser. Casting perlu dilakukan oleh sutradara demi menghindari kecemburuan social antar pemain. Casting ini dilakukan untuk menentukan siapa pemain yang layak menjadi pemain utama, pemain sampingan, dan figuran. Hal ini tentu saja dengan berbagai pertimbangan yang dilakukan oleh sutradara. Sutradara memilih jumlah pemain yang diperlukan selama casting. Selain itu, pemilihan peran yang cocok berdasarkan pertimbangan tubuh, suara, karakterisasi, dan sebagainya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menetapkan hari-hari berlatih</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> meliputi latihan membaca naskah, acting, dan blocking.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengadakan kerja sama dengan “stage manager”, “designer”, serta para “aktor/aktris”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> untuk menentukan corak atau warna drama serta pentas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Dasry Al Mubary (2005) Merencanakan, menyiapkan perangkat pendukung, menggarap, melatih, sampai mementaskan merupakan pekerjaan dan tanggung jawab sutradara dalam penyutradaraan. Pekerjaan penyutradaraan merupakan pekerjaan seorang arsitek yang di dukung oleh para pekerja dalam mewujudkan hasil yang dirancang. Hasil rancangan itu disebut sebagai hasil penyutradaraan ia merupakan karya sang sutradara.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menutut Tambajong (1981) tanggung jawab sutradara meliputi dua hal, yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanggung jawab teknis </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Memilih naskah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menentukan pokok penafsiran </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memilih pemain </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bekerja dengan staf </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melatih pemain </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengkoordinasi setiap bagian </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanggung jawab moral</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanggung jawab estetik </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanggung jawab etik </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.4 Pentas/Panggung Drama</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wiyanto (2002) menjelaskan bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">panggung adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tempat para aktor memeragakan lakon drama. Biasanya panggung dibuat sedikit lebih tinggi dari pada lantai, agar penonton yang dari kejauhan masih dapat menikmatinya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Model Panggung</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Wiyanto (2002), ada beberapa model panggung, yaitu:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">model lingkaran beroda </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ berganti latar saat panggung berbalik arah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">model setengah lingkaran </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ disebut juga sepatu kud, terdapat di tempat wisata, terbuat dari batu bata yang awet dan tahan lama. Penonton mengelilingi panggung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">model segi empat </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ kelompok drama tradisional, wayang orang, panggung bersifat permanen berupa gedung pertunjukan yang terbuat dari batu bata. Penonton berada di depan panggung.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>•<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">model panggung terbuka</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→ tanpa atap, kokoh, permanen, luas, digunakan untuk pertunjukan massal di tempat wisata dan hiburan.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Denah Panggung</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Wiyanto (2002) “Denah panggung digunakan untuk mempermudah pemain bergerak ke arah mana sesuai dengan aba-aba sutradara.” Denah panggung meliputi depan kiri, tengah depan, tengah kanan, kiri belakang, kanan belakang, panggung di beri skat agar pemain lebih mudah bergerak. Panggung ini hanya digunakan pada drama tradisional saja. Drama klasik tidak menggunakan panggung ini lagi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.5 Tata dan Perlengkapan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tata Pentas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Tjokroatmodjo (1985), tata pentas meliputi:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tata pentas (stage picture), unsur-unsur stage picture, propertice, pembagian acting areas, dan blocking harus artistik dan meaningfull.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Artistik artinya enak ditonton/sedap dipandang, sedangkan meaningfull artinya sesuai dengan intent (tujuan) permainan, tiap-tiap perubahan penggambaran harus ada alsannya, tiap-tiap gerak harus ada artinya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua gerak harus satu dengan dialog. Dialog yang diucapkan harus serasi dengan gerakan yang dilakukan, sehingga gerak yang dilakukan tersebut menjadi bermakna.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tata Rias</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Tjokroatmodjo (1985) bahan-bahan tata rias, alat-alat dan fungsinya meliputi:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sabun cuci wajah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> → Sabun cuci wajah digunakan untuk menghilangkan minyak-minyak yang terpadat pada kulit wajah. Sabun cuci wajah yang digunakan adalah sabun yang biasa digunakan oleh actor/pemain agar tidak terjadi iritasi atau alergi akibat ketidakcocokan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cleansing cream</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> → Penggunaan Cleansing cream yaitu diratakan di kulit wajah, lalu diratakan dengan kapas. Pastinya kapas yang mulanya putih akan berubah menjadi hitam, karena cleansing cream memiliki daya serap yang baik untuk membersihkan wajah dari segala kotoran. Cleansing cream ini digunakan untuk membersihkan kotoran atau daki yang melekat pada wajah, terutama kotoran yang berasal dari pori-pori kulit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Foundation</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> → Sebelum menggunakan bedak, seorang pemain harus terlebih dahulu menggunakan foundation yang merupakan dasar dari keseluruhan tata rias. Foundation digunakan sebagai pengikat bahan make-up tersebut pada komposisi rias sesuai dengan yang kita kehendaki. Selain itu, foundation juga sebagai perintang bahan make-up masuk ke pori-pori kulit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pan cake → sebagai dasar seluruh warna rias</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rought (pemerah pipi) → untuk mempertegas tonjolan-tonjolan pada muka</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Eyebrow pencil → mengubah raut muka, membuat kerut-kerut kulit muka.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Eye shadow → untuk membuat bayangan pada mata</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bedak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> → Bedak yang digunakan dalam drama adalah jenis bedak natural. Bedak ini tidak hanya digunakan pada wajah, namun digunakan juga pada leher dan telinga.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lipstik</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> pewarna bibir</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Eyelash make-up → untuk melengkungkan bulu mata sebelah atas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>11.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Qutex</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> pewarna kuku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>12.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Blender atau hair oil</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> mengatur rambut agar tidak berantakan dan rusak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>13.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bedak tradisional → sebagai lulur badan pemain </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.6 Petugas (Crew)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Staf Produksi </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Tjokroatmodjo (1985), staf produksi terdiri atas:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Produ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">er</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Produser adalah orang yang mengurus produksi secara keseluruhan, menetpakan karyawan, petugas, anggaran biaya, program kerja, serta memilih naskah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Direktor (sutradara)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sutradara sebagai coordinator pelaksanaan tugas-tugas teater/drama serta mengkoordinasikan tugas-tugas orang teater/drama.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stage manager</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stage manager adalah orang yang memimpin pertunjukan/pementasan (pemimpin panggung), membantu sutradara dalam mengkoordinasikan seluruh tugas persiapan orang teater</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Designer</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Designer adalah orang yang bertanggung jawab menyiapkan segala property yang digunakan dalam pementasan drama. Baik itu kostum, make-up, lighting, sound, serta dekkorasi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Crew (petugas)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">→</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Crew adalah orang-orang yang bekerja di bagian pentas, bagian perlengkapan, bagian tata lampu, bagian tata suara serta music.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pembisik →</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembisik adalah orang yang bertugas membantu para actor yang lupa akan dialog dalam naskah. Ia mengingatkan actor tersebut melalui bisikan dari belakang layar.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan (management)</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Tjokroatmodjo (1985), penatalaksanaan terdiri atas:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stage manager → memimpin pertunjukan/pementasan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Business manager → mengurus masalah-masalah pembukuan (pengeluaran dan pemasukan), transaksi, fasilitas, dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">House manager → menyiapkan gedung pertunjukan, melayani penonton, mengatur penerimaan undangan/tamu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Publicity manager → mengurus segala urusan publikasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Box-office manager → mengurus pemasaran/penjualan/pendistribusian karcis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.7 Penonton</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut tambajong (1981), ada tiga motivasi yang menyebabkan masyarakat<span> </span>cendrung jadi penonton teater, yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penonton peminat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">benar-benar mengerti seni dan menyukai drama</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penonton Iseng</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">diajak atau ikut-ikut teman</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penonton Penasaran </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">datang karena ingin tahu siapa pemainnya dan bagaimana aktingnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Tambajong (1981), ada tiga </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">cara mempesona penonton</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pesona adalah guna-guna, jampi, mantra. Cara-cara mempesona penonton<span> yaitu: </span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengasingkan penonton</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengejutkan penonton</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyerang penonton</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</tbody></table><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB V</span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TEKNIK-TEKNIK BERMAIN DRAMA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.1 Teknik Muncul</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Rendra (1982) Teknik muncul </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yakni</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sutau </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">teknik </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dimana </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">seorang pemain untuk pertama kalinya tampil di atas pentas dalam satu sandiwara, satu babak, atau satu adegan. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadang-kadang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ia muncul </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">diwaktu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>pemain-pemain yang lain sudah berada di pentas dalam satu adegan, ia muncul tepat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">waktu layar dibuka<span> </span>dan ia sudah ada di</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> atas </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>pentas, atau</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pun </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>ia muncul seorang diri di atas pentas sebagai pembuka </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">suatu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">adegan pertama, bisa juga ia muncul setelah babak kedua,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana ia mulai kelihatan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">atau berada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">di atas pentas, itulah yang disebut muncul.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Rendra (1993) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hal yang harus dicapai oleh aktor/aktris dalam pemunculannya yang pertama, jangan sampai ia merusak suasana dan sedapat mungkin sudah bisa mencerminkan garis besar peran yang ia mainkan. Pada waktu ia akan keluar dari panggung perlu juga ia dengan kreatif meninggalkan kesan kecil, jangan terlalu berlebihan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.2 Teknik Memberi Isi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rendra (1982) menjelaskan bahwa naskah sandiwara yang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berisi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dialog-dialog </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bagus sekalipun apabila dimainkan oleh pemain yang tak tahu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau tidak mengerti akan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">teknik memberi isi, akan menjadi suatu pertunjukan yang tidak memikat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">atau tidak bagus </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">karena datarnya, dan tidak mengandung hidup maka sebenarnyalah, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dimana t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">eknik memberi isi itu sama dengan teknik memberi hidup pada kalimat-kalimat dan perbuatan di dalam sandiwara</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> agar sandiwara yang dimainkan akan memikat para penontonnya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teater yang hidup adalah teater yang bisa menyampaikan pesan kepada penonton dengan baik. Pesan-pesan tersebut tidak hanya didengar oleh penonton, tetapi diaplikasikan dalam kehidupannya. Namun, untuk menarik minat penonton bukanlah hal yang mudah. Penikmat teater saat ini sangat sedikit. Hal ini tentu saja karena pengaruh teknologi. Mereka lebih suka menonton film melalui televisi ataupun di bioskop. Padahal, yang mereka tonton itu telah mengalami beberpa kali editan, berbeda dengsn teater yang memang pertunjukan murni yang disampaikan secara langsung tanpa proses editan. Oleh karena itu, untuk menarik penonton, pemain harus mampu menciptakan teater yang hidup tersebut. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Saini (1988) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">teater yang hidup adalah teater yang di satu pihak tidak kehilangan kemandiriannya sebagai seni kreatif,<span> </span>di pihak lain tidak memalingkan diri dari kehidupan.<span> </span>Ia tetap mempertahankan nilai instrinsiknya sebagai seni dengan setia tunduk kepada kaidah-kaidah kesenian yang mewujudkan dirinya. Dengan demikian ia tetap menjadi lembaga masyarakat yang khas dan mandiri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Rendra (1982) Teknik menonjolkan perasaan dan pikiran dibalik kalimat-kalimat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang terdapat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">di dalam sandiwara yaitu: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknik pengucapan yaitu: </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tekanan dinamika ialah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">suatu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tekanan keras dalam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> suatu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pengucapan. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimana adanya tekanan didalam pengucapan seseorang. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tekanan nada adalah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">suatu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tekanan tinggi rendahnya nada dalam pengucapan satu kata dalam sebuah kalimat.</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tekanan tempo ialah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">suatu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tekanan lambat dan cepatnya kita mengucapkan sebuah kata dalam kalimat. </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.3 Teknik Pengembangan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menutur Rendra (1982), teknik pengembangan dengan pengucapan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dapat kita </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">capai dengan empat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">cara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menaikkan volume suara </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menaikkan tinggi nada suara </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menaikkan kecepatan tempo suara </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggurangi volume tinggi nada dan kecepatan tempo suara </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknik pengembangan dengan jasmani bisa dicapai dengan 5 cara yaitu: </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan cara menaikkan tingkatan posisi jasmani. Dengan cara berpaling, ini termasuk memalingkan kepala, tubuh,dan selurruh badan </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan cara berpindah tempat, yaitu berpindah tempat dari kiri ke kanan, atau dari belakang ke depan atau dari depan ke belakang, atau dari mana kemana asal berpindah tempat dengan alasan yang tepat, menciptakan keragaman penempatan pemain </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan cara melakukan gerakan angota-<span> </span>angota badan, yaitu tanpa berubah tempat, sang pemain melambaikan tangannya, mengembangkan jari-jarinya atau menghentikan kakinya </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan air muka, seperti halnya dengan gerakan anggota badan, perubahan-perubahan pada air muka mencerminkan pula perkembangan emosi.</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.4 Teknik Membina Puncak-puncak</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Rendra (1982) Teknik membina puncak-puncak </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ini dapat juga disebut dengan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>klimaks dari suatu cerita, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dimana </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tanpa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">adanya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">puncak-puncak ini sandiwara akan menjadi membosankan. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>lima macam teknik menahan yaitu sebagai berikut: </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan menahan intensitas emosi. Emosi baru dicapai pada tingkat puncak </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan menahan reaksi terhadap perkembangan alur.</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan teknik gabungan </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan teknik permainan bersama </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan teknik penepatan pemain yaitu dengan memindah-mindahkan tempat pemain didalam panggung </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.3 Timing<span> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rendra (1993) mengatakan “Timing adalah ketepatan hubungan waktu antara aksi dan keadaan. Rendra (1982) menjelaskan bahwa Teknik Timing berarti ketetapan hubungan antara gerakan jasmani yang berlangsung sekejap dua kejap dengan kata atau kalimat yang diucapkan. Ada tiga macam hubungan waktu antara grakan jasmani dan dialog yang diucapkan: </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerakan dilakukan sebelum kata-kata itu diucapkan </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gerakan dilakukan sambil kata-kata diucapkan </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gerakan dilakukan setelah kata-kata diucapkan </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.4 Teknik Menonjolkan dan Teknik Penonjolan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknik Menonjolkan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rendra (1982) menyatakan bahwa teknik menonjolkan adalah pelaksanaan pemiihan terhadap isi-isi tersebut yang dianggap paling penting. Dalam hubungan itu teknik pengucapan meskipun memang bisa dipakai kurang manjur sebagai teknik menonjolkan. Sebab ia hanya dalam keadaan-keadaan istimewa ia bisa dipakai tanpa mengesankan takaran emosi yang berlebih-lebihan.teknik yang lebih manjur dalam hal ini ialah teknik jasmani, yaitu teknik dengan air muka, gerakan anggota badan, dan gerakan badan. Belajar mempercayai kata-kata dalam naskah-naskah, dan juga menghormatinya, itulah hal yamg harus dikerjakan oleh calon pemain.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknik Penonjolan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Rendra (1982) “Teknik penonjolan adalah pelaksanaan dari pemilihan terhadap isi-isi tersebut yang dianggap paling penting. sebagai seniman penafsir, puncak dari tugas seorang pemain dalam peranan ialah menafsirkan, dalam hai ini kerja sama dengan sutradara sangat diperlukan. Pemain harus memberikan penafsiran pada peranannya, sedangkan sutradara harus<span> </span>mengontrol penafsiran keseluruhan sandiwara. Di dalam proses penafsiran sangat perlu bagi sang penafsir untuk memilih, bagian-bagian yang mana yang perlu ditonjolkan agar gambaran penafsirannya menjadi jelas.”</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</tbody></table><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB VI</span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDEKATAN ANALISIS DRAMA</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.1 Pendekatan Objektif</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut M. H. Abrams dalam Hassanudin (1996) Pendekatan objektif merupakan penyelidikan karya sastra berdasarkan kenyataan teks sastra itu sendiri. Kenyataan teks sastra maksudnya unsur-unsur yang trdapat dalam teks sastra, baik unsur intrinsi maupun unsur ekstrinsik. Melalui pendekatan objektif, kita mengapresiasi sastra berdasarkan struktur pembangunnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip Umum Pendekatan Objektif</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Hassanudin (1996), prinsip umum pendekatan objektif meliputi:<b> </b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penganalisisan hanya bertumpu pada teks drama semata dan lepas dari unsur-unsur luar yang mempunyai andil penciptaan sebelumnya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karya fiksi dibangun oleh beberapa unsur, seperti gaya bahasa, sudut pandang, alur, penokohan dan latar. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penganalisisan drama sebagai genre sastra adalah dengan membongkar unsur ke subunsur yang sekecil-kecilnya untuk disusun kembali dengan logika rasional.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keseluruhan dan kebutuhan drama dipreteli menjadi unsur-unsur tetapi tidak dibiarkan terpisah dan terlepas. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Antara unsur utama makna bahasa dengan unsur penunjang struktur bahasa, tidak dapat dilihat sebagai unsur-unsur yang berdiri sendiri. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penginterpretasian dilakukan bertahap-tahap sesuai dengan hubungan unsur-unsur yang sederajat atau setingkat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.2 Pendekatan Mimesis</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut M. H. Abrams dalam Hassanudin (1996) Pendekatan mimesis adalah pendekatan penganalisisan karya sastra yang bertolak dari anggapan perlunya penelusuran kenyataan realitas objektif. Karya sastra dianggap sebagai pencerminan dari realitas kehidupan manusia dan alam. Melalui pendekatan mimesis, dapat kita ketahui apakah sebuah karya sastra yang dianalisis tersebut merupakan pencerminan dari kenyataan atau bahkan hanya imajinasi pengarang saja.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip Umum Pendekatan Mimesis</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Hassanudin (1996), prinsip umum pendekatan mimesis meliputi:<b> </b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karya sebagi sesuatu yang otonom tidaklah berarti tidak boleh dihubungkan dengan realitas objektif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan rekaan dengan kenyataan tidaklah berlangsung secara keseluruhan, tetapi berhubungan antara bagian rekaan dengan bagian kenyataan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi kehidupan sosial budaya seperti dalam kenyataan realitas objektif tidaklah terpilah-pilah sebagai kondisi ekonomi semata, atau kondisi agama, kondisi politik, kondisi hankam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Besar atau kecil hubungan antara kenyataan drama dengan realitas objektif tidaklah dapat dijadikan tolok ukur berhasilnya atau gagalnya sebuah karya drama.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur drama<span> </span>yang berhubungan dan penting ditelusuri hanyalah unsur isi drama, yaitu penokohan, alur, peristiwa dan motif, latar dan ruang serta konflik. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara garis besar ada dua metode yang dikembangkan dalam meninjau hubungan kenyataan drama dengan kenyataan realitas objektif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.2 Pendekatan Ekspresif</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut M. H. Abrams dalam Hassanudin (1996) Pendekatan ekspresif berpandangan bahwa pengarang adalah faktor yang paling penting dalam proses penciptaan drama. Perasaan pengarang, latar belakang kehidupan pengarang turut mempengaruhi terciptanya drama tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip Umum Pendekatan Ekspresif </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Hassanudin (1996), prinsip umum pendekatan ekspresif meliputi:<b> </b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Drama sebagai sesuatu yang otonom tetap dihargai sebagai sesuatu yang terlepas dari pengarang yang menciptakannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada keterkaitan logis sebagai salah satu faktor yang mendorong proses penciptaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah karya drama tidaklah dapat dipandang sepenuhnya mewakili pemikiran dan visi pengarang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kepribadian pengarang dapat berhubungan dengan kepribadian tokoh drama ciptaannya, tetapi tidak dengan keseluruhan tokoh-tokoh drama.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Besar atau kecilnya hubungan antara niat pengarang dengan makna muatan drama tidaklah dpt dijadikan tolak ukur berhasil atau gagalnya sebuah karya drama.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur drama yang berhubungan dengan pengarang dapat berupa isi maupun struktur drama.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan ekspresif dalam terapannya cenderung memanfaatkan psikologi, seperti psikoanalisisdari Sigmund Freud, psikologi analitis dari Carl Gustav Jung.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.3 Pendekatan pragmatis</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut M. H. Abrams dalam Hassanudin (1996) Pendekatan pragmatis </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berpandangan bahwa unsur penentu dalam pemberian sebuah makna sebuah karya sastra adalah pembaca</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Pembaca mampu mendapat pelajaran setelah menikmati sebuah karya sastra, dan amanat yang terdapat dalam karya sastra itu tersampaikan dengan baik kepada pembaca.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip Umum Pendekatan Pragmatis</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Hassanudin (1996), prinsip umum pendekatan ekspresif meliputi:<b> </b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembaca pada dasarnya dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga klasifikasi yaitu pembaca biasa yang membaca teks drama dengan pemberian makna sebagaimana tetulis, pembaca pandai yang membaca teks drama dengan pemberian makna berdasarkan interpretasi tanda-tanda dalam teks drama, dan pembaca ideal yang membaca teks drama dengan interpretasi dan pengolahan maknanya bagi kehidupan manusia dalam proyeksi masa lalu, kini, dan mendatang.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan pembaca disebabkan adanya perbedaan horison pembaca terhadap drama berdasarkan pembacanya yang terdahulu dan pengalaman budayanya.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyelidikan secara objektif tetap dipelukan karena efek sastra terhadap pembaca ditentukan oleh hubungan antar unsur intrinsik drama dengan horison harapan pembaca.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orientasi pendekatan pragmatis tidaklah untuk menentukan kualitas estetik suatu teks drama, tetapi menyelidiki penerimaan dan reaksi pembaca dan masyarakat terhadap suatu karya drama.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembaca di dalam proses pembacaan berkecendrungan mengidentifikasikan dirinya dengan tokoh drama tertentu, sebaliknya ia akan mengontradiksi dirinya dengan tokoh drama tertentu.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
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</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span> <br clear="ALL" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB VI</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ISTILAH-ISTILAH DALAM DRAMA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam pementasan drama dikenal dengan beberapa istilah (Rendra, 1982) yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ham-acting ialah permainan yang terlalu banyak memberi bumbu-bumbu tambahan atau efek-efek tekhnis yang sifatnya menghias, hiasan-hiasan yang berlebihan akan melemahkan isi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obvious-acting ialah permainan yang terlalu jelas yaitu permainan yang penuh dengan pengulangan-pengulangan yang tujuannya untuk lebih menjelaskan, jadi bukan dimaksud sebagai pengulangan-pengulangan yang berirama.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">k</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ting</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Tjokroatmodjo (1985) akting yaitu<b> </b></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">segala gerak/perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh para pelaku (mimik, pantomimik, dialog) dan segala kejadian yang menggambarkan situasi, termasuk ilustrasi suara. Mimik adalah ekspresi wajah (perubahan raut muka atau wajah). Pantomimik adalah gerakan-gerakan tubuh (badan). Sedangkan dialog adalah pembicaraan dengan lawan mainnya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">k</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ting bertujuan untuk menjadi peran/mengekspresikan suatu perwatakan. Dengan berakting, seorang aktor akan menggambarkan wataknya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakon<b>. </b>Menurut Wiyanto (2002) “</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakon disesuaikan dengan kejadian (peristiwa) : (1) kelahiran atau kematian, (2) perkawinan dan perceraian, (3) perbuatan sosial atau kejahatan, dan (4) perdamaian atau peperangan. Lakon harus dibuat menarik supaya banyak orang menjadi penasaran dan ingin menonton peristiwa apa yang ada dalam cerita itu. Lakon drama bersumber pada kehidupan manusia. Karena itu, drama sebenarnya merupakan penyajian ulang kisah yang<span> </span>dialami manusia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">”</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Action</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Menurut Tjokroatmodjo (1985) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Action tentunya berbeda dengan acting. Action adalah segala kegiatan/perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh para pelaku; segala kejadian yang menggambarkan situasi termasuk ilustrasi suara (= akting serta <span>urutan peristiwa</span>). Pada bagian action, pemain itu berindak dan melakukan perbuatan. Salah satu bagian action adalah bloking. Di mana bloking ini adalah perubahan posisi pemain.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Action tidak hanya meliputi blocking, namun juga meliputi urutan peristiwa. Urutan peristiwa dalam action adalah sesuatu yang digambarkan/dibawakan oleh para pelaku sesuai dengan isi naskah (ide pengarang) dan cita-rasa sutradara.</span> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> </div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span> <br clear="ALL" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Abdullah, Imran T, dkk. 1985. <i>Memahami Drama Putu Wijaya: ADUH. </i>Jakarta: Pusat Pendidikan dan Pengembangan Bahasa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Al Mubarry, Dasri. 2005<i>. Panggung Drama</i>. Pekanbaru</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasanuddin, WS. 1996. <i>Drama Karya dalam Dua Dimensi</i>. Bandung: Angkasa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">K.M, Saini. 1988. <i>Teater Moderen Indonesia. </i>Bandung: Bina Cipta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rendra. 1982. <i>Rendra Tentang Bermain Drama. </i>Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">----------. 1993. <i>Seni Drama untuk Remaja. </i>Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tambajong, Japi. 1981. <i>Dasar-dasar Dramaturgi. </i>Bandung: Pustaka Prima</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saptaria<i>, </i>El<i> </i>Ririk<i>.</i>2006<i>. <span>Acting</span>. </i>Bandung<i>:</i>Rekayasa<i> </i>Sains<i>.</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumardjo, Jakob. 1986. <i>Ikhtisar Sejarah Teater Barat</i>. Bandung: Angkasa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tjokroatmojo. 1985. <i>Pendidikan Seni Drama (Suatu Pengantar). </i>Surabaya: Usaha Nasional</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wiyanto, Asul. 2002. <i>Terampil Bermain Drama. </i>Jakarta: Grasindo</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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<tr> <td> <div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">34</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span> </div>sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-22734610615926557942011-09-15T18:51:00.000-07:002011-09-15T18:51:34.616-07:00cinta segitiga^^<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9gf282M-_tW1jFssor2GkwSAADx7Dl-ZJJ0WCy78uVJ_M7penufDSzhpS-eMgA8D00MEy0s2CwvVaIbLCK8wyqWOc9oYz1j8dicLwvGbqMhKj_mW3AQCcKnxQa8saNcyrirRDaW2UVOv7/s1600/f%252Cy%252Ca.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9gf282M-_tW1jFssor2GkwSAADx7Dl-ZJJ0WCy78uVJ_M7penufDSzhpS-eMgA8D00MEy0s2CwvVaIbLCK8wyqWOc9oYz1j8dicLwvGbqMhKj_mW3AQCcKnxQa8saNcyrirRDaW2UVOv7/s640/f%252Cy%252Ca.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>eccciiiieeee..... ini lagi orang paling berarti dalam hidup saya selain tuhan dan keluarga.. mereka ini notabene nya sie cinta segitiga.. hahahaha* liad deh itu, meskipun begitu, mereka tetap akur dong yah.. ini yang sangat saya kagumi dan patut ditiru,, ^^ semoga hubungannya langgeng dan abadi ampe 7 turunan lha yeh bow.. trus jangan lupa sisain harta warisan buat keturunan ke-8 supaya gak jadi pengemis ^^<br />
selamat menempuh hidup baru *ehh........... ^,^sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-67845485971367907372011-09-15T05:10:00.000-07:002011-09-15T05:10:35.191-07:00"Lebai Malang"<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl4kurow9h827rgYxPCHIBIBmI5_fjR5VEFn2nXVTt7r1i6RP4FE37pZvsNOOlYAixuFTDUo2MuFFRd_ke3awn1aXy6uPJu9KQ9kPRoS1KtD3h8SQaN9xPhVUhXhz5O5op-QEBXPS8NNWA/s1600/yd+fr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl4kurow9h827rgYxPCHIBIBmI5_fjR5VEFn2nXVTt7r1i6RP4FE37pZvsNOOlYAixuFTDUo2MuFFRd_ke3awn1aXy6uPJu9KQ9kPRoS1KtD3h8SQaN9xPhVUhXhz5O5op-QEBXPS8NNWA/s200/yd+fr.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>sahabat itu bagiku adalah orang yang amat berarti. tanpa mereka, aku mungkin gak akan pernah mengerti akan arti kesetiaan, kesabaran, kekompakan, dan kejujuran. kini, meskipun kita udah dewasa, kita masih sama seperti waktu kita masih remaja, tetap bersahabat seperti dulu, sarap seperti dulu dan "gila" seperti dulu. namun, adalah sedikit banyak yang berubah dari dua orang sahabatku ini. terutama, penampilan dan gaya bicaranya, maklum yah.. udah dewasa ^^. aku selalu ngerasa beruntung punya sahabat seperti mereka, karena mereka kan langkaa yah, trus unik lagi itu wajahnya, orang dapet temen beginian 1 aja susah loh.. tapi aku punya 2.... gkgkgkgkgkgk* aku sayang kalian...... :)sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-86220251622771568872011-09-14T20:20:00.000-07:002011-09-14T20:20:54.645-07:00kau ajarkan ku rindu<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh48b-PQ9isdJ52exI-RW6XlSI8ftdKZlCv1bYTz97kmzpkuxMDZ7CJ7Z3X2LFzGrPoFNOePmYxKr55WcP29hXj1MMtz5Cu3NgEB-uakjtCdMysLdt4fWEgDrzkyiVhcFLjBHhfG6UCmHGz/s1600/335135_197017477035324_100001812184443_514370_2066067062_oll.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh48b-PQ9isdJ52exI-RW6XlSI8ftdKZlCv1bYTz97kmzpkuxMDZ7CJ7Z3X2LFzGrPoFNOePmYxKr55WcP29hXj1MMtz5Cu3NgEB-uakjtCdMysLdt4fWEgDrzkyiVhcFLjBHhfG6UCmHGz/s640/335135_197017477035324_100001812184443_514370_2066067062_oll.jpg" width="536" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">KAU AJARKAN KU RINDU<br />
<br />
di ujung lelahku<br />
kutemukan dirimu<br />
kau hiasi hariku<br />
bersamamu selalu<br />
<br />
bila kelak kita bersama<br />
akan kujaga cinta kita<br />
hingga akhir hayat hidupku<br />
kumencintaimu selalu<br />
<br />
kau berikanku cinta<br />
hingga ku kenal bahagia<br />
kau ajarkan kurindu<br />
yang tak pernah bosan <br />
menunggu hadirmu....<br />
</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-59833589198149350882011-09-14T02:45:00.000-07:002011-09-15T05:14:53.643-07:00hubungan setting dengan unsur signifikan lainnya<m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaJpR3-Ym_M5HPQrznKBX2_AaYiTBZFm3KsU4ODuHQjcjt3k36Eu2c1aahzxr_L9qd6niXwtVUXd3uthrowLh7qhovSL5Rog0eXN2l1V_57PDQudfTIdY4QUg_72MR7137z8AfTeMpHPfB/s1600/07032011%2528021%2529-001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaJpR3-Ym_M5HPQrznKBX2_AaYiTBZFm3KsU4ODuHQjcjt3k36Eu2c1aahzxr_L9qd6niXwtVUXd3uthrowLh7qhovSL5Rog0eXN2l1V_57PDQudfTIdY4QUg_72MR7137z8AfTeMpHPfB/s640/07032011%2528021%2529-001.jpg" width="426" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">HUBUNGAN SETTING DENGAN UNSUR SIGNIFIKAN LAINNYA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh: Sartini Dede Irawati dan Elsa Adrilla</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Semi (1998: 8) mengatakan “Sastra adalah suatu bentuk dan hasil pekerjaan seni kreatif yang objeknya adalah manusia dan kehidupannya dengan menggunakan bahasa sebagai mediumnya.” Suatu karya sastra baik prosa maupun drama memiliki beberapa komponen atau bagian yang dapat mendukung terjalinnya suatu cerita atau peristiwa. Unsur yang mendukung karya sastra terbagi dua, yakni unsur intrinsik dan unsur ekstrinsik. Unsur intrinsik karya sastra terdiri atas: (1) tema, (2) amanat, (3) alur, (4) latar, (5) gaya bahasa, (6) sudut pandang, (7) tokoh dan penokohan. Ketujuh unsur-unsur tesebut berpadu sehingga membentuk suatu jalinan cerita.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur ekstrinsik adalah unsur-unsur yang berada di luar cerita, tetapi ia menjadi bahan untuk terciptanya suatu cerita atau peristiwa. Unsur ekstrinsik mencakup segala sisi kehidupan manusia seperti masalah sosial, ekonomi, pendidikan, politik, budaya, dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedua unsur yang ada pada karya sastra ini merupakan hal yang menarik dikaji secara ilmiah. Namun dalam makalah ini, penulis hanya mengkaji hubungan setting dengan unsure signifikan lainnnya. Dalam hal ini, unsur-unsur intrinsik karya sastra menjadi pedoman pengkajian. Karya sastra yang dianalisis adalah novel <i>Sukreni Gadis Bali </i>karya A.A. Panji Tisna. Dari novel tersebut, penulis hanya akan memfokuskan pada hubungan latar/setting dengan unsur intrinsik lainnya, yaitu hubungan setting dengan tema, hubungan setting dengan gaya bahasa, hubungan setting dengan tokoh dan penokohan, hubungan setting dengan alur, hubungan setting dengan sudut pandang, dan hubungan setting dengan amanat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis mempunyai alasan mengapa memilih latar/setting dari ketujuh unsur intrinsic yang dijadikan unsure yang dihubungkan dengan unsure signifikan lainnya. Latar/setting merupakan unsur yang paling dominan dalam karya sastra, sehingga latar/setting tentu akan mempengaruhi unsur intrinsik lainnya. Untuk itu, penulis akan membahas hubungan latar/setting dengan unsur signifikan lainnya tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembatasan Masalah</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Batasan masalah perlu dibuat mengefektifkan suatu penelitian. Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Surakhmad (1990: 36) “Sebuah masalah yang dirumuskan tidak umum dan terlalu luas tidak pernah dipakai sebagai masalah penyelidikan. Oleh karena itu, tidak pernah jelas batas-batas masalah itu.” Oleh sebab itu, masalah perlu pula memenuhi syarat dalam perumusan terbatas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun masalah yang akan dibahas dalam makalah ini adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimanakah hubungan setting dengan hubungan sosial dalam novel <i>Sukreni Gadis Bali </i>karya A.A. Panji Tisna?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimanakah hubungan setting dengan tema dalam novel <i>Sukreni Gadis Bali </i>karya A.A. Panji Tisna?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimanakah hubungan setting gaya bahasa dalam novel <i>Sukreni Gadis Bali </i>karya A.A. Panji Tisna?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimanakah hubungan setting dengan tokoh dan penokohan dalam novel <i>Sukreni Gadis Bali </i>karya A.A. Panji Tisna?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan penulis menganalisis novel <i>Sukreni Gadis Bali </i>karya A.A. Panji Tisna untuk menemukan jawaban terhadap permasalah yang telah diuraikan pada bagian atas: </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memaparkan hubungan setting dengan hubungan sosial novel <i>Sukreni Gadis Bali </i>karya A.A. Panji Tisna</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memaparkan hubungan setting dengan tema novel <i>Sukreni Gadis Bali </i>karya A.A. Panji Tisna</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memaparkan hubungan setting dengan gaya bahasa novel <i>Sukreni Gadis Bali </i>karya A.A. Panji Tisna</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memaparkan hubungan setting dengan tokoh dan penokohan novel <i>Sukreni Gadis Bali </i>karya A.A. Panji Tisna</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat teoritis dari analisis ini adalah untuk pengembangan ilmu sastra di Indonesia. Khususnya dalam bidang genre novel, apalagi dalam bidang penerapan teori prosa untuk kajian ilmiah, khususnya kajian mengenai hubungan antar unsur-unsur intrinsik sastra.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat praktis dari analisis ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan pembaca dalam memahami novel dengan memahami hunfungan antar unsure-unsur intrinsic novel, baik pembaca di lingkungan pelajar, mahasiswa, maupun masyarakat umum yang berminat pada pemahaman novel.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN TEORITIS</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Landasan Teori</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep Mengenai Sastra</span></b></div>sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-80950456059553302842011-09-14T02:36:00.000-07:002011-09-17T01:15:19.020-07:00kritik sastra<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7fwxCszsAa0qXdil2D7z9CpWt6Z9fwhyif2wriuApY__YM_wndYlJhF2FU5JDAL0k12xTROBTDqcYjrjlPE6yXaxAspkbEw6rmdAp_LzFPqAhGjssqu_RalUrh2NqRUrSKNh9oNi2iBlt/s1600/22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7fwxCszsAa0qXdil2D7z9CpWt6Z9fwhyif2wriuApY__YM_wndYlJhF2FU5JDAL0k12xTROBTDqcYjrjlPE6yXaxAspkbEw6rmdAp_LzFPqAhGjssqu_RalUrh2NqRUrSKNh9oNi2iBlt/s320/22.jpg" width="240" /></a><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang Masalah</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sastra merupakan suatu bentuk dan hasil pekerjaan seni kreatif yang objeknya adalah manusia dan kehidupannya dengan menggunakan bahasa sebagai medianya. Dalam penciptaan sastra harus ada ide yang akan dinyatakan dalam karya itu, ada bahasa untuk menyampaikannya, ada intelektualitas yang ingin diamanahkannya, ada penulis yang akan menuliskan dan merealisasikan ide tersebut dan ada pembaca, penikmat yang akan memberikan penilaian terhadap karya cipta itu. Dengan demikian, karya cipta yang berasal dari proses kreatif itu dapat diterima oleh pembaca.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa dalam sastra bukan hanya untuk dipahami, tapi yang lebih penting adalah keberadaan pilihan kata itu meninggalkan pesan pada pikiran pembaca. “sastra bukan hanya bergantung pada apa yang disampaikan, tetapi juga bagaimana ia disampaikan, sastra sangat erat dengan penggunaan bahasa dan bagaimana bahasa itu digunakan” (Jalil dan Rahman, 2001:11)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sastra adalah karya dan kegiatan seni yang berhubungan dengan ekspresi dan penciptaan, dan juga merupakan ungkapan spontan dari perasaan yang mendalam, serta ekspresi pikiran dalam bahasa. Maksud “pikiran” adalah pandangan, ide-ide, perasaan, pemikiran dan semua kegiatan mental manusia. Bahan untuk mewujudkan bentuk sastra adalah bahasa. Bahasa dalam sastra dapat berwujud lisan dan melahirkan sastra lisan. Akan tetapi juga dapat dalam bentuk tulisan yang melahirkan sastra tulis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Masalah</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika ingin mengapresiasikan suatu karya sastra seperti cerpen, berarti kita membicarakan suatu karya seni yang mengandung unsur-unsur intrinsik yang lengkap dan membutuhkan pemahaman yang tinggi pula agar sebuah cerpen dapat dipahami dengan baik. Dengan kepribadian cerpen yang demikianlah, jelas bahwa betapa rumit dan kompleksnya cerpen itu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai karya sastra yang baik kalau tidak dipahami pembaca tentu tudak akan berarti apa-apa. Untuk memahami suatu karya sastra harus ditempuh dengan berbagai cara. Salah satun cara memahaminya yaitu dengan menganalisis karya sastra tersebut. Oleh sebab itu, perlu adanya model kajian cerpen yang uraiannya mendalam, sistematis tetapi praktis, dapat dipergunakan untuk memahami cerpen secara lebih mudah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Masalah perlu dirumuskan dan ruang lingkupnya dibatasi sesuai dengan kemampuan penulis. Masalah yang dimaksud adalah bagaimana menganalisis cerpen <i>Waktu Nayla </i>karya Djenar Maesa Ayu<i> </i>berdasarkan pendekatan-pendekatan sastra?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengingat banyaknya permasalahan dalam kegiatan menganalisis cerpen, maka penulis mengambil suatu alternatif agar tidak terjadi kerancuan dan penyimpangan dalam pembahasan. Penulis membatasi masalah dengan membahas:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan mimetik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan pragmatik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan ekspresif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan semiotik peirce</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan semiotik Saussure</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan sintagmatik dan paradigmatik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan sosiologi sastra</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan formalisme</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan resepsi sastra</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan intertekstual</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan dekonstruksi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan penulis menganalisis cerpen <i>Waktu Nayla</i> karya Djenar Maesa Ayu ini untuk menemukan jawaban terhadap permasalah yang telah diuraikan pada bagian atas:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memaparkan hasil analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan mimetik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memaparkan hasil analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan pragmatik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memaparkan hasil analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan ekspresif</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memaparkan hasil analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan semiotik peirce</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memaparkan hasil analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan semiotik saussure</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memaparkan hasil analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan sintagmatik dan paradigmatik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memaparkan hasil analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan sosiologi sastra</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memaparkan hasil analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan formalisme</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memaparkan hasil analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan resepsi sastra</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memaparkan hasil analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan intertekstual</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memaparkan hasil analisis Cerpen Waktu Nayla Karya Djenar Maesa Ayu berdasarkan pendekatan dekonstruksi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat teoritis dari analisis ini adalah untuk pengembangan ilmu sastra di Indonesia. Khususnya dalam bidang genre cerpen, apalagi dalam bidang penerapan teori sastra untuk kajian ilmiah, khususnya penerapan pendekatan-pendekatan sastra.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat praktis dari analisis ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan pembaca dalam memahami cerpen, baik pembaca di lingkungan pelajar, mahasiswa, maupun masyarakat umum yang berminat pada pemahaman cerpen.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MIMETIK</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Mimetik</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara u</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">m</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">um, yang dimaksudkan dengan teori adalah suatu sistem ilmiah atau pengetahuan sistematik yang menetapkan pola pengaturan hubungan antara gejala-gejala yang diamati. Teori berisi konsep/uraian tentang hukum-hukum umum suatu objek ilmu pengetahuan dari suatu titik pandang tertentu. Suatu teori dapat dideduksi secara logis dan dicek kebenarannya (diverifikasi) atau dibantah kesahihannya (difalsifikasi) pada objek atau gejala-gejala yang diamati tersebut. Teori ialah seperangkat konsep, kaidah atau prinsip dasar tentang sastra yang dimanfaatkan oleh pengkaji dalam kajiannya (Jalil dan Rahman, 2004: 161). </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mimesis (Yunani: perwujudan atau peniruan) pertama kali dipergunakan dalam teori-teori tentang seni seperti dikemukakan Plato (428-348) dan Aristoteles (384-322), dan dari abad ke abad sangat mempengaruhi teori-teori mengenai seni dan sastra di Eropa (Van Luxemburg, 1986:15). Aristoteles juga mengambil teori mimesis Plato yakni seni menggambarkan kenyataan, tetapi dia berpendapat bahwa mimesis tidak semata-mata menjiplak kenyataan melainkan juga menciptakan sesuatu yang baru karena 'kenyataan' itu tergantung pula pada sikap kreatif orang dalam memandang kenyataan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan mimetik memandang karya satra sebagai tiruan atau pembayangan dunia kehidupan nyata sebagaimana dikemukakan pertama kali oleh filsuf Plato dan Aristoteles. Plato berpendapat bahwa seni hanyalah tiruan alam yang nilainya jauh di bawah realitas sosial dan ide, sedangkan Aristoteles menyatakan bahwa tiruan itu justru membedakannya dari segala sesuatu yang nyata dan umum karena seni merupakan aktivitas menusia (Yudiono, 2009: 42).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Mimetik</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam mengkaji karya sastra si pengkaji memiliki suatu cara memandang dan mendekati objek tersendiri yang lazim dinamakan pendekatan (Jalil dan Elmustian, 2004: 163). Dengan kata lain pendekatan adalah asumsi-asumsi dasar yang dijadikan pegangan dalam memandang suatu objek (A. Semi dalam Jalil dan Rahman, 2004: 163). </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan Mimetik memandang karya sastra sebagai tiruan atau pembayangan dunia kehidupan nyata. Konsep ini dikembangkan oleh Plato dan diungkapkan oleh Aristoteles. Namun, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">keduanya berbeda dalam menafsirkan makna mimetik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Plato</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Plato memperlihatkan sikapnya yang negatif terhadap seni. Menurut plato seni hanya menyajikan suatu ilusi (khayalan) tentang kenyataan dan tetap jauh dari kenyataan. Teori plato tersebut adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam kenyataan yang dapat kita amati setiap benda terwujud menurut berbagai bentuk, tetapi setiap benda mencerminkan suatu ide yang asli gambar bentuk terhadap aneka bentuk ranjang dan meja tetapi itu semua berasal dari ide atau gambar induk mengenai sebuah ranjang ia menciplak ranjang seperti terhadap dalam dunia ide-ide. Ciplakan atau copy itu menjadi aslinya, artinya: kenyataan yang dapat kita amati dengan panca indra selalu kalah dengan dunia ide. Tapi seorang lebih dekat pada kebenaran dari pada seorang pelukis atau penyair. Mereka menciplak kenyataan yang dapat disentuh dengan panca indera, atau dengan lain perkataan mereka menciplak suatu ciplakan, membuat copy dari sebuah copy, ciplakan mereka tidak bermutu satu-satunya yang dapat mereka capai ialah gambar-gambar yang kosong, yang mengambang (Luxemburg dalam Dianto 2008:15).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Plato, maka tulang-tulang yang membuat berang-barang lebih berguna dari pada orang-orang yang hanya melukiskan barang-barang itu. Para penyair dan penulis tidak kalah penting dibandingkan dengan para pembuat undang-undang, penemu-penemu, guru-guru, dan seterusnya, karena mereka hanya menggambarkan sesuatu. Oleh sebab itu, menurut Plato para penyair dan penulis tidak ada gunanya dalam sebuah negara ideal. Mereka bahkan harus dikeluarkan dari negara itu apalagi karena fiksi, puisi, dan drama memberikan umpan kepada emosi dan meredupkan akal budi. Itulah sebabnya, mengapa fiksi, puisi, dan drama menghalangi usaha menusia untuk menjadi lebih bahagia dan sejahtera. Satu-satunya bentuk fiksi, puisi, dan drama yang boleh dilaksanakan ialah puisi yang berisikan pujian terhadap para dewa dan tokoh-tokoh yang berguna bagi umat manusia, sehingga puisi tersebut mengarahkan manusia pada aspek-aspek positif dalam negara.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun demikian, ucapan Plato itu hendaknya kita baca dalam konteksnya, tapi penolakan Plato terhadap fiksi, puisi, dan drama itu cukup mengherankan. Plato tidak melihat kenyataan bahwa seorang seniman dan penulis bila ia melukiskan sesuatu sekaligus juga menciptakan sesuatu dengan menolak bentuk sastra tertantu dan menerima bentuk sastra lain (yang bersifat pujian) maka Plato dapat dipandang sebagai penemu lembaga sensor yang tak terpuji.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Plato dengan panjang lebar memaparkan peranan karya sastra. Khususnya dalam hubungan dengan kenyataan. Pandangan Plato tidak dapat dilepaskan dari keseluruhan pendirian filsafatnya mengenai kenyataan, yang bersifat hirarki. Menurut Plato ada beberapa tataran tentang nilai-nilai yang mengatasi tatarnnya. Yang nyata secara mutlak hanya yang baik terhadap ada yang abadi.; derajat kenyataan semesta tergantung pada derajat kedekatannya terhadap ada yang abadi (Plato dalam Dianto, 2008:19).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi plato mimesis terikat pada ide pendekatan dan idealisme dalam seni; lewat mimesis tataran yang lebih tinggi hanya dapat disarankan. Dalam rangka ini menurut Plato mimesis atau sarana artistik tidak mungkin mengacu langsung pada nilai-nilai yang ideal, karena seni terpisah dari tataran, ada yang sungguh-sungguh oleh derajat dunia kenyataan yang fenomenal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Seni hanya dapat meniru dan membayangkan hal-hal yang ada dalam kenyataan yang tampak. Jadi berdiri di bawah kenyataan itu sendiri dalam hirarki. Wujud yang ideal terjelma langsung dalam karya seni. Tapi ini tidak berarti bahwa seni sama sekali kehilangan nilai. Sebab walaupun seni terikat pada tataran yang lebih rendah dari kenyataan yang tampak, namun seni yang sungguh-sungguh mencoba mengatasi kenyataan sehari-hari (Teeuw dalam Dianto, 2008: 20).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Plato berpendapat tidak ada pertentangan antara realisme dan idealisme dalam seni: seni yang terbaik lewat mimesis, peneladanan kenyataan mengungkapkan suatu makna hakiki kenyataan itu. Maka seni yang baik harus benar dan seniman harus bersifat rendah hati; dia harus tahu bahwa lewat seni dia hanya dapat mendekati yang ideal dari jauh dan serba salah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aristoteles</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori mimesis Aristoteles sangat bertolak belakang dengan teori mimesis Plato. Aristoteles menganggap sudah sewajarnya bahwa kegiatan seniman dan pengarang dianggap mulia. Mereka adalah seorang pencipta, mereka dapat menciptakan karya berkat daya imajinasinya, sebuah dunia rekaan yang mutu kebenarannya pada azas yang lebih tinggi dan mempunyai nilai estetik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pandangan Aristoteles mengenai mimesis:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penampilan kenyataan dan ide-ide tidak lepas dari yang satu dari yang lainnya, dari setiap objek yang kita amati di dalam kenyataan terkandung idenya dan itu tidak dapat dilepaskan dari objek itu. Bagi Aristoteles mimesis itu tidak semata-mata menciplak kenyataan, melainkan sebuah proses kreatif atau pengarang yang berpijak pada kenyataan, menciptakan sesuatu yang baru. Dengan bermimesis penyair ataupun pengarang menciptakan kembali kenyataan, adapun bahayanya ialah barang-barang seperti pernah ada, atau seperti kita bayangkan atau seperti ada menurut pendapat orang atau seperti seharusnya ada (yaitu fakta dari masa kini atau masa silam, keyakinan, cita-cita) (Luxemburg dalam Dianto, 2008:16-17).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan pandangan tersebut, Aristoteles tidak lagi memandang sastra sebagai suatu tiruan asli mengenai kenyataan, melainkan sebagai suatu ungkapan atau suatu perwujudan mengenai universal atau konsep-konsep umum. Ini bukan berarti dalam pandangan Plato, yakni dunia ide, melainkan sebagai pikiran. Perasaan dan perbuatan yang khas bagi semua orang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep mimesis Aristoteles sering ditafsirkan secara sempit, menampilkan yang universal dalam perbuatan manusia lalu ditafsirkan seolah-olah seorang pengarang menciptakan tipe-tipe sosial yang khas bagi suatu tempat atau kurun waktu tertentu. Apakah dalam karya seni kenyataan indrawi sering ditampilkan sehingga kita dapat mengenalnya kembali. Tetapi dalam ilmu sastra modern teori Aristoteles mengenai mimesis kembali diperhatikan. Aristoteles juga melihat nilai sastra dalam kemampuannya memperlihatkan yang khas dalam suatu peristiwa individual, sehingga pengertian kita tentang kenyataan makin diperdalam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sastra menciptakan kenyataan sendiri terhadap suatu teori, bahwa sastra membuat suatu model mengenai (bagan) kenyataan. Berbagai teori mimesis itu mempunyai suatu unsur yang sama perhatian diarahkan pada hubungan ant ra gambar dan apa yang digambar. Tolok ukur estetik pertama ialah sejauh mana gambar itu sesuai dengan kenyataan. Apakah kenyataan itu merupakan ide dunia yang universal atau dunia yang khas itu tidak begitu penting?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi Aristoteles seniman ataupun penulis lebih tinggi nilai karyanya dari pada seorang tukang; sebab penafsiran kenyataanlah yang dominan dan kepandaiannya diabadikan melalui interpretasi, pemberian makna pada eksistensi manusia. Karya seni menurut Aristoteles menjadi sarana pengetahuan yang khas, cara yang unik untuk pemahaman tentang suatu aspek atau tahap situasi manusia yang tidak dapat diungkapkan dan dikomunikasikan dengan jalan lain. Aristoteles berpendapat lain bahwa mimetik tidak semata-mata menjiplak kenyataan, tetapi merupakan sebuah proses kreatif; pengarang sambil bertitik pangkal pada kenyataan, menciptakan sesuatu yang baru. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan mimetik adalah pendekatan yang mendasarkan pada hubungan karya sastra dengan universe (semesta) atau lingkungan sosial-budaya yang melatarbelakangi lahirnya karya sastra itu. Perhatian penelaah adalah hubungan antara karya seni dan realitas yang melatarbelakangi kemunculannya. Dalam hubungan ini Lewis menjelaskan pendekatan mimetik memandang seni sebagai tiruan dari aspek-aspek realitas, dari gagasan-gagasan eksternal dan abadi, dari pola-pola bunyi, pandangan, gerakan, atau bentuk yang muncul secara terus menerus dan tidak pernah berubah (Lewis, 1976:46). Apabila dirumuskan secara ringkas maka kritik sastra mimetik berarti kritik sastra yang menekankan perhatian atau analisisnya pada ketepatan atau kesesuaian karya sastra dengan objek yang dlukiskan (Yudiono, 2009:44).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip-prinsip Mimetik</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">M.H. Abrams mengatakan bahwa orientasi mimetik menjelaskan seni pada prinsipnya sebuah tiruan dari aspek alam (1953: 8). Andre Haryana berpendapat bahwa aspek mimetik merupakan unsur luar yang sangat berpengaruh dalam proses terciptanya suatu karya sastra, sehingga tidak berlebihan jika dikatakan roman atau novel yang besar lewat daya khayal pengarangnya adalah sebuah penafsiran kembali dari persoalan-persoalan masyarakat, termasuk sejarah dan pengalaman sosial manusia dalam lingkungan hidup dan jamannya. Dari pendapat tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa analisis mimetik berdasarkan pada relevansi antara karya sastra dengan kenyataan yang merupakan proses kreatif pengarang berdasarkan pengalaman hidupnya. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Levin (1973:56-60) mengungkapkan bahwa konsep 'mimesis' itu mulai dihidupkan kembali pada zaman <i>humanisme Renaissance </i>dan <i>nasionalisme Romantik</i>. <i>Humanisme Renaissance </i>sudah berupaya mengkaji prinsipial antara sastra modern dan sastra kuno dengan menggariskan paham bahwa masing-masing kesusastraan itu merupakan ciptaan unik yang memiliki pembayangan historis dalam zamannya. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">George Lukacs, seorang kritikus Marxis terkemuka yang berasal dari Hungaria dan menulis dalam bahasa Jerman (Damono, 1979:31). Lukacs mempergunakan istilah "cermin" sebagai ciri khas dalam keseluruhan karyanya. Lukacs menegaskan pandangan tentang karya realisme yang sungguh-sungguh sebagai karya yang memberikan perasaan artistik yang bersumber dari imajinasi-imajinasi yang diberikannya. Imajinasi-imajinasi itu memiliki totalitas intensif yang sesuai dengan totalitas ekstensif dunia. Penulis tidak memberikan gambaran dunia abstrak melainkan kekayaan imajinasi dan kompleksitas kehidupan untuk dihayati untuk membentuk sebuah tatanan masyarakat yang ideal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaidah Mimetik </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan antara kenyataana dan rekaan dala sastra adalah hubungan dialektis atau bertangga: mimesis tidak mungkin tanpa kreasi tetapi kreasi tidak mungkin tanpa mimesis. Takaran dan kaitan antara kedua-duanya dapat berbeda menurut kebudayaanya, menurut jenis sastra, zaman, kepribadian pengarang dan banyak lagi. Tetapi, yang satu tanpa yang lain tidak mungkin. Perpaduan antara kreasi dan mimesis tidak hanya berlaku untuk penulis sastra. Tidak kalah pentingnya untuk pembaca. Pembaca pun memadukan aktivitas mimetik dengan kreatif mereka. Pemberian makna pada karya sastra berarti perjalanan bolak-balik yang tak berakhir antara dunia nyata dan dunia khayal. Manusia dapat hidup dalam perpaduan antara kenyataan dan impian, yang kedua-duanya hakiki untuk kita sebagai manusia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilihat dari sudut pandang penciptaan atau kepengarangan, dapat dikatakan bahwa karya sastra tidak dapat dilepaskan dari sang pengarangnya. Dalam kaitan ini, dalam proses kepengarangan, sang pengarang itu tentu tidak asal mengarang atau menulis karya sastra; dia tentu terlebih dahulu melakukan observasi dan lalu melakukan komtemplasi (perenungan) atas peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi dalam kehidupan. Melalui proses observasi dan komtemplasi, dia melakukan imajinasi dakam rangka untuk menciptakan karya sastra (berkreasi). Singkat kata, melalui proses-proses itu maka terwujudlah suatu karya sastra.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena karya sastra banyak berkait dengan persoalan-persoalan kemanusiaan, maka untuk dapat memahaminya kita perlu mengkaitkannya dengan bidang-bidang atau disiplin-disiplin sosial/humaniora lainnya. Pemahaman dengan cara yang demikian mengacu kepada pemahaman karya sastra secara interdisipliner.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Brecht, pengarang hendaknya menghindari alur yang dihubungkan secara lancar dengan makna dan nilai-nilai universal yang pasti. Fakta-fakta ketidakadilan dan ketidakwajaran perlu dihadirkan untuk mengejutkan dan mengagetkan pembaca. Pembaca jangan ditidurkan dengan cerita yang dilukiskan sesuai kenyataan, namun harus disertai ilusi-ilusi palsu atau rekaan pengarang dengan tujuan menciptakan suatu karya yang baru dan berbeda. Para pelaku tidak harus menghilangkan personalitas dirinya untuk mendorong identifikasi pembaca atas tokoh-tokoh pahlawannya. Mereka harus mampu menimbulkan efek alienasi (keterasingan). Pemain bukan berfungsi menunjukkan melainkan mengungkapkan secara spontan individualitasnya (Selden, 1991:30-32).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rohrberger dan Woods (1971:9) memandang pendekatan mimetik sebagai pendekatan historis-sosiologis. Pendekatan historis-sosiologis menyaran kepada pendekatan yang menempatkan karya yang sebenarnya dalam hubungannya dengan peradaban yang menghasilkannya. Peradaban di sini dapat didefinisikan sebagai sikap-sikap dan tindakan-tindakan pengarang tertentu dalam mencerminkan serta menggambarkan apa yang dilihatnya, dialaminya dari waktu ke waktu, ditung dan dilukiskan dalam karya sastranya, selain itu sastra mewadahi sikap-sikap dan tindakan-tindakan mereka dalam melukiskan kehidupan maupun alam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam mengimplementasikan pendekatan-pendekatan di atas, kritikus memahami suatu karya atas dasar teks tertulis; kritikus memandang teks tertulis itu sebagai pengungkapan pengalaman, perasaan, imajinasi, persepsi, sikap dan sebagainya dari pengarang; dan kritikus menghubungkannya dengan realitas yang terjadi di masyarakatnya. Langkah-langkah ini pernah dilakukan Fatchul Mu’in (2001) ketika dia menganalisis novel Native Son karya Richard Wright dalam tesisnya yang berjudul Richard Wright’s Native Son: A Study of White Domination and Its Effects on African Americans. Dalam mengimplementasikan pendekatan-pendekatan itu, penulis tesis ini memahami Native Son karya Richard Wright atas dasar teks tertulisnya, kemudia memandangnya sebagai ungkapan pengarang novel itu tentang pengamalannya, perasaannya, imajinasinya dan sebagainya. Setelah itu, dia menghubungkan novel itu dengan realitas atau kehidupan Amerika sebagai latar belakang penulisan novel itu sendiri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode Mimetik</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Yudiono K.S dalam Jalil dan Rahman (2004: 163) metode adalah cara kerja untuk memahami objek suatu kajian. <b> </b>Pengertian metode dalam kritik sastra dapat dipahami sebagai metode analisis yang bertumpu pada pendekatan dan metode yang dapat dilakukan dalam kritik sastra. Pada hakikatnya semua metode kritik sastra adalah analisis teks (karya sastra) karena hanya dengan analisislah karya sastra apapun dapat dijelaskan maknanya. Seperti teori-teori pendekatan sastra yang tidak boleh dipilih-pilih mana yang paling benar, metode-metode kritik sastra pun tidak perlu diperdebatkan mana yang paling benar atau mana pula yang terbaik sebab setiap metode memiliki tugas dan fungsi yang relevan dengan tujuan tertentu dalam kritik sastra (Yudiono, 2009: 54, 61)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode kritik sastra merupakan langkah operasional seorang kritikus dalam menghadapi atau menilai sebuah karya sastra setelah terlebih dahulu menetapkan suatu kerangka teori dan pendekatan sastra. Pada prinsipnya, metode apapun dalam kritik sastra adalah analisis yang nama atau sebutannya sesuai dengan kerangka teori tertentu. Sementara ini, ditawarkan empat metode kritik sastra, yaitu metode pengudaran teks, metode struktural, metode sosiosastra, dan metode perbandingan (Yudiono, 2009: 61). Namun, dalam pendekatan mimetik, kritikus hanya bisa menggunakan metode pengudaran teks. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode Pengudaran Teks</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Yudiono (2009: 61) Prinsip metode pengudaran teks adalah menganalisis karya sastra secara langsung dengan segenap pengalaman dan pengetahuan kritikus sehingga memperoleh pemahaman yang orisinal mengenai karya sastra yang bersangkutan.dengan metode ini, kritikus terikat pada konvensi atau kaidah yang substansinya relevan dengan karya sastra, yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menganalisis dunia pengarang,</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menganalisis segala unsur dan aspek karya sastra,</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merumuskan hasil analisis itu sedemikian rupa sehingga terungkaplah penafsirannya yang orisinil.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuannya adalah menemukan segala makna yang tersembunyi di dalam karya sastra dengan pandangan dasar bahwa karya sastra apapun merupakan sebuah organisme yang utuh dan lengkap dengan segala unsurnya sendiri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menangis Tengah Malam</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Identitas buku</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Judul buku : Mereka Bilang, Saya Monyet!</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Judul cerpen : Waktu Nayla</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengarang : Djenar Maesa Ayu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penerbit : PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cetakan : Ketujuh</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kota terbit : Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahun terbit : 2004</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Halaman : 65-75</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nayla adalah sebuah nama yang diciptakan oleh <b>Djenar Maesa Ayu</b> dalam cerpennya yang berjudul <i>Waktu Nayla</i>. Cerpen yang <b>bersudut pandang</b> orang ketiga serba tahu ini merupakan sebuah cerpen yang <b>bertemakan </b>kehidupan. Kehidupan seorang wanita yang hidupnya seakan dikejar waktu. <b>Alur</b> cerita yang tidak berbelit-belit (maju) membuat pembaca mudah memahami <b>amanat</b> yang ingin disampaikan pengarang. Kita sebagai manusia hanyalah mampu mengikuti aturan dan ketetapan yang telah ditentukan oleh Tuhan. Semua telah diatur olehNya dan kita wajib mentaatiNya hingga batas waktu yang diberikan kepada kita berakhir. Maka, sebelum itu, lakukanlah yang terbaik. Demikian pula lah yang dilakukan oleh tokoh dalam cerpen ini. Dia adalah seorang wanita yang sangat tidak bersahabat dengan waktu. Setiap kegiatan yang ia lakukan selalu terburu-buru karena ia ingin memanfaatkan waktu sebaik mungkin. Ia selalu mengemudi mobilnya dengan kecepatan tinggi agar cepat sampai ke tempat yang ingin ditujunya. Ia selalu memperhatikan detik demi detik jam yang terletak indah <b>di mobilnya</b> itu. Namun, tidak jarang ia mampir <b>di pinggir </b>jalan hanya untuk menanyakan waktu. Kerap kalil ia tidak percaya dengan waktu yang ditunjukkan oleh jam yang terdapat di mobilnya itu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wanita yang ingin menunda waktu ini benar-benar tak ingin membuang waktu tanpa melakukan hal-hal yang bermanfaat. Kadang-kadang, ia begitu iri melihat orang-orang di sekelilingnya bisa menikmati waktu santai bersama keluarga sambil bergandengan tangan, berjemur di tepi pantai, bertamasya, memasak untuk keluarga dan mengantarkan anak ke sekolah. Hal-hal seperti itu sungguh jauh dari hidupnya. kini hidupnya hanya lah berperang dengan waktu. Waktu akan mengeksekusinya dari kehidupan. Ia sangat benci ketika harus mendengar jarum jam berdenting. Suara itu seakan mengatakan padanya bahwa umurnya hanya tinggal setahun saja. Suara itu menakutkannya dan menertawakannya karena kanker ganas yang telah menyerang ovariumnya. Ia pun ketakutan dan mulai meneteskan air mata. Hanya itu yang bisa ia lakukan saat ini. Namun, ia tak hanya berdiam diri. Ia ingin semua ini berakhir baik dan indah. Untuk mewujudkan hal itu, ia menghadap Tuhannya untuk memohon ampun atas segala dosa yang pernah ia lakukan. Ia ingin menjadi hamba Tuhan yang taat sebelum tubuhnya yang kini nyata berubah menjadi abu.</span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tangisan Malam </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Judul cerpen ini sudah menyatakan isinya, yaitu persoalah hidup yang penuh kesedihan, yang mana tokoh perempuan dalam cerita tidak berdaya menerima nasibnya yang akan segera tereksekusi sang waktu. Kemudian sang perempuan diceritakan sebagai wanita yang tegar dalam menghadapi cobaan hidupnya meski kadang kala ia pernah menangis ketakutan. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan cerpennya ini, Djenar Maesa Ayu ingin memberantas kebiasaan perempuan yang hidup bebas, melakukan hal-hal yang melampaui batas, seperti seorang wanita yang hobi <i>clubbing </i>dan <i>nongkrong </i>bersama teman-temannya. Padahal kewajiban seorang istri adalah mengurus rumah tangga. Nayla Maesa Ayu seolah-olah melukiskan kehidupan yang disadari atau tidak, sering terjadi dalam kehidupan kita. Keadaan kita sendiri dilukiskannya dalam cerpennya, kejadian-kejadian di sekeliling kita digambarkannya. Dia melihat dan dia menuliskan. Tetapi, yang dituliskannya adalah yang buruk-buruk. Seolah-olah, keburukan bangsanya dituliskan terang-terangan. Inilah perannya sebagai pujangga. Pujangga yang memperhatikan kemajuan bangsanya. Apa yang didapatnya, itulah yang dilukiskannya dalam cerpennya <i>Waktu Nayla. </i>Dalam cerpen ini, manusia dilukiskannya hidup-hidup, mulai dari moralnya, hingga tingkah lakunya. </span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cerpen yang Bermutu</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertama-tama cerpen ini menarik perhatian justru karena judulnya yang unik, yaitu Waktu Naylaa. Sebelum membacanya, pembaca sempat berfikir apa atau siapakah Nayla itu? Apakah waktu hanya milik Nayla saja? Pikiran-pikiran inilah tentunya yang memotivasi pembaca untuk membaca cerpen ini lebih lanjut. Dengan menceritakan cerminan imajinasi uniknya itu, Djenar Maesa Ayu berhasil membawa pembaca dalam dunia rekaannya yang seolah-olah benar-benar terjadi di dunia nyata. Karya ini dianggap baik dan bermutu karena sesuai dengan harapan dan ideologi kritikus terhadap isi atau dunia rekaan karya sastra yang merupakan pencerminan dari imajinasi pengarang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PRAGMATIK</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Pragmatik</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menganalisis karya sastra berdasarkan teori dan kritik sastra, hendaknya menganalisis karya sastra dengan tidak hanya melihat dari satu norma saja, jangan subjektif melainkan harus objektif dan tidak memihak, harus ada pertimbangan baik buruk karya sastra berdasarkan kenyataannya, sehingga dapat menunjukkan hal-hal yang baru pada karya sastra yang dikritik. Adapun pendekatan yang dapat digunakan dalam menganalisis suatu karya sastra salah satunya adalah pendekatan pragmatik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk diketahui, pendekatan pragmatik adalah pendekatan yang memandang karya sastra sebagai sesuatu yang dibangun untuk mencapai efek-efek tertentu pada <i>audience</i> (pembaca atau pendengar), baik berupa efek kesenangan estetik ataupun ajaran/pendidikan maupun efek-efek yang lain. Pendekatan ini cenderung menilai karya sastra berdasarkan berhasil atau tidaknya pencapaian tujuan tersebut. Selain itu, pendekatan ini menekankan strategi estetik untuk menarik dan mempengaruhi tanggapan-tanggapan pembacanya kepada masalah yang dikemukakan dalam karya sastra.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam ilmu bahasa, pemakaian istilah pragmatik (<i>pragmatics</i>) dipopulerkan oleh seorang filosof bernama Charles Morris (1938), yang mempunyai perhatian besar pada ilmu pengetahuan tentang tanda-tanda, atau semiotik (<i>semiotics</i>). Dalam semiotik, Morris membedakan tiga cabang yang berbeda dalam penyelidikan, yaitu: sintaktik (<i>syntactics</i>) atau sintaksis (<i>syntax</i>) yaitu telaah tentang relasi formal dari tanda yang satu dengan tanda yang lain, semantik (<i>semantics</i>) yaitu telaah tentang hubungan tanda-tanda dengan objek di mana tanda-tanda itu diterapkan (ditandainya), dan pragmatik yaitu telaah tentang hubungan tanda-tanda dengan penafsir (<i>interpreters</i>). Ketiga cabang tersebut kemudian lebih dikenal dengan teori trikotomi.</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Morris memberikan contoh interjeksi seperti <i>Oh</i>!, <i>Come here!, Good morning! </i>dipengaruhi oleh hukum pragmatik, yaitu bahwa variasi retoris dan alat puitis hanya muncul di bawah kondisi tertentu dalam batas-batas pemakaian bahasa. Akhirnya pengarang menyimpulkan bahwa perbedaan pemakaian istilah pragmatik ditimbulkan dari bagian asal-usul semantik karya <i>Morris</i>, yaitu suatu telaah dari sebagian besar jajaran fenomena psikologis dan sosiologis yang mencakup sistem tanda pada umumnya atau dalam bahasa tertentu (<i>the Continental sense of the term</i>); atau telaah konsep abstrak tertentu yang membuat acuan pada pelaku (<i>agents</i>) (satu gagasan dari <i>Carnap</i>); atau studi istilah indeksikal atau deiktis (<i>deictis</i>) (gagasan Montague); atau akhirnya pemakaian dalam linguistik Anglo-American dan filsafat.</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan pragmatik memberikan perhatian utama terhadap peranan pembaca. dalam kaitannya dengan salah satu teori modern yang paling pesat perkembangannya, yaitu teori resepsi sastra, pendekatan pragmatik dipertentangkan dengan pendekatan ekspresif. Subjek pragmatik dan subjek ekspresif, sebagai pembaca dan pengarang berbagi objek yang sama, yaitu karya sastra. Perbedaannya pengarang merupakan subjek pencipta, tetapi secara terus menerus fungsi-fungsinya dihilangkan, bahkan pada gilirannya pengarang dimatikan. Sebaliknya, pembaca yang sama sekali tidak tahu menahu tentang proses kreativitas diberikan tugas utama bahkan dianggap sebagai penulis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan pragmatik dengan demikian memberikan perhatian pada pergeseran dan fungsi-fungsi baru pembaca tersebut. Secara historis (Abrams dalam Ratna, 2006: 71) pendekatan pragmatik telah ada tahun 14 SM, terkandung dalam <i>Ars Poetica </i>(Horatius). Meskipun demikian, secara teoritis dimulai dengan lahirnya strukturalisme dinamik. Stagnasi strukturalisme memerlukan indikator lain sebagai pemicu proses estetis, yaitu pembaca (Mukarovsky).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahap tertentu pendekatan pragmatik memiliki hubungan yang cukup dekat dengan sosiologi, yaitu dalam pembicaraan mengenai masyarakat pembaca. pendekatan pragmatik memiliki manfaat terhadap fungsi-fungsi karya sastra dalam masyarakat, perkembangan dan peruasannya, sehingga manfaat karya sastra dapat dirasakan. Dengan indikator pembaca dan karya sastra, tujuan pendekatan pragmatik memberikan menfaat terhadap pembaca. pendekatan pragmatik secara keseluruhan berfungsi untuk menopang teori resepsi sastra, teori sastra memungkinkan pemahaman hakikat karya tanpa batas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan pragmatik mempertimbangkan implikasi pembaca melalui berbagai kompetensinya. Dengan mempertimbangkan indikator karya sastra dan pembaca, maka masalah-masalah yang dapat dipecahkan melalui pendekatan pragmatik diantaranya berbagai tanggapan masyarakat terhadap sebuah karya sastra, baik sebagai pembaca eksplisit maupun implisit, baik dalam kerangka sinkronis maupun diakronis. Teori-teori postrukturalisme sebagian besar bertumpu pada kompetensi pembaca sebab semata-mata pembacalah yang berhasil untuk mengevokasi kekayaan khasanah kultural bangsa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbeda dengan pendekatan pragmatik, pragmatik dalam ilmu bahasa adalah salah satu cabang dari linguistik yang secara khusus mengkaji hubungan antara bahasa dan konteks yang mendasari penjelasan pengertian bahasa. Dalam penjelasan ini, “pengertian/ pemahaman bahasa” merujuk pada fakta bahwa untuk mengerti suatu ungkapan/ujaran diperlukan juga pengetahuan di luar makna kata dan hubungan tata bahasanya, yakni hubungannya dengan konteks pemakainya. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bidang “pragmatik” dalam linguistik dewasa ini mulai mendapat perhatian para peneliti dan pakar bahasa di Indonesia. Bidang ini cenderung mengkaji fungsi ujaran atau fungsi bahasa daripada bentuk atau strukturnya. Dengan kata lain, pragmatik lebih cenderung ke fungsionalisme daripada ke formalisme. Hal itu sesuai dengan pengertian pragmatik yang dikemukakan oleh Levinson (1987:5 dan 7), pragmatik adalah kajian mengenai penggunaan bahasa atau kajian bahasa dan perspektif fungsional. Artinya, kajian ini mencoba menjelaskan aspek-aspek struktur bahasa dengan mengacu ke pengaruh-pengaruh dan sebab-sebab nonbahasa. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikut merupakan beberapa definisi pragmatik:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold&quot","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">cabang ilmu bahasa yang menelaah penggunaan bahasa. Satuan-satuan lingual dalam penggunaannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold&quot","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">studi kebahasaan yang terikat konteks.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold&quot","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">studies meaning in relation to speech situation</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Leech, 1983).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold&quot","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">cabang ilmu bahasa yang mempelajari struktur bahasa secara eksternal, yakni bagaimana satuan kebahasaan digunakan dalam komunikasi (Wijana, 1996: 2).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cukup banyak kiranya batasan atau definisi mengenai pragmatik. Levinson (1987: 1-53), misalnya, membutuhkan 53 halaman hanya untuk menerangkan apakah pragmatik itu dan apa saja yang menjadi cakupannya. Di sini dikutipkan beberapa di antaranya yang dianggap cukup penting.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pragmatik adalah kajian mengenai hubungan antara tanda (lambang) dengan penafsirnya, sedangkan semantik adalah kajian mengenai hubungan antara tanda (lambang) dengan objek yang diacu oleh tanda tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pragmatik adalah kajian mengenai penggunaan bahasa, sedangkan semantik adalah kajian mengenai makna.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pragmatik adalah kajian bahasa dan perspektif fungsional, artinya kajian ini mencoba menjelaskan aspek-aspek struktur linguistik dengan mengacu ke pengaruh-pengaruh dan sebab-sebab nonlinguistik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pragmatik adalah kajian mengenai hubungan antara bahasa dengan konteks yang menjadi dasar dari penjelasan tentang pemahaman bahasa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pragmatik adalah kajian mengenai deiksis, implikatur, praanggapan, tindak tutur, dan aspek-aspek struktur wacana.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pragmatik adalah kajian mengenai bagaimana bahasa dipakai untuk berkomunikasi, terutama hubungan antara kalimat dengan konteks dan situasi pemakaiannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari beberapa definisi tersebut dapat dipahami bahwa cakupan kajian pragmatik sangat luas sehingga sering dianggap tumpang tindih dengan kajian wacana atau kajian sosiolinguistik. Yang jelas disepakati ialah bahwa satuan kajian pragmatik bukanlah kata atau kalimat, melainkan tindak tutur atau tindak ujaran (<i>speech act</i>). Objek data pragmatik itu konkrit dan jelas karena, (1) jelas kapan bahasa itu digunakan, (2) siapa yang berbicara, (3) kepada siapa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di dalam ilmu pragmatik terdapat berbagai macam fenomena salah satunya adalah tindak tutur. Tindak tutur adalah gejala individual yang bersifat psikologis dan keberlangsungannya ditentukan oleh kemampuan penutur dalam menghadapi situasi tertentu. Teori ini pertama kali dikemukakan oleh John Austin (1911-1960). Dalam teori ini, Austin membedakan tindak tutur menjadi tiga bagian, yaitu: tndak lokusioner (lokusi), tindak ilokusioner (ilokusi), tindak perlokusioner (perlokusi). Tindak lokusi adalah makna dasar dan referensi dari suatu ujaran. Tindak ilokusi adalah daya yang ditimbulkan oleh pemakainya. Sedangkan tindak perlokusi adalah hasil atau efek dari apa yang diucapkan terhadap pendengarnya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindak Tutur dan Jenis-Jenisnya</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tutur (istilah Kridalaksana ‘pertuturan’ / speech act, speech event): pengujaran kalimat untuk menyatakan agar suatu maksud dari pembicara diketahui pendengar (Kridalaksana, 1984: 154) Speech act: <i>an utterance as a functional unit in communication</i> (Richards, 1989: 265). Tuturan (<i>utterance</i>, oleh Kridalaksana disebut dengan istilah <i>ujaran</i>): (1) regangan wicara bermakna di antara dua kesenyapan aktual atau potensial, (2) kalimat atau bagian kalimat yang dilisankan (Kridalaksana, 1984: 2001). Intinya: bahasa pada umumnya sebagai alat komunikasi, tetapi sebenarnya ada tindakan tertentu yang baru dapat terlaksana kalau orang itu mengemukakan tuturan/bahasa. Dengan demikian bahasa bukan semata-mata alat untuk menyatakan sesuatu tetapi juga melakukan sesuatu. Di dalam mengatakan suatu kalimat, seseorang tidak semata-mata mengatakan sesuatu dengan pengucapan kalimat itu. Di dalam pengucapan kalimat ia juga “menindakkan” sesuatu. Ada banyak hal yang dapat ditindakkan di dalam berbicara, antara lain, permintaan (<i>requests</i>), pemberian izin (<i>permissons</i>), tawaran (<i>offers</i>), ajakan (<i>invitation</i>), dan penerimaan akan tawaran (<i>acceptation of offers</i>). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Filosof J.L. Austin membedakan antara tuturan performatif (<i>performativei) </i>dan konstatif (<i>constative</i>). Tuturan performatif (<i>performative utterance</i>): tuturan yang memperlihatkan bahwa suatu perbuatan telah diselesaikan pembicara dan bahwa dengan mengungkapkannya berarti perbuatan itu diselesaikan pada saat itu juga; misalnya: dalam ujaran Saya mengucapkan terima kasih, pembicara mengujarkannya dan sekaligus menyelesaikan perbuatan “mengucapkan” (Kridalaksana, 1984: 2001). Secara ringkas dikatakan pula bahwa tuturan performatif adalah tuturan untuk melakukan sesuatu (<i>perform the action</i>). Tuturan performatif tidak dievaluasi sebagai benar atau salah, tetapi sebagai tepat atau tidak tepat, misalnya: Saya berjanji bahwa saya akan hadir di sana dan performatif primer atau tuturan primer Saya akan hadir di sana (Geoffrey Leech (terjemahan), 1993: 280). Tuturan konstatif atau deskriptif (<i>constative utterance</i>) adalah tuturan yang dipergunakan untuk menggambarkan atau memerikan peristiwa, proses, keadaan, dsb. dan sifatnya betul atau tidak betul (Kridalaksana, 1984: 2001), atau Austin mengatakan bahwa tuturan konstatif dapat dievaluasi dari segi benar-salah (Geoffrey Leech (terjemahan), 1993: 316). Misalnya: (1) Ali pergi ke Jakarta, (2) Saya tidur di hotel.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri-ciri tindakan performatif:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Subyek harus orang pertama, bukan orang kedua atau ketiga.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindakan sedang/akan dilakukan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Austin dalam menentukan ciri-ciri tuturan performatif ini hanya melihat aspek gramatikalnya saja. Akhirnya direvisi (dilengkapi) oleh murid-muridnya, yaitu dengan adanya syarat-syarat lainnya yang disebut syarat tuturan performatif (<i>felicity condition</i>). Syarat-syarat itu antara lain:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang yang menyatakan tuturan dan tempatnya harus sesuai atau cocok. Misalnya: <i>Saya nyatakan Anda berdua suami-isteri.</i> Penuturnya adalah penghulu (naib), pendeta, rama, tempatnya di KUA, Gereja, Pura, Masjid, objeknya 2 orang (berdua).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindakan harus dilakukan secara sungguh-sungguholeh penutur. Misalnya: <i>Saya mohon maaf atas kesalahan saya</i>. Harus diucapkan <i>sungguh-sungguh</i>, tidak dengan tindakan menginjak kaki mitra tutur-nya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Syarat itu juga belum cukup, kemudian diperbaharui lagi oleh John Searle, sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penutur harus memiliki niat yang sungguh-sungguh dalam mengemukakan tuturannya. Misalnya: Saya berjanji akan setia padamu. (<i>the act of promising</i>).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penutur harus yakin bahwa ia mampu melakukan tindakan itu. atau mampu melakukan apa yang dinyatakan dalam tuturannya. Misalnya: <i>Sesuk kowe tak-tukokke sepur</i> (yakin tidak, kalau tidak berarti bukan tuturan performatif).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuturan harus mempredikasi tindakan yan g akan dilakukan, bukan yang telah dilakukan. Misalnya: <i>Saya berjanji</i> <b><i>akan setia</i></b>.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuturan harus mempredikasi tindakan yang akan dilakukan oleh penutur, bukan oleh orang lain. Misalnya: <b><i>Saya</i></b><i> berjanji bahwa <b>saya</b> akan selalu datang tepat waktu.</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindakan harus dilakukan secara sungguh-sungguh oleh kedua belah pihak. Misalnya: <i>Aku njaluk pangapura marang sliramu, tumindakku kang ora ndadekake renaning penggalihmu.</i> (Orang perta dan kedua melakukan tindakan secara sungguh-sungguh).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalau tuturan tidak memenuhi kelima syarat tersebut, maka tuturan itu dikatakan tidak valid (<i>infelicition</i>).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindak tutur (selanjutnya TT) atau tindak ujaran (<i>speech act</i>) mempunyai kedudukan yang sangat penting dalam pragmatik karena TT adalah satuan analisisnya. Uraian berikut memaparkan klasifikasi dari berbagai jenis TT.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold&quot","serif"; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lokusi, Ilokusi, dan Perlokusi</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila seseorang menggunakan bahasa, maka ada 3 jenis tindakan atau tindak tutur (selanjutnya disingkat TT), yaitu lokusi, ilokusi, dan perlokusi. Hal ini sejalan dengan pendapat Austin (1962) yang melihat adanya tiga jenis tindak ujar, yaitu tindak <i>lokusi</i> (melakukan tindakan mengatakan sesuatu), tindak ilokusi (melakukan tidakan dalam mengatakan sesuatu), dan tindak perlokusi (melakukan tindakan dengan mengatakan sesuatu). Austin (1962) dalam <i>How to do Things with Words </i>mengemukakan bahwa mengujarkan sebuah kalimat tertentu dapat dipandang sebagai melakukan tindakan (<i>act</i>), di samping memang mengucapkan kalimat tersebut. Ia membedakan tiga jenis tindakan yang berkaitan dengan ujaran, yaitu lokusi, ilokusi, dan perlokusi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lokusi</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah semata-mata tindak berbicara, yaitu tindak mengucapkan sesuatu dengan kata dan kalimat sesuai dengan makna kata itu (di dalam kamus) dan makna kalimat itu sesuai dengan kaidah sintaksisnya. Di sini maksud atau fungsi ujaran itu belum menjadi perhatian. Jadi, apabila seorang penutur (selanjutnya disingkat P) Jawa mengujarkan “<i>Aku ngelak</i>” dalam tindak lokusi kita akan mengartikan “<i>aku</i>” sebagai ‘pronomina persona tunggal’ (yaitu si P) dan “<i>ngelak</i>” mengacu ke ‘tenggorokan kering dan perlu dibasahi’, tanpa bermaksud untuk minta minum. <b>Ilokusi</b> adalah tindak melakukan sesuatu. Di sini kita mulai berbicara tentang maksud dan fungsi atau daya ujaran yang bersangkutan, untuk apa ujaran itu dilakukan. Jadi, “<i>Aku ngelak</i>” yang diujarkan oleh P dengan maksud ‘minta minum’ adalah sebuah tindak ilokusi. <b>Perlokusi</b> mengacu ke efek yang ditimbulkan oleh ujaran yang dihasilkan oleh P. Secara singkat, perlokusi adalah efek dari TT itu bagi mitra-tutur (selanjutnya MT). Jadi, jika MT melakukan tindakan mengambilkan air minum untuk P sebagai akibat dari TT itu maka di sini dapat dikatakan terjadi tindak perlokusi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold&quot","serif"; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TT Representatif, Direktif, Ekspresif, Komisif, dan Deklaratif</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Searle (1975) mengembangkan teori TT dan membaginya menjadi lima jenis TT (dalam Ibrahim, 1993: 11-54). Kelima TT itu sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TT <i>representatif</i> yaitu TT yang mengikat P-nya kepada kebenaran atas apa yang dikatakannya, misalnya menyatakan, melaporkan, menunjukkan, dan menyebutkan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TT <i>direktif</i> yaitu TT yang dilakukan P-nya dengan maksud agar si pendengar atau MT melakukan tindakan yang disebutkan di dalam ujaran itu, misalnya menyuruh, memohon, menuntut, menyarankan, dan menantang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TT <i>ekspresif</i> ialah TT yang dilakukan dengan maksud agar ujarannya diartikan sebagai evaluasi mengenai hal yang disebutkan di dalam ujaran itu, misalnya memuji, mengucapkan terima kasih, mengritik, dan mengeluh.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TT <i>komisif</i> adalah TT yang mengikat P-nya untuk melaksanakan apa yang disebutkan di dalam ujarannya, misalnya berjanji dan bersumpah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TT <i>deklaratif</i> merupakan TT yang dilakukan P dengan maksud untuk menciptakan hal (status, keadaan, dan sebagainya) yang baru, misalnya memutuskan, membatalkan, melarang, mengizinkan, dan memberi maaf.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold&quot","serif"; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TT Langsung dan TT Tidak Langsung</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Derajat kelangsungan TT dapat diukur berdasarkan “jarak tempuh” antara titik ilokusi ( di benak P) ke titik tujuan ilokusi (di benak MT). Derajat kelangsungan dapat pula diukur berdasarkan kejelasan pragmatisnya: makin jelas maksud ujaran makin langsunglah ujaran itu, dan sebaliknya. Dari kesembilan bentuk ujaran tersebut, yang paling samar-samar maksudnya ialah bentuk ujaran (9), berupa isyarat halus. Karena kata “meja” sama sekali tidak disebutkan oleh P dalam ujaran (9), maka MT harus mencari-cari konteks yang relevan untuk dapat menangkap maksud P.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain TT-L dan TT-TL, P dapat juga menggunakan tindak tutur harafiah (TT-H) atau tindak tutur tidak harafiah (TT-TH) di dalam mengutarakan maksudnya. Jika kedua hal itu, kelangsungan dan keharafiahan ujaran, digabungkan maka akan didapatkan empat macam ujaran, yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TT-LH : “Buka mulut”, misalnya diucapkan oleh dokter gigi kepada pasiennya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TT-LTH : “Tutup mulut”, misalnya diucapkan oleh seseorang yang jengkel kepada MT-nya yang selalu “cerewet”.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TT-TLH : “Bagaimana kalau mulutnya dibuka?”, misalnya diucapkan oleh dokter gigi kepada pasien yang masih kecil agar anak itu tidak takut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TT-TLTH : “Untuk menjaga rahasia, lebih baik jika kita semua sepakat menutup mulut kita masing-masing”, misalnya diucapkan oleh P yang mengajak MT-nya untuk tidak membuka rahasia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan demikian, secara ringkas, berdasarkan uraian dan contoh-contoh di atas dapat dicatat ada delapan TT sebagai berikut (bandingkan Wijana, 1996: 36).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(1) Tindak tutur langsung (TT-L)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(2) Tindak tutur tidak langsung (TT-TL)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(3) Tindak tutur harafiah (TT-H)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(4) Tindak tutur tidak harafiah (TT-TH)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(5) Tindak tutur langsung harafiah (TT-LH)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(6) Tindak tutur tidak langsung harafiah (TT-TLH)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(7) Tindak tutur langsung tidak harafiah (TT-LTH)\</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(8) Tindak tutur tidak langsung tidak harafiah (TT-TLTH)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip-prinsip Pragmatik</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahap tertentu pendekatan pragmatik memiliki hubungan yang cukup dekat dengan sosiologi, yaitu dalam pembicaraan mengenai masyarakat pembaca. pendekatan pragmatik memiliki manfaat terhadap fungsi-fungsi karya sastra dalam masyarakat, perkembangan dan peruasannya, sehingga manfaat karya sastra dapat dirasakan. Dengan indikator pembaca dan karya sastra, tujuan pendekatan pragmatik memberikan menfaat terhadap pembaca. pendekatan pragmatik secara keseluruhan berfungsi untuk menopang teori resepsi sastra, teori sastra memungkinkan pemahaman hakikat karya tanpa batas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan pragmatik mempertimbangkan implikasi pembaca melalui berbagai kompetensinya. Dengan mempertimbangkan indikator karya sastra dan pembaca, maka masalah-masalah yang dapat dipecahkan melalui pendekatan pragmatik diantaranya berbagai tanggapan masyarakat terhadap sebuah karya sastra, baik sebagai pembaca eksplisit maupun implisit, baik dalam kerangka sinkronis maupun diakronis. Teori-teori postrukturalisme sebagian besar bertumpu pada kompetensi pembaca sebab semata-mata pembacalah yang berhasil untuk mengevokasi kekayaan khasanah kultural bangsa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbeda dengan kajian pendekatan pragmatik, kajian pragmatik lebih menitikberatkan pada ilokusi dan perlokusi daripada lokusi sebab di dalam ilokusi terdapat daya ujaran (maksud dan fungsi tuturan), perlokusi berarti terjadi tindakan sebagai akibat dari daya ujaran tersebut. Sementara itu, di dalam lokusi belum terlihat adanya fungsi ujaran, yang ada barulah makna kata/kalimat yang diujarkan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi bahasa yang paling utama adalah sebagai sarana komunikasi. Di dalam komunikasi, satu maksud atau satu fungsi dapat dituturkan dengan berbagai bentuk tuturan. Misalnya, untuk maksud “menyuruh” agar seseorang melakukan suatu tindakan dapat diungkapkan dengan menggunakan kalimat imperatif, kalimat deklaratif atau kalimat interogatif. Jadi, secara pragmatis, kalimat berita (deklaratif) dan kalimat tanya (interogatif) di samping berfungsi untuk memberitakan atau menanyakan sesuatu juga berfungsi untuk menyuruh (imperatif atau direktif).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalau orang berbicara kepada orang lain pasti ingin mengemukakan sesuatu. Selanjutnya orang lain diharapkan menangkap apa (hal) yang dikemukakan. Dengan adanya 2 tujuan ini, maka orang akan berbicara sejelas mungkin, tidak berbelit-belit, ringkas, tidak berlebihan, berbicara secara wajar (termasuk volume suara yang wajar). Hanya saja dalam pragmatik terdapat penyimpangan-penyimpangan, ada maksud-maksud tertentu, tetapi ia harus bertanggung jawab atas penyimpangan itu, sehingga orang lain bisa mengetahui maksudnya. Mereka harus saling menjaga prinsip kerja sama (<i>cooperative principle</i>) agar proses komunikasi berjalan dengan lancar. Tanpa adanya prinsip kerja sama komunikasi akan terganggu. Prinsip kerja sama ini terealisasi dalam berbagai kaidah percakapan. Secara lebih rinci, Grice menjabarkan prinsip kerja sama itu menjadi empat maksim percakapan (Gunarwan, 1993: 11; Lubis, 1993: 73; dan bandingkan pula Wijana, 1996: 46-53). Keempat maksim percakapan itu ialah sebagai berikut:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maksim kuantitas: </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold&quot","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan informasi Anda secukupnya atau sejumlah yang diperlukan oleh MT.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold&quot","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bicaralah seperlunya saja, jangan mengatakan sesuatu yang tidak perlu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maksim kualitas:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Katakan yang relevan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Bicaralah sesuai dengan permasalahan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maksim relevansi:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Katakanlah hal yang sebenarnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Jangan katakan sesuatu yang Anda tahu bahwa sesuatu itu tidak benar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c. Jangan katakan sesuatu tanpa bukti yang cukup.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maksim cara:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Katakan dengan jelas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Hindari kekaburanan ujaran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c. Hindari ketaksaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d. Bicaralah secara singkat, tidak bertele-tele.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e. Berkatalah secara sistematis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kenyataan membuktikan, di dalam percakapan sehari-hari tidak jarang kita temukan praktik-praktik pelanggaran terhadap maksim-maksim Grice tersebut. Akan tetapi, bagi pengamat pragmatik, justeru pelanggaran-pelanggaran itulah yang menarik untuk dikaji: mengapa P melakukan pelanggaran terhadap maksim tertentu, ada maksud apa di balik pelanggaran maksim tersebut? Misalnya, mengapa P yang bermaksud meminjam uang atau memerlukan bantuan kepada MT biasanya diawali dengan menceritakan secara panjang lebar keadaan dirinya seraya disertai dengan janji-janji? Apakah itu berlaku secara universal? Bukankah tindakan tersebut melanggar maksim kuantitas?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di antara empat maksim itu, maksim ketiga atau maksim relevansilah yang paling penting sebab betapa pun informasi yang kita sampaikan itu cukup serta disampaikan dengan cara yang jelas, sistematis, dan tidak ambigu, kalau informasi itu tidak relevan dengan permasalahan maka<i> </i>tidak akan membawa manfaat. Sejauh mana asumsi ini benar, masih memerlukan pengkajian secara pragmatis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Asumsi pragmatik ini merupakan titik acuan (<i>point of reference</i>). Untuk memenuhi komunikasi secara wajar dan terjadi kerja sama yang baik, maka dalam komunikasi harus memenuhi prinsip (maksim). Dalam pragmatik dikontrol oleh maksim (<i>principle controlled</i>), sedangkan dalam gramatika/ tatabahasa diatur oleh kaidah (<i>rule governed</i>).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Terdapat beberapa asumsi pragmatik, yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maksim kuantitas, berbicara sejumlah yang dibutuhkan oleh pendengar. Kalau lebih berarti ada tujuannya. Misalnya: Ibu kota Provinsi Jawa Timur Surabaya. (Secara kuantitas cukup jelas). Ibu kota Provinsi Jawa Timur Sura …… Tuturan ini disampaikan oleh guru, lalu murid menjawab ….. baya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maksim kualitas, prinsip yang menghendaki orang-orang berbicara berdasarkan bukti-bukti yang memadai. Misalnya: Buku itu dibuat dari kertas. Bukti cukup memadai, tetapi apabila ada tuturan *Buku itu dibuat dari nasi, bukti tidak memadai. Dalam kaitannya dengan maksim kualitas, terdapat penyimpangan maksim, misalnya Modal saja tidak bisa dan Untung saja tidak dapat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maksim relevansi, Penutur dan mitra tutur berbicara secara relevan berdasarkan konteks pembicaraan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Misalnya:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> A : Ini jam berapa?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> B : Ini jam 3.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan menjadi tidak relevan misalnya apabila B menjawab Ini baju kamu atau Di sana.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maksim cara, tuturan harus dikomunikasikan secara wajar, tidak boleh ambigu (taksa), tidak terbalik (harus runtut). </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Misalnya:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> A : Dia penyanyi solo.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> B : Benar, dia sering tampil di TVRI.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tetapi kadang-kadang dalam tuturan yang wajar terjadi dis-ambiguasi (pengawaambiguan), sehingga kata-kata yang ambigu itu hanya satu makna.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Misalnya:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> A : Kamu penjahat kelas kakap, ya?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> B : Bukan, mujair.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> A : Ini Tanah Abang, ya?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> B : Jangan menghina, masak saya miskin seperti ini punya tanah<b>.</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keempat prinsip tersebut di atas termasuk pada jenis ‘retorika tekstual’ sebab dalam pragmatik dikenal adanya retorika tekstual dan retorika interpersonal. <b>Retorika tekstual</b> harus memenuhi 4 prinsip (maksim) kerja sama, yaitu maksim kuantitas, maksim kualitas, maksim relevansi, dan maksim cara. Sedangkan <b>retorika interpersonal </b>harus memperhitungkan orang lain. Jadi tidak hanya bersifat tekstual. Retorika interpersonal membutuhkan prinsip kesopanan (<i>politeness principle</i>). Menurut <i>Leech, </i>ada 6 macam prinsip kesopanan, yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold&quot","serif"; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maksim kebijaksanaan/kedermawanan, <i>tact maxim</i>. Ditujukan pada orang <i>lain (other centred maxim</i>). Jenis maksim ini untuk berjanji dan menawarkan (<i>impositif, komisif</i>), yaitu memaksimalkan keuntungan orang lain, meminimalkan kerugian orang lain.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Misalnya:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A : Mari saya bawakan!</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B : Tidak usah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Tuturan A dan B disebut pragmatik paradoks.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold&quot","serif"; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maksim penerimaan (<i>approbation maxim</i>). Ditujukan pada diri sendiri, bukan pada orang lain (<i>self centred maxim</i>). Maksim penerimaan ini ditujukan untuk menawarkan dan berjanji. = memaksimalkan kerugian diri sendiri, meminimalkan keuntungan diri sendiri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Misalnya: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bolehkah saya bantu?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mari saya bantu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah Anda bersedia membawakan?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold&quot","serif"; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maksim kemurahhatian (<i>generosity maxim</i>). Pusatnya orang lain (<i>other centred maxim</i>) Maksim ini ditujukan untuk kategori asertif dan ekspresif. = memaksimalkan rasa hormat pada orang lain, meminimalkan rasa tidak hormat pada orang lain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Misalnya:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Omahmu jane apik, ning emane cedhak pabrik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pekarangane jembar, nanging emane akeh sukete.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold&quot","serif"; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maksim kerendahhatian (<i>modesty maxim</i>). Pusatnya pada diri sendiri (<i>self centred maxim</i>). = meminimalkan rasa hormat pada diri sendiri dan memaksimalkan rasa tidak hormat pada diri sendiri.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Misalnya:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A : Kau sangat pandai.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B : Ah tidak, biasa-biasa saja.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A : Mobilnya bagus!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B : Ah, begini saja kok bagus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold&quot","serif"; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maksim kesetujuan atau kecocokan (<i>agreement maxim</i>). Pusatnya pada orang lain (<i>other centred maxim</i>). Ditujukan untuk menyatakan pendapat dan ekspresif. = memaksimalkan kesetujuan pada orang lain dan meminimalkan ketidaksetujuan pada orang lain.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Misalnya:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A : rumah kamu bagus.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B : Iya, bagus sekali.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> A : Wah, ayu cantik sekali</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> B : Iya, lumayan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (<i>Ketidaksetujuan parsial / sopan</i>)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold&quot","serif"; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maksim kesimpatian (<i>symphaty maxim</i>). Pusatnya orang lain (<i>other centred maxim</i>). Ditujukan untuk menyatakan asertif dan ekspresif. = memaksimalkan simpati pada orang lain dan meminimalkan antipati pada orang lain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Misalnya:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A : Saya lolos di UMPTN, Jon.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B : Selamat, ya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A : Baru-baru ini dia telah meninggal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B : Oh, saya turut berduka cita. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaidah-kaidah Pragmatik</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan pragmatik mementingkan pengaruh karya sastra terhadap pembaca/pendengar atau khalayaknya. Bila suatu karya sastra ada manfaat kesenangan dan intelektual (Jalil dan Rahman, 2004: 178)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbeda dengan kaidah pendekatan pragmatik, kaidah pragmatik dalam ilmu bahasa yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pragmatik menelaah mengenai hubungan tanda-tanda dengan penafsir (<i>Morris</i>, 1938:6). Teori pragmatik menjelaskan alasan atau pemikiran para pembicara dan penyimak dalam menyusun korelasi dalam suatu konteks sebuah tanda kalimat dengan suatu proposisi (rencana, atau masalah). Dalam hal ini teori pragmatik merupakan bagian dari performansi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pragmatik menelaah mengenai hubungan antara bahasa dan konteks yang tergramatisasikan atau disandikan dalam struktur sesuatu bahasa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pragmatik menelaah mengenai segala aspek makna yang tidak tercakup dalam teori semantik, atau dengan perkataaan lain: memperbincangkan segala aspek makna ucapan yang tidak dapat dijelaskan secara tuntas oleh referensi langsung kepada kondisi-kondisi kebenaran kalimat yang ciucapkan. Secara kasar dapat dirumuskan: pragmatik = makna - kondisi-kondisi kebenaran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pragmatik menelaah laporan pemahaman bahasa, dengan kata lain: telaah mengenai kemampuan pemakai bahasa menghubungkan serta menyerasikan kalimat-kalimat dan konteks-konteks secara tepat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pragmatik menelaah mengenai deiksis, implikatur, anggapan penutur (<i>presupposition</i>), tindak ujar, dan aspek struktur wacana.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pragmatik sebenarnya merupakan bagian dari <i>ilmu tanda </i>atau <i>semiotics</i> atau <i>semiotika.</i> Pemakaian istilah pragmatik (<i>pragmatics</i>) dipopulerkan oleh seorang filosof bernama <i>Charles Morris</i> (1938), yang mempunyai perhatian besar pada ilmu pengetahuan tentang tanda-tanda, atau semiotik (<i>semiotics</i>). Dalam semiotik, Morris membedakan <b><i>tiga</i></b> cabang yang berbeda dalam penyelidikan, yaitu: sintaktik (<i>syntactics</i>) atau sintaksis (<i>syntax</i>) yaitu telaah tentang relasi formal dari tanda yang satu dengan tanda yang lain (mempelajari hubungan satuan lingual dengan satuan lingual lain: tanda dengan tanda); semantik (<i>semantics</i>) yaitu telaah tentang hubungan tanda-tanda dengan objek di mana tanda-tanda itu diterapkan (ditandainya) (atau hubungan antara penanda dan petanda (signifiant dan signifie/yang ditandai)); dan pragmatik yaitu telaah tentang hubungan tanda-tanda dengan penafsir (<i>interpreters</i>). Ketiga cabang tersebut kemudian lebih dikenal dengan teori trikotomi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode dan Teknik</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode yang digunakan adalah metode analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Metode deskriptif kualitatif merupakan metode yang dilakukan dengan cara menguraikan dan memaparkan fakta-fakta kemudian disusul dengan anallisis. Analisis deskriptif terhadap karya Djenar Maesa Ayu dalam cerpen <i>Waktu Nayla</i> memaparkan bentuk analisis pendekatan pragmatik. Teks yang dianalisis mempergunakan kajian landasan teori yang dipakai, kemudian dideskripsikan pada hasil yang ditemukan pada teks cerpen, selanjutnya kualitas cerpen diketahui berdasarkan manfaatnya bagi pembaca.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknik Analisis Data</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembaca membaca cerpen yang dianalisis secara keseluruhan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengidentifikasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengklasifikasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyimpulkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Belajar dari Pengalaman Nayla</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Identitas Buku</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Judul buku : Mereka Bilang, Saya Monyet!</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Judul cerpen : Waktu Nayla</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengarang : Djenar Maesa Ayu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penerbit : PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cetakan : Ketujuh</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kota terbit : Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahun terbit : 2004</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Halaman : 65-75</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nayla adalah sebuah nama yang diciptakan oleh <b>Djenar Maesa Ayu</b> dalam cerpennya yang berjudul <i>Waktu Nayla</i>. Cerpen yang <b>bersudut pandang</b> orang ketiga serba tahu ini merupakan sebuah cerpen yang <b>bertemakan </b>kehidupan. Kehidupan seorang wanita yang hidupnya seakan dikejar waktu. <b>Alur</b> cerita yang tidak berbelit-belit (maju) membuat pembaca mudah memahami <b>amanat</b> yang ingin disampaikan pengarang. Kita sebagai manusia hanyalah mampu mengikuti aturan dan ketetapan yang telah ditentukan oleh Tuhan. Semua telah diatur olehNya dan kita wajib mentaatiNya hingga batas waktu yang diberikan kepada kita berakhir. Maka, sebelum itu, lakukanlah yang terbaik. Demikian pula lah yang dilakukan oleh tokoh dalam cerpen ini. Dia adalah seorang wanita yang sangat tidak bersahabat dengan waktu. Setiap kegiatan yang ia lakukan selalu terburu-buru karena ia ingin memanfaatkan waktu sebaik mungkin. Ia selalu mengemudi mobilnya dengan kecepatan tinggi agar cepat sampai ke tempat yang ingin ditujunya. Ia selalu memperhatikan detik demi detik jam yang terletak indah <b>di mobilnya</b> itu. Namun, tidak jarang ia mampir <b>di pinggir </b>jalan hanya untuk menanyakan waktu. Kerap kali ia tidak percaya dengan waktu yang ditunjukkan oleh jam yang terdapat di mobilnya itu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan pendekatan pragmatik, maka Cerpen <i>Waktu Nayla</i> memiliki citra yang berbeda-beda dari tiap-tiap pembaca. Hal ini disebabkan adanya perbedaan pandangan antara pembaca satu dan pembaca lain, adakalanya pembaca memandang dari sudut estetika. Para pembaca yang memandang cerpen <i>Waktu Nayla</i> dari sudut pandang ini akan mengutarakan pendapatnya secara objektif dan mengacu pada interpretasinya sendiri sehingga terkadang akan muncul pendapat bahwa karya cerpen <i>Waktu Nayla</i> ini adalah suatu karya sastra yang indah dan menarik, diihat dari struktur penyampaian atau penulisannya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan pembaca yang melihat karya cerpen <i>Waktu Nayla</i> ini berdasarkan pelajaran/pendidikan, apa yang dia (pembaca) terima, pembaca cenderung menganggap karya ini adalah karya sastra yang kurang baik, karena adanya penyimpangan nilai norma/moral yang ada di masyarakat, misal: Nayla yang suka mengkonsumsi alkohol bersama teman-temannya di Bar. Hal ini disebabkan latar kebudayaan yang menjadi setting dalam karya ini, yaitu kebudayaan masyarakat Jakarta yang umumnya hidup bebas karena telah tepengaruh lingkungan. Jakarta sebagai pusat industri, pusat komunikasi, pusat entertain, tentu memiliki pengaruh yang sangat besar kepada masyarakatnya. Oleh karena itu, tokoh utama dalam cerpen ini hidup dalam kebebasan. Meskipun ia adalah seorang Ibu dan seorang istri yang seharusnya selalu di rumah mengurus anak dan suami, seakan tidak mengindahkan norma dan hukum dari ketentuan dirinya sebagai seorang ibu dan seorang istri. Hal ini juga yang menyebabkan cerpen <i>Waktu Nayla</i> memperoleh citra baik dari pembaca yang melihat karya ini dari sudut pandang pendidikan/edukasi. Terlepas dari itu, pandangan-pandangan pembaca ini seharusnya tidak menjatuhkan cerpen <i>Waktu Nayla</i>, melainkan makin memperkaya pandangan kita terhadap suatu karya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditinjau dari struktur penulisannya, Djenar menggunakan bahasa yang sederhana sehingga mudah ditafsirkan pembaca maksud dari cerpen ini. Namun, dalam mengungkapkan cerita, Djenar Maesa Ayu menampilkan cara yang berbeda. Ia menyampaikan cerita dengan retorikanya yang menonjolkan seksualitas. Hal ini membuat pembaca menafsirkan karya ini dengan beragam. Selain itu, penggunaan kosakata dari bahasa gaul (bahasa yang digunakan oleh mereka yang bebas pergaulannya) membuat para pembaca yang tidak pernah berbicara menggunakan bahasa tersebut yang biasanya hanya terdapat dilingkungan mereka yang hobi <i>clubbing </i>merasa kesulitan untuk mengerti apa yang dimaksud oleh penulis. Namun anehnya, beberapa orang (kritikus) menganggap bahwa kesulitan dalam memahami karya sastra merupakan suatu keistimewaan atau keindahan dari karya sastra tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">EKSPRESIF</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Ekspresif</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara umum, Abrams (dalam Teeuw, 1984:50) mengemukakan empat pendekatan dalam melihat karya sastra. Salah satu pendekatan itu adalah penekanan pada pengarangnya. Pendekatan ini lebih dikenal sebagai pendekatan ekspresif. Abrams menjelaskan bahwa pendekatan ekspresif memandang karya sastra sebagai pernyataan dunia batin pengarang yang bersangkutan. Jika dibayangkan bahwa segala gagasan, cita rasa, emosi, ide, dan angan-angan merupakan ‘dunia dalam’ pengarang, karya sastra merupakan ‘dunia luar’ yang bersesuaian dengan ‘dunia dalam’ itu; dengan cara pendekatan ini, penilaian karya sastra tertuju pada emosi atau keadaan jiwa pengarang. Karya sastra dianggap sebagai sarana untuk memahami keadaan jiwa pengarang, atau sebaliknya. Penelitian yang menggunakan pendekatan ekspresif, seperti dilontarkan oleh Abrams (1976), ialah penelitian karya sastra yang menekankan peranan penulis karya sastra sebagai penciptanya. Penelitian yang menggunakan teori ini perlu dikaji ulang dalam kaitannya dengan teori interpretasi. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penekanan aspek ekspresif karya sastra telah lama dimulai. Pada masa Yunani dan Romawi penonjolan aspek ekspresif karya sastra telah dimulai seorang ahli sastra Yunani Kuno, Dionysius Casius Longius, dalam bukunya On the Sublime (Mana Sikana, dalam Atmazaki, 1990: 32-33). Menurut Longius karya sastra harus mempunyai gaya bahasa yang baik, mempunyai falsafah, pemikiran, dan persoalan agung yang penting, harus mempunyai emosi yang intens dan terpelihara serta tahan menghadapi zaman. Kenyataan ini menyebabkan pengarang mesti punya konsep yang jelas dan jauh dari kebimbangan-kebimbangan yang melanda dirinya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila kemudian Plato mengungkapkan bahwa karya sastra adalah meniru dan meneladani ciptaan Tuhan, cukupkah sampai di situ peran seoraang pengarang? Ternyata Aristoteles menolak pendapat yang menyatakan bahwa posisi pengarang hanya berada di bawah Tuhan. Menurutnya, ciptaan Tuhan hanyalah sebagai tempat bertolak. Pengarang dalam penciptaan karyanya, dengan daya khayal dan kreativitas yang dipunyainya, justru mampu menciptakan kenyataan yang lebih kurang terlepas dari kenyataan alami. Dalam hal ini secara “lancang” menurut Aristoteles (dalam Atmazaki, 1990: 33) pengarang dengan sombongnya sebagai pencipta telah menyamai Tuhan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aspek ekspresif sebagai salah satu pendekatan dalam sastra barangkali lebih cocok dipakai dalam melihat kebimbangan pengarang dalam berkarya. Atmazaki (1990: 34-35) mengatakan bahwa pementingan aspek ekspresif ini disebabkan oleh alasan-alasan berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengarang adalah orang pandai. Ia adalah filsuf yang ajarannya dianggap sebagai filsafat yang menguasai cara berpikir manusia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata author berarti pengarang, yang bila ditambah akhiran –itu berarti berwenang atau berkuasa. Dalam hal ini yang dimaksudkan sudah tentu penguasaan bahasa, namun menciptakan kenyataan lewat bahasa yang tidak sama dengan kenyataan alami. Akan tetapi, walaupun tidak sama kenyataan itu adalah hakiki, kenyataan yang tinggi nilainya, sehingga orang dapat bercermin dengan kenyataan tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengarang adalah orang yang mempunyai kepekaan terhadap persoalan, punya wawasan kemanusiaan yang tinggi dan dalam. Pengarang punya pemikiran dan perasaan yang selalu lebih maju, walau dalam masyarakat hal ini seringkali dianggap membingungkan lantaran rumitnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecurigaan yang pertama kali atas ketidakjujuran seorang pengarang dalam berkarya adalah persoalan konsepnya dalam mengarang dan kelabilan untuk segera “cepat mapan”. Bila terpengaruh dianggap sebagai sesuatu yang dibolehkan, dalam kenyataannya memang banyak yang melakukannya. Namun mengambil dengan jelas-jelas karya orang lain dan menganggapnya sebagai karya sendiri, sudah tentu tidak dapat dimaafkan dan menghilangkan rasa simpati serta kepercayaan orang. Kesusahan yang telah dijalani pengarang lain dirampok begitu saja. Kelabilan atau kebimbangan pengarangnya dilihat dari aspek ekspresif, bisa menghasilkan hal menarik dalam sebuah telaahan kritis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Harga sebuah kata, tulis Goenawan Mohamad (dalam Horison, Januari 1986), ditentukan oleh tebalnya lapisan penderitaan yang membuat kata itu ditulis. Sebuah puisi atau novel, adalah pencerminan pribadi; sebuah komposisi dari pengalaman yang tulen. Justru karena puisi atau novel mendapatkan kekuatannya dari sana, ia tidak perlu tersisih dari perhatian. Di sampingnya, sang pengarang seharusnya tak perlu lagi menunjukkan diri.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip-prinsip Ekspresif</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Atmazaki (1990:36) menguraikan mengenai pendekatan ekspresif sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan ekspresif berhubungan erat dengan kajian sastra sebagai karya yang dekat dengan sejarah, terutama sejarah yang berhubungan dengan kehidupan pengarangnya. Dalam kaitan ini maka dibahaslah latar belakang kehidupan pengarang, daerah kelahirannya, latar belakang sosial ekonomi, latar belakang pendidikannya, pengalaman-pengalaman penting yang pernah dilewatinya, dan lain-lain.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karya sastra dianggap sebagai pancaran kepribadian pengarang. Gerak jiwa, pengembaraan imajinasi dan fantasi pengarang terlukis dalam karyanya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebimbangan-kebimbangan dalam kesusastraan berawal dari kebimbangan dalam diri pengarangnya, baik ketika ia akan terjun di dunia itu atau yang telah ‘mapan’ sekalipun. Kebimbangan-kebimbangan ini akhirnya dicatat sebagai sejarah, membesar dan menjadi kebimbangan pemikiran kesusastraan atau kebudayaan. Bahaya besar sebenarnya, justru datang tak lain dan tak bukan dari kaum pengarang itu sendiri.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di antara gemuruh mengalirnya karya sastra, di antara riak gelombang perdebatan yang ada, di antara kebimbangan-kebimbangan yang terlukis lewat polemik yang tak habis-habisnya, ternyata kesusastraan tak mampu menyelesaikan masalah. Mungkin benar, sastra hanyalah sebagai alternatif-alternatif semata. Ia tak pernah benar-benar eksis sebagai sesuatu yang bisa diandalkan, walaupun misalnya dalam demonstrasi sekalipun. Ia hanya penggugah, pelopor, atau pilihan yang masih memerlukan upaya lebih besar lagi darinya. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaidah-kaidah Ekspresif</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori ekspresif lebih menonjolkan penulis karya sastra sebagai penciptanya. Jika dalam aliran sastra, maka mencanangkan pengucapan pribadi untuk ciptaan-ciptaanya. Karya-karyanya adalah sepenuhnya pengucapan pribadi, pencurahan perasaan dan pikiran, yang berasal dari diri sastrawan. Dapat dibandingkan dengan imperionisme. Eksperionisme yaitu visi pribadi bukan realitas (Rahman dan Jalil, 2004:178).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika masing-masing pengarang kita tanyakan apa tujuan atau motivasi dari kepengarangannya, maka berbagai jawaban pun akan terkumpul. Boleh jadi kepengarangannya lantaran ingin mengungkapkan ekspresi, karena bakat, keinginan untuk terkenal, sebagai profesi, dan sebagainya. Tapi jujurkah jawaban yang mereka ungkapkan? Lebih jauh, jujurkah mereka dalam gerak lajunya untuk memperoleh titel pengarang “yang benar-benar sukses”?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbagai kejadian di dunia kepengarangan, khususnya dalam kasus plagiat karya pengarang yang telah “mapan” tidak hanya sekali dua kali kita dengar. Kelabilan para (calon) pengarang terkadang tidak segan-segannya berbuat sesuatu yang sebenarnya merusak namanya sendiri. Pada dasarnya, mereka menginginkan kesejajaran dengan pengarang yang telah “sukses” terlebih dahulu dengan bersusah payah. Kelabilan bersikap, kelabilan berkarya, dan kelabilan dalam memahami dunia yang tengah ditekuninya, merupakan di antara penyebab kegoncangan dunia sastra. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjadi seorang pengarang memang bukan pekerjaan yang mudah. Walaupun begitu, pekerjaan mengarang tidak pula sesuatu yang mengerikan. Konsistensi dalam mengarang bisa menjadikannya kaya, terutama di bidang pengetahuan yang didalami. Seorang pengarang termashur menurut Jassin (1985:11) kebanyakan mempunyai ilmu yang tidak langsung bersangkutan dengan pekerjaannya sebagai pengarang. Banyak di antara mereka yang seharusnya bisa mencapai dan memakai titel sarjana dan doktor, tapi tidak memakai titel itu. Memang bukan dalam titel letaknya kebesaran dan kebahagiaan pengarang, melainkan masak atau tidaknya buah ciptaannya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentu akan menjadi tiada berarti bila pengarang hanya sibuk sendiri tanpa melihat dan mengikutsertakan masyarakatnya. Bisa jadi puisi dan novelnya – yang mungkin penting – tidak akan dibaca. Kritik karya yang yang penuh rayuan gombal jalan sendiri dan masyarakat merasa tidak membutuhkannya. Kebimbangan pengarang bisa menjadi tidak terkendali. Kritik sastra yang diberlakukan berubah menjadi psikoanalisis, dan akhirnya gosip. Goenawan Mohammad (dalam <i>Horison</i>, Januari 1986) menyebut situasi yang terjadi di pihaak pengaran adalah gosip-gosipan, dimana ia berubah menjadi tokoh publik.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode dan Teknik</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode yang digunakan adalah metode analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Metode deskriptif kualitatif merupakan metode yang dilakukan dengan cara menguraikan dan memaparkan fakta-fakta kemudian disusul dengan anallisis. Analisis deskriptif terhadap karya Djenar Maesa Ayu dalam cerpen Waktu Nayla memaparkan bentuk analisis resepsi sastra. Teks yang dianalisis mempergunakan kajian landasan teori yang dipakai, kemudian dideskripsikan pada hasil yang ditemukan pada teks cerpen, selanjutnya kualitas cerpen diketahui berdasarkan tanggapan pembaca.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknik Analisis Data</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembaca membaca cerpen yang dianalisis secara keseluruhan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengidentifikasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengklasifikasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyimpulkan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesedihan Nayla</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Identitas Buku</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Judul buku : Mereka Bilang, Saya Monyet!</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Judul cerpen : Waktu Nayla</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengarang : Djenar Maesa Ayu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penerbit : PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cetakan : Ketujuh</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kota terbit : Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahun terbit : 2004</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Halaman : 65-75</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nayla adalah sebuah nama yang diciptakan oleh <b>Djenar Maesa Ayu</b> dalam cerpennya yang berjudul <i>Waktu Nayla</i>. Cerpen yang <b>bersudut pandang</b> orang ketiga serba tahu ini merupakan sebuah cerpen yang <b>bertemakan </b>kehidupan. Kehidupan seorang wanita yang hidupnya seakan dikejar waktu. <b>Alur</b> cerita yang tidak berbelit-belit (maju) membuat pembaca mudah memahami <b>amanat</b> yang ingin disampaikan pengarang. Kita sebagai manusia hanyalah mampu mengikuti aturan dan ketetapan yang telah ditentukan oleh Tuhan. Semua telah diatur olehNya dan kita wajib mentaatiNya hingga batas waktu yang diberikan kepada kita berakhir. Maka, sebelum itu, lakukanlah yang terbaik. Demikian pula lah yang dilakukan oleh tokoh dalam cerpen ini. Dia adalah seorang wanita yang sangat tidak bersahabat dengan waktu. Setiap kegiatan yang ia lakukan selalu terburu-buru karena ia ingin memanfaatkan waktu sebaik mungkin. Ia selalu mengemudi mobilnya dengan kecepatan tinggi agar cepat sampai ke tempat yang ingin ditujunya. Ia selalu memperhatikan detik demi detik jam yang terletak indah <b>di mobilnya</b> itu. Namun, tidak jarang ia mampir <b>di pinggir </b>jalan hanya untuk menanyakan waktu. Kerap kalil ia tidak percaya dengan waktu yang ditunjukkan oleh jam yang terdapat di mobilnya itu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Djenar Maesa Ayu dalam keseharian adalah seorang ibu muda, beranak dua, berdaster batik ria saat di rumah, memasak, membersihkan rumah berlantai tiga dan mengurus anak-anaknya. Sendirian. Tidak ada pembantu, meski tinggal di rumah gedongan pinggiran Jakarta Barat. “Saat seperti inilah saya merasa “kaya”. Tanpa pembantu, saya bisa memaksimalkan peran saya sebagai ibu,” kata Djenar sambil menatap mesra wajah anak bungsunya, Bidari Maharani (8) yang terlelap di atas pangkuannya, dan anak sulungnya, Banyu Bening (17). Seperti kehidupan sehariannya, Cerpen Waktu Nayla merupakan cerpen yang mengisahkan sosok seorang wanita yang memiliki suami dan anak. Melakukan kegiatan seperti memasak, mengantar anak ke sekolah, dan mengurus keluarga. Namun, Nayla dalam cerpen ini menderita kanker ganas. Penyakit itu seperti belati yang setiap waktu siap membunuhnya. Ekspresi ketakutan akan kematian dari Nayla ini tentu saja dapat kita temukan dalam cerpen ini. Seperti pada kutipan <i>Nayla mulai merasakan dadanya berdebar (</i>hal74)<i>. </i>Itu artinya, nayla sangat takut ketika akan menghadapi kematian yang tentu saja belum diinginkan kehadirannya. Ekspresi kesedihan Nayla terlihat pada kutipan <i>menghapus air mata yang menitik </i>(hal. 68). Dari kutipan itu dapat kita ketahui bahwa kesedihannya diekspresikannya dengan menitikkan air mata. Dari sosok Nayla ini, ada hubungan yang terjalin antara pengarang dengan karyanya. Sebagai seorang wanita, Djenar menciptakan cerpen yang feminimisme, tentang seorang Ibu, seorang Istri, ataupun wanita simpanan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bilamana dalam cerpennya ini ia mengusung persoalan seks, ini terjadi karena dalam dirinya seks bukan sesuatu yang “mewah”. Naluri seksual baginya adalah sesuatu yang amat alamiah dan perlu. Ditilik secara medis pun, diakui bahwa seks dibutuhkan oleh metabolisme tubuh. Dalam cerpen <i>Waktu Nayla </i>ini, Djenar secara terang-terangan menceritakan tentangan hubungan intim antara Nayla dan suaminya. Ia mengatakan bahwa mereka bercinta berdasarkan sistim kalender, kapan sperma baik untuk dimasukkan dan kapan lebih baik dikeluarkan di luar (hlm.68). Baginya, pemahaman seks bebas bukanlah sekadar seks di luar nikah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal semacam ini berhubungan dengan keberadaannya (eksistensinya), dan hubungan itu ditentukan oleh “kesadaran”. Kalau benda-benda tidak menyadari bahwa dirinya ada, manusia dengan kesadarannya mengetahui bahwa dirinya ada. Dengan demikian, kesadaran selalu berhubungan dengan sesuatu yang lain (kesadaran akan sesuatu). Kesadaran inilah yang membuat manusia tidak hanya menjadi objek, tetapi juga menjadi subjek yang melihat objek, yaitu dirinya. Oleh sebab itu, manusia memiliki kebebasan untuk menentukan pilihan-pilihan dan tindakannya. Seperti halnya yang terjadi pada diri Nayla bahwa karena ia “sadar” akan keberadaannya, ia pun bebas memilih bagi dirinya, bertindak untuk dirinya, termasuk apa saja yang dilakukannya ketika suaminya bekerja, ia bersenang-senang bersama teman, rekreasi, serta memarahi pembantu sesuka hati. Itulah sebabnya, manusia tidak lain adalah kumpulan tindakannya, ia adalah hidupnya sendiri. Akan tetapi, hal demikian mengandung pengertian bahwa manusia harus bertanggung jawab terhadap dirinya sendiri. Apa pun jadinya eksistensinya, apa pun makna yang hendak diberikan kepada eksistensinya, tidak lain adalah dirinya sendiri yang bertanggung jawab. Oleh sebab itu, setiap pilihan yang dijatuhkan terhadap alternatif yang dihadapinya adalah pilihannya sendiri. Hal demikian berarti bahwa manusia tidak berhubungan dengan kekuatan yang berada di luar dirinya, termasuk kekuatan Tuhan, karena segalanya dipilih, ditentukan, dan dipertanggungjawabkan sendiri.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keyakinan itulah yang agaknya tergambar pada diri Nayla dalam cerpen Djenar Maesa Ayu ini. Nayla sebenarnya sangat terpukul dan sedih ketika mengetahui dirinya akan mati akibat kanker yang di deritanya. Namun, ia berusaha tegar. Tetap melakukan aktivitas meskipun terburu-buru, ia pun tak lagi bersahabat dengan waktu (hlm.66). Selain itu, Nayla juga sering merasa dirinya kecil, tidak berarti, dan tidak berdaya, sehingga tidak jarang ia berlutut dan berdoa. Namun, semua yang dilakukannya dirasakan masih kurang. Kekurangan itulah yang justru membuat dirinya terus bertanya apakah benar kekuatan di luar dirinya itu ada. Karena yang ada di dalam dirinya hanyalah serangkaian pertanyaan yang tidak kunjung terjawab. Akhirnya ia memutuskan untuk bersimpuh memohon pengampunan atas dosa-dosa yang pantas ia sesali, sebelum jam tangannya berubah menjadi sapu, mobil sedannnya berubah jadi labu, dan dirinya berubah jadi abu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Djenar mengatakan “Karya saya berasal dari kehidupan sekitar dan apa yang saya pikirkan. Pelecehan seksual misalnya, sebagai ibu dari dua anak perempuan, saya benar-benar <i>concern</i> dengan masalah itu. Tiap hari ada saja berita yang saya dengar dan lihat baik dari media cetak maupun televisi. Walaupun saya tidak <i>ngalamin</i>, tapi saya bisa merasakan, Walaupun tidak riil, tapi rasa sakitnya terasa riil. Itulah sebabnya saya menganggapnya sebagai problem saya juga.” ujarnya panjang. Ia juga keberatan jika karya-karyanya ditenggarai sebagai biografi dirinya. “Saya menyebutnya biografi psikologis. Bukan biografi,” sanggahnya, sambil kembali menenggak bir langsung dari mulut botol. Meski demikian, kalimat-kalimat yang meluncur dari dirinya terasa teduh saat itu. Tak ada ledakan. Tak ada emosi yang meluap-luap. Ia terasa seperti seorang ibu yang memberi tahu anaknya dengan rasa sayang, mengusap-usap, hingga sang anak tertidur dalam buaiannya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari pernyataan Djenar tersebut, dapat kita simpulkan bahwa sosok Nayla dalam cerpen <i>Waktu Nayla </i>adalah gambaran dari sosok seorang Djenar Maesa Ayu. Mereka memiliki kepribadian yang sama. Dalam kehidupan nyata, Djenar mengkonsumsi bir. Begitu pula Nayla dalam cerpennya. Nayla memiliki hobi nongkrong di Bar bersama teman-temannnya. Selain itu, Djenar dan Nayla sama-sama seorang Ibu, seorang Istri, dan seorang wanita yang memiliki aktivitas yang sama.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SEMIOTIK PIERCE</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Semiotik Pierce</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses semiosis adalah suatu proses pemaknan tanda yang bermula dari persepsi atas dasar, kemudian dasar merujuk pada objek, akhirnya terjadi proses interpretan. Penerapan dari model trikotomis Peirce ini dapat dilihat dalam contoh berikut: apabila seseorang melihat sebuah bendera warna kuning ( R ) yang membuatnya merujuk pada suatu O, yakni dilekatkan pada sebuah kayu yang dipegang oleh seorang pengendara motor. Proses selanjutnya ialah saat menafsirkannya, misalnya, bahwa bendera itu menandakan bahwa ada orang yang meninggal dan si pemegang bendera hendak mengantar si jenazah ke pekuburan (I). Pada saat tanda (bendera berwarna kuning) ini masih dalam tataran antara R dan O, maka tanda itu masih menunjukkan identitas (dasar: identitas). Inilah nanti yang disebut dengan ikon. Selanjutnya, bila dalam kognisi pemakai tanda itu, ia menafsirkan bahwa bendera kuning adalah simbol ada kematian maka tanda seperti itu disebut lambang, yaitu hubungan antara R dan O bersifat konvensional (seseorang harus memahami konvensi tentang hubungan antara bendera berwarna kuning dengan “kematian”. Bagi Peirce, makna tanda yang sebenarnya adalah mengemukakan sesuatu. Jadi, suatu tanda mengacu pada suatu acuan, dan representasi seperti itu menjadi fungsi utamanya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori sastra yang memahami karya sastra sebagai tanda itu adalah semiotik. Semiotik adalah ilmu tentang tanda-tanda. Tanda-tanda itu mempunyai arti dan makna, yang ditentukan oleh konvensinya, karya sastra merupakan tanda-tanda yang bermakna. Karya sastra itu karya seni bermedium bahasa. Bahasa sebagai bahan karya sastra, bahasa disesuaikan dengan konvensi sastra, konvensi arti sastra yaitu makna (Significanse).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan semiotik memerlukan penganalisis mencari penggunaan tanda-tanda dalam sesebuah karya. Tanda-tanda tersebut diungkap melalui penanda, mengikut paradoks dan kontradisksi penggunaan stail dan mekanisme penciptaan sesebuah karya yang dikuasai oleh pengarang. Maka, penganalisis menggunakan semiotik untuk memberikan makna bagi tanda-tanda dalam teks yang dikaji. Semiotik melihat karya dalam perspektif yang lebih luas. Prinsip kedua daripada pendekatan semiotik menuntut penganalisis memperhatikan hubungan sistem sesebuah teks yang dikaji dengan sistem yang ada di luar teks tersebut; iaitu segala perkara yang membawa kepada lahirnya teks tersebut. Ini merangkumi sistem hidup dan kebudayaan masyarakat yang menjadi sumber inspirasi penghasilan teks yang dikaji. Segala ungkapan atau tanda-tanda yang dicerakinkan dari dalam teks memainkan peranan yang penting bagi kewujudan satu bentuk sistem dalam pembinaan teks tersebut. Maka, prinsip ketiga dalam pendekatan semiotik memberi penghargaan terhadap pengarang dan keperangannya. Ini menjelaskan bahawa terdapat sebab bagi penggunaan setiap ungkapan yang dihasilkan dalam teks kerana segalanya mempunyai pengertiannya yang tersendiri.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Semiotik adalah sebuah disiplin ilmu sains umum yang mengkaji sistem perlambangan di setiap bidang kehidupan. Ia bukan sahaja merangkumi sistem bahasa, tetapi juga merangkumi lukisan, ukiran, fotografi mahupun pementasan drama atau wayang gambar. Ia wujud sebagai teori membaca dan menilai karya dan merupakan satu displin yang bukan sempit keupayaannya. Justeru itu ia boleh dimandatkan ke dalam pelbagai bidang ilmu dan boleh dijadikan asas kajian sebuatu kebudayaan. Oleh kerana sosiologi dan linguistik merupakan bidang kajian yang mempunyai hubungan di antara satu sama lain, semiotik yang mengkaji sistem tanda dalam bahasa juga berupaya mengkaji wacana yang mencerminkan budaya dan pemikiran. Justeru, yang menjadi perhatian semiotik adalah mengkaji dan mencari tanda-tanda dalam wacana serta menerangkan maksud daripada tanda-tanda tersebut dan mencari hubungannya dengan ciri-ciri tanda itu untuk mendapatkan makna signifikasinya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan perkembangan teori sastra di Indonesia, sejak Romantisme, Strukturalisme, dengan sayap resepsi dan sosiologi sastra, termasuk di dalamnya tawaran pendekatan Semiotik (Dasri Al-Mubary, 2002: 9). Studi sastra yang bersifat semiotik itu ditegaskan pula oleh Pemiger dalam Jabrihim (2003: 94) “semiotik adalah usaha untuk menganalisis karya sastra sebagai suatu sistem tanda-tanda dan menentukan konvensi-konvensi apa yang memungkinkan karya sastra mempunyai makna. Dengan melihat variasi-variasi di dalam struktur karya sastra atau hubungan antar unsur-unsurnya, akan dihasilkan bermacam-macam makna”.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Semiotik dalam studi sastra memiliki tiga asumsi. Pertama, karya sastra merupakan gejala komunikasi yang berkaitan dengan (i) pengarang, (ii) wujud karya sastra sebagai sistem tanda, dan (iii) pembaca. kedua, karya sastra merupakan salah satu bentuk penggunaan sistem lambang (system of sings) yang memiliki struktur dalam tata tingkat tertentu. Ketiga, karya sastra merupakan fakta yang harus direkonstruksikan pembaca sejalan dengan dunia pengalaman dan pengetahuan yang dimilikinya (Aminuddin, 1995:55).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peirce menyebut ilmu yang dibangunnya semiotika (semiotics). Bagi Peirce yang ahli filsafat dan logika, penalaran manusia senantiasa dilakukan lewat tanda. Artinya, manusia hanya dapat bernalar lewat tanda. Dalam pikirannya, logika sama dengan semiotika dan semiotika dapat ditetapkan pada segala macam tanda (Berger, 2000:11-22). Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya, istilah semiotika lebih populer daripada semiologi.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Semiotika adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tentang tanda (sign), berfungsi tanda, dan produksi makna. Tanda adalah sesuatu yang bagi seseorang berarti sesuatu yang lain. Dalam pandangan Zoest, segala sesuatu yang dapat diamati atau dibuat teramati dapat disebut tanda. Karena itu, tanda tidaklah terbatas pada benda. Adanya peristiwa, tidak adanya peristiwa, struktur yang ditemukan adalah sesuatu, suatu kebiasaan, semua ini dapat disebut benda. Sebuah bendera kecil, sebuah isyarat tangan, sebuah kata, suatu keheningan, suatu kebiasaan makan, sebuah gejala mode, suatu gerak syaraf, peristiwa memerahnya wajah, suatu kesukaan tertentu, letak bintang tertentu, suatu sikap, setangkah bunga, rambut uban, sikap diam membisu, gagap. Bicara cepat, berjalan sempoyongan, menatap, api, putih, bentuk bersudut tajam, kecepatan, kesabaran, kegilaan, kekhawatiran, kelengahan semuanya itu dianggap sebagai tanda (Zoest, 1993:18).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda-tanda menyampaikan suatu informasi sehingga bersifat komunikatif. Ia mampu menggantikan sesuatu yang lain yang dapat dipikirkan atau dibayangkan. Cabang ilmu ini semula berkembang dalam bidang bahasa, kemudian berkembang pula dalam bidang seni rupa dan desain komunikasi visual.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="fullpost">Sementara itu, Charles Sanders Pierce, menandaskan bahwa kita hanya dapat berpikir dengan medium tanda. Manusia hanya dapat berkomunikasi lewat sarana tanda.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda dalam kehidupan manusia bisa tanda gerak atau isyarat. Lambaian tangan yang bisa diaritkan memanggil atau anggukan kepala dapat diterjemahkan setuju. Tanda bunyi seperti tiupan peluit, terompet, genderang, suara manusia, dering telepon, tanda tulisan, di antaranya huruf dan angka juga tanda gambar berbentuk rambu lalu lintas, dan masih banyak ragamnya (Noth, 1995:</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">44)</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karya sastra merupakan struktur yang bermakna. Hal ini mengingat bahwa karya sastra itu merupakan sistem tanda yang mempunyai makna yang mempergunakan medium bahasa. Hal ini seperti dikemukakan oleh Dasri Al Mubary (2002: 39) bahwa:</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kata-kata mewakili tanda dan penanda. Setiap pembacaannya kata itu bergerak ke dalam syaraf otak kecil dan otak besar untuk kemudian dipahami dalam pemaknaan. Setiap kata adalah tanda dan penanda setiap pembaca memberiny sinyal visi dan misi dari keterbacaannya dalam wujud pengertian-pengertian.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Interpretasi dalam Kajian Sastra</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aminuddin <i>dalam </i>Yanti (2006: 15)<i> </i> menjelaskan interpretasi sebagai peristiwa khusus dalam proses memahami karya sastra ditafsirkan ada di antara eksplanasi dan proses komprehensi. Eksplanasi merupakan penerangjelasan makna dari unsur-unsur pembentuk teks sastra. Sementara komprehensi merupakan penghubungan gambaran makna unsur pembentuk teks sastra secara menyeluruh. Sebagai peristiwa khusus, interpretasi membuahkan hubungan dialektik antara eksplanasi dan komprehensi. Puisi selalu menyelidiki cara-cara kerja penanda arti, maka untuk mengetahui apa yang hendak disampaikan oleh pengarang, berarti kita harus memahami bahasa yang dipakai pengarang untuk menyatakan pikiran itu. Dalam kenyataannya karya sastra sebagai tulisan bisa bermakna karena kita memiliki daya penghayatan dan pengetahuan menyangkut keberadaannya, untik itu digunakan pendekatan semiotik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan Tanda dan Penanda</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan tanda dan penanda dalam karya sastra merupakan makna yang dapat dipahami dari karya sastra tersebut. Penerjemahan tanda berupa apapun ke dalam gambaran dunia acuan dan bentuk perlambangannya disebut naturalisasi. Proses naturalisasi menyangkut penggunaan sistem tanda. Sebuah sistem tanda yang utama yang menggunakan lambang adalah bahasa, bahasa yang merupakan sistem tanda yang dalam karya sastra menjadi mediumnya itu adalah sistem tanda tingkat pertama. Dalam ilmu tanda-tanda disebut (<i>meaning) </i>arti. Dalam karya sastra, arti kata-kata (bahasa) ditentukan oleh konvensi sastra. Dengan demikian timbullah arti baru yaitu arti sastra itu. Untuk membedakannya (dari arti bahasa), arti sastra itu disebut makna (<i>significanse).</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila pengkajian menyingkapi perwujudan gaya dalam teks sastra sebagai bentuk sistem tanda dan bukan hanya sebagai bentuk penggunaan bahasa yang terdiri atas kata-kata dan kalimat, maka pengembangan model teoritiknya bukan hanya bertumpu pada wawasan linguistik melainkan juga wawasan semiotik. Artinya penelitian yang dilakukan bukan hanya berfokus pada bentuk penggunaan bahasanya melainkan juga bentuk sistem tanda di luar lambang kebahasaan yang diasumsikan berfungsi dalam menampilkan gagasan pengarang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Arti tanda itu ditentukan oleh konvensi. Konvensi yang penting dalam karya sastra yaitu ketidaklangsungan ekspresi sastra dan konvensi hubungan antarteks. Menurut Riffaterre <i>dalam</i> Yanti (2006: 16) ketidaklangsungan ekspresi disebabkan oleh tiga hal, yaitu penggantian arti (<i>displacing of meaning), </i>penyimpangan arti (<i>distoring of meaning), </i>dan penciptaan arti (<i>crerting of meaning)</i>”.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggantian arti (<i>displacing of meaning) </i>disebabkan oleh penggunaan metafora dan metonimia dalam karya sastra. Metafora ini dalam arti luasnya untuk menyebutkan bahasa kiasan pada umumnya, tidak terbatas pada bahasa kiasan metafora dan metonimia saja. Hal ini disebabkan oleh metafora dan metonimia merupakan bahassa kiasan yang sangat penting hingga untuk mengganti bahasa kias lainnya, yaitu simile, perbandingan, personifikasi, sinekdoke, perbandingan epos, dan alegori (hlm 71)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyimpangan arti (<i>distoring of meaning) </i>disebabkan oleh tiga hal, yaitu: <i>ambiguitas </i>disebabkan oleh bahasa sastra itu berarti ganda, lebih-lebih bahasa puisi, <i>kontradiksi </i>berarti mengandung pertentangan, disebabkan oleh paradoks atau ironi, <i>nonsense </i>adalah “kata-kata” yang secara linguistik tidak mempunyai arti sebab hanya berupa rangkaian bunyi dan tidak terdapat dalam kamus. Akan tetapi, dalam puisi nonsense itu mempunyai makna, yaitu arti sastra karena konvensi sastra (hlm 73)</span></div></div>sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-78342574848733040082011-09-14T02:18:00.000-07:002011-09-15T05:15:47.116-07:00Dang Melini<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEqQtnA87MVCwoCh1AwbsPlAyUl4VVkWDOlJLkzODUkd6JkQuqKlEB2wAajhGK_bUnqaTRiBe4bMBd_u6GwTxeZ4QogJX-OBKfPk4CK_5q4lAT9EmJTdvQY7oL5QRnRHjdpkvUU5sz_gB2/s1600/22052010%2528001%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEqQtnA87MVCwoCh1AwbsPlAyUl4VVkWDOlJLkzODUkd6JkQuqKlEB2wAajhGK_bUnqaTRiBe4bMBd_u6GwTxeZ4QogJX-OBKfPk4CK_5q4lAT9EmJTdvQY7oL5QRnRHjdpkvUU5sz_gB2/s320/22052010%2528001%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>ini namanya group rebana "Dang Melini".. ini pementasannya dalam rangka mengisi acara wisuda anak-anak Madrasah gitiu..... tapi aku lupa kapan waktunya.. sekarang mah akku udah gak pernah lagi memainkan yang naamanya rebana itu, karena aku sudah berpisah sejak lama dengan teman-temanku ini... miss ue all....sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-678594478431528489.post-32227508874888267382011-09-14T02:00:00.000-07:002011-09-14T02:00:32.704-07:00itu dia sahabat<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1oW8yECCFWy5uDTAyJzR_gxbDV9x1M3cy6a7NGHsAgId7ovyFocWFEeoTyadT0v3YKQZX0oXwNIEaLqLVv_Fqp9tGwF9V4bWD-FwYl7hzmwm4xE6dcjh-Z39TP_OZ-YDKGi1AlH_aKcLm/s1600/16022010%2528012%2529-001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1oW8yECCFWy5uDTAyJzR_gxbDV9x1M3cy6a7NGHsAgId7ovyFocWFEeoTyadT0v3YKQZX0oXwNIEaLqLVv_Fqp9tGwF9V4bWD-FwYl7hzmwm4xE6dcjh-Z39TP_OZ-YDKGi1AlH_aKcLm/s320/16022010%2528012%2529-001.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="background-color: red;"><span style="background-color: lime;"></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="background-color: red;"><span style="background-color: lime;">mereka adalah sahabat akuu yang paling aku sayang di kampus. gak tau apa artinya kampus itu tanpa mereka. kita sering melakukan kegiatan apapun bersama, meskipiun sedang ujian yaahhhh tetep kerja sama. semoga persahabatan ini gak hanya sebatas perkkuliahan... </span></span></span></div>sartinihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13143936516890590104noreply@blogger.com0